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EEvaluating & Using valuating & Using SSourcesources

Paraphrase, Summary, and Paraphrase, Summary, and Citation GuidelinesCitation Guidelines

Types of SourcesTypes of Sources PRIMARYPRIMARY-something that is firsthand.-something that is firsthand.

– Examples: interviews, diaries, eyewitness Examples: interviews, diaries, eyewitness accounts, letters, autobiographies, novels, accounts, letters, autobiographies, novels, speeches, case studiesspeeches, case studies

SECONDARY SOURCE-SECONDARY SOURCE- writing about writing about primary sourcesprimary sources (writing about an (writing about an author, novel, somebody’s author, novel, somebody’s accomplishments). accomplishments).

-Examples: journal article, analysis -Examples: journal article, analysis of a poem, critical books about authors, of a poem, critical books about authors, newspaper reportsnewspaper reports

Types of SourcesTypes of Sources

Periodicals (serialization-magazines, Periodicals (serialization-magazines, newspapers, and journals)newspapers, and journals)

Book (Author/s, Corporate Author-Book (Author/s, Corporate Author-encyclopedia/dictionary)encyclopedia/dictionary)

Anthology/compilation: series of Anthology/compilation: series of essays in one book edited by editor(s)essays in one book edited by editor(s)

Edition: reprinting of a book (usually Edition: reprinting of a book (usually w/some revisions/updatesw/some revisions/updates

Evaluating SourcesEvaluating Sources PrintPrint-means it’s -means it’s notnot an internet an internet

sourcesource Relevance:Relevance: Does it address the Does it address the topic topic

vaguely or specifically?vaguely or specifically? – How will it enhance your argument?How will it enhance your argument?– Ask how the source might help you Ask how the source might help you

answer the research question.answer the research question.– Check the Check the table of contentstable of contents, ,

abstract/summaries, the abstract/summaries, the introduction/preface,introduction/preface, and the and the index index for subtopicsfor subtopics..

Evaluating SourcesEvaluating Sources

Credibility/Ethos:Credibility/Ethos:– Is the publisher Is the publisher authoritativeauthoritative (scholarly)? (scholarly)?

Published by an Published by an academic journalacademic journal, , university pressuniversity press, , newspapers/magazines (Newsweek/Time), general newspapers/magazines (Newsweek/Time), general commercial publishers (commercial publishers (Prentice HallPrentice Hall). Is it ). Is it peer peer reviewed/refereedreviewed/refereed??

– Is the Is the author an expertauthor an expert?? Biographical information: Biographical information: look up the author in the look up the author in the

biographical dictionarybiographical dictionary. Look for . Look for credentialscredentials (academic degree) from an academic institution, (academic degree) from an academic institution, research center, laboratory, institute/business.research center, laboratory, institute/business.


– Is the source Is the source currentcurrent:: Check the publication date (it should be no Check the publication date (it should be no

less than less than 15 years old15 years old))

– Does the source support its information Does the source support its information sufficiently?sufficiently? Check the Check the footnotes (more comprehensive), footnotes (more comprehensive),

bibliographybibliography. .

– Is the author’s Is the author’s tone balancedtone balanced?? If the author ‘s tone is If the author ‘s tone is “objective”,“objective”, uses uses

unbiased language and logical arguments unbiased language and logical arguments then she’s probably useful.then she’s probably useful.


Credibility of the authorCredibility of the author– To check the credentials of the source To check the credentials of the source

look on the look on the Citation IndexCitation Index or search or search engines (InfoSeek, AltaVista, Dogpile, engines (InfoSeek, AltaVista, Dogpile, and Google Groups).and Google Groups).

– Check to see if other scholarly sources Check to see if other scholarly sources cite the source.cite the source.

Currency:Currency: Is the source Is the source currentcurrent::– Check the publication date (it should be no less Check the publication date (it should be no less

than than 15 years old15 years old). Recent publication-more ). Recent publication-more reliable.reliable.

Does the source support its information Does the source support its information sufficiently?sufficiently?– Check the Check the footnotes (more comprehensive), footnotes (more comprehensive),

bibliographybibliography. . Author’s Stance:Author’s Stance: Is the author’s Is the author’s tone tone

balancedbalanced??– If the author ‘s tone is If the author ‘s tone is “objective”,“objective”, uses uses

unbiased language and logical arguments then unbiased language and logical arguments then she’s probably useful.she’s probably useful.


Audience:Audience: general, specialists, general, specialists, advocates?advocates?– (An author’s stance is important)(An author’s stance is important)

Omissions:Omissions: Affect the relevancy and Affect the relevancy and credibility of a source.credibility of a source.

Length:Length: needs to be substantial so that needs to be substantial so that the source is comprehensive enough to the source is comprehensive enough to use for a research paper.use for a research paper.

Availability:Availability: WSL WSL has has Interlibrary Loan Interlibrary Loan (it takes 2 weeks to process requests).(it takes 2 weeks to process requests).

Evaluating On-line SourcesEvaluating On-line Sources Reliable/CredibleReliable/Credible sites are: sites are:

– From educational, From educational, not-for-profitnot-for-profit or or govtgovt. . organizations or a organizations or a countrycountry (.edu, .org, .gov, .us, .uk). Some (.edu, .org, .gov, .us, .uk). Some collegescolleges have student websites (avoid these have student websites (avoid these websites).websites).

– From From expert authorsexpert authors (again check to see if (again check to see if the author has credentials or has other the author has credentials or has other books/articles). *Anonymous authors books/articles). *Anonymous authors avoid.avoid.

User Friendly:User Friendly: Does it have links to Does it have links to other sites? Does it offer background other sites? Does it offer background information about the author?information about the author?

Evaluating On-line SourcesEvaluating On-line Sources

Corroboration:Corroboration: Make sure the source Make sure the source reflects current ideas. Compare it to reflects current ideas. Compare it to other sources.other sources.

From From reliable print sourcesreliable print sources. . – New York Times New York Times

SupportedSupported by by evidenceevidence and and presented in a balanced, unbiased presented in a balanced, unbiased manner.manner.

Currency: Currently/recently updatedCurrency: Currently/recently updated

Using Sources: Working Using Sources: Working BibliographyBibliography

For Print Sources document:For Print Sources document:– Author’s nameAuthor’s name– Title of the book or periodical and articleTitle of the book or periodical and article– PublisherPublisher– City of publicationCity of publication– Date of publicationDate of publication– Volume numberVolume number– IssueIssue– Exact page numbers (if electronic-Exact page numbers (if electronic-

paragraph #s) paragraph #s) JSTORJSTOR is an exception is an exception

Using Sources: Working Using Sources: Working BibliographyBibliography

Electronic SourcesElectronic Sources– Name of the database or online sourceName of the database or online source– Full electronic address (URL)Full electronic address (URL)– The date the document was The date the document was first first

producedproduced– The date the document was published The date the document was published

on the Web (Version #/Revision date)on the Web (Version #/Revision date)– Date you accessedDate you accessed the document the document

Imbedding SourcesImbedding Sources

Signal Words and Signal VerbsSignal Words and Signal Verbs– Always introduce the author’s name in a Always introduce the author’s name in a

sentence the first time you use that sentence the first time you use that source.source.

– Use signal verbs to “characterize the Use signal verbs to “characterize the author’s […] viewpoint […] as well as author’s […] viewpoint […] as well as your own” (417).your own” (417).

QuotationsQuotations

3 REASONS to use a quote3 REASONS to use a quote– Wording is so Wording is so memorable memorable that it cannot that it cannot

be improved or paraphrasedbe improved or paraphrased– Author is a Author is a well-respected authoritywell-respected authority and and

their opinion corroborates yourstheir opinion corroborates yours– Author cAuthor challenges/disagreeshallenges/disagrees w/others in w/others in

the fieldthe field


Use quotations for >4 linesUse quotations for >4 lines Block the quote if 4+ lines (MLA)Block the quote if 4+ lines (MLA) Block the quote if 40 words + (APA)Block the quote if 40 words + (APA) Do not use more than Do not use more than ¼¼ of the page of the page

for quotesfor quotes Specific guidelines for quoting p. 419Specific guidelines for quoting p. 419


Always introduceAlways introduce the author’s name the author’s name in a sentence the in a sentence the first timefirst time you use you use that source.that source.

Mention the Mention the titletitle of the work and if the of the work and if the author is a author is a respected authorityrespected authority add add that informationthat information

Always add Always add YOUR introductory YOUR introductory analysisanalysis of the quote—don’t make the of the quote—don’t make the reader work hard to make the reader work hard to make the connectionconnection


Examples on pg. 167 Examples on pg. 167 QAQA– Use brackets [ ] when you add a Use brackets [ ] when you add a

word/twoword/two– Use ellipses… when you delete words Use ellipses… when you delete words

from the sentencefrom the sentence

Using SourcesUsing Sources

Differentiate Differentiate between the between the sources’ sources’ ideas and yoursideas and yours. You must . You must avoid avoid appropriatingappropriating or or channeling channeling other people’s ideas and wordsother people’s ideas and words..

A great way to A great way to avoid plagiarismavoid plagiarism is to is to take notes on the source and then take notes on the source and then write down your ideas and criticismswrite down your ideas and criticisms about the source and about the source and keep these keep these togethertogether..

ParaphraseParaphrase Restates Restates in your wordsin your words the idea/s from the idea/s from

a source. The key component of the a source. The key component of the paraphrase is paraphrase is reading comprehension; reading comprehension; you can not paraphrase if you you can not paraphrase if you DO NOT DO NOT understand the passageunderstand the passage. The . The paraphrase should be similar in length paraphrase should be similar in length to the same source. to the same source.

Do NOT include your analysis, Do NOT include your analysis, evaluation, or critiqueevaluation, or critique

http://papyr.com/hypertextbooks/http://papyr.com/hypertextbooks/comp2/samppara.htmcomp2/samppara.htm

ParaphraseParaphrase Paraphrasing Guidelines p. 420 (Paraphrasing Guidelines p. 420 (EAEA) & ) &

169 (169 (QAQA)) Highlight of the GuidelinesHighlight of the Guidelines

– Use to elucidate difficult materialUse to elucidate difficult material– Don’t use a paraphrase as a substitute for Don’t use a paraphrase as a substitute for

the thesis statementthe thesis statement– Substituting synonyms for original words is Substituting synonyms for original words is

NOT the correct way to paraphrase. NOT the correct way to paraphrase. Rearrange sentenesRearrange sentenes

– Integrate the paraphrase into your writingIntegrate the paraphrase into your writing– Credit original sourceCredit original source

SummarySummary

Condensed, shortened version of the Condensed, shortened version of the original material. It highlights the original material. It highlights the main points but isn’t as specific as main points but isn’t as specific as the paraphrase.the paraphrase.

Guidelines on Summary p. 420 (Guidelines on Summary p. 420 (EAEA) ) and p.171 (and p.171 (QAQA))

SummarySummary

Overview of the GuidelinesOverview of the Guidelines– Identify the main pointsIdentify the main points– Keep summary shortKeep summary short– Don’t use to present your thesisDon’t use to present your thesis

http://oregonstate.edu/~healeyd/http://oregonstate.edu/~healeyd/162/162paraphrase.html162/162paraphrase.html

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