EnlightenmentEnlightenmentIdeas of the Enlightenment
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American RevolutionAmerican Revolution““the revolution was not the war…the war was a result of the revolution”the revolution was not the war…the war was a result of the revolution”
French RevolutionFrench Revolution
Middle Ages vs. Age of Reason
Middle Ages Age of ReasonDivine Right to Rule Divine Right Irrational
King answers only to God
Middle Ages vs. Age of Reason
Middle Ages Age of ReasonDivine Right to Rule Divine Right Irrational
King answers only to God Kings answers to Social contract
Middle Ages vs. Age of Reason
Middle Ages Age of ReasonDivine Right to Rule Divine Right Irrational
King answers only to God Kings answers to Social contract
Aristocracy by birth
Middle Ages vs. Age of Reason
Middle Ages Age of ReasonDivine Right to Rule Divine Right Irrational
King answers only to God Kings answers to Social contract
Aristocracy by birth Social Justice
Middle Ages vs. Age of Reason
Middle Ages Age of ReasonDivine Right to Rule Divine Right Irrational
King answers only to God Kings answers to Social contract
Aristocracy by birth Social Justice
Life, Liberty, and Property
Middle Ages vs. Age of Reason
Middle Ages Age of ReasonDivine Right to Rule Divine Right Irrational
King answers only to God Kings answers to Social contract
Aristocracy by birth Social Justice
Life, Liberty, and Property
Life, Liberty, and Pursuit of Happiness
Scientific Revolution
Natural LawsNatural Laws
Rules of conduct discoverable by ReasonRules of conduct discoverable by Reason
UtopiaUtopiaPerfect societyPerfect society
Thomas HobbesThomas Hobbes
• Naturally cruel• Greedy and selfish• Needed powerful government to
maintain order• Absolute Monarchy
John LockeJohn Locke
• People were reasonable and Moral
• People had “Natural Rights”• People formed Government to
protect their rights• Government has obligation to
the people• If Government becomes
oppressive, overthrow them
PHILOSOPHES
MontesquieuMontesquieu
Separation of PowersSeparation of Powers
PHILOSOPHES
Checks and BalancesChecks and Balances
RousseauRousseau
Wrote “Social Contract”The balance of General WillThe balance of General Will vs Individual Rights
PHILOSOPHES
PHILOSOPHES
Denis DiderotDenis DiderotFrance
EncyclopediaEncyclopedia
Put all beliefs into books of the Encyclopedia
PHILOSOPHES
Adam SmithSmithEngland
The Wealth of NationsThe Wealth of Nations
Free market based on Supply – Demand
No government interference
PHILOSOPHES
Adam SmithSmithEngland
The Wealth of NationsThe Wealth of Nations
Free market based on Supply – Demand
No government interference
Laissez-faire economicsLaissez-faire economics
Foundation of “Capitalism” in America
PHILOSOPHES
Adam SmithAdam SmithEngland
The Wealth of Nations.
Governments role was to • Protect SocietyProtect Society• Administer Justice
CensorshipCensorshipAuthors often challenged the “Old Order’
• NovelsNovels– Story within the story
• Candide Exposes corruption, hypocrisy, and right to free speech
• Gulliver's Travels
Enlightened Despots(Kings)
Frederick the GreatFrederick the Great
PrussiaPrussia(1740 – 1786)(1740 – 1786)
Enlightened Despots(Kings)
Frederick the GreatFrederick the Great
PrussiaPrussia(1740 – 1786)
“First Servant of the State”
Religious Tolerance
“Heaven in his own Fashion”
Joseph IIHoly Roman Empire
( 1765 – 1790 )
“The Peasant Emperor”
• Went out to the Pubs undercover…
• Extended Tolerance to Protestants and Jews
• Ended Censorship
• Sold Monasteries and Convents
• Ended Serfdom
Enlightened DespotsEnlightened Despots
1700’sEastern EuropeSerfdom spread to Russia
Peasants could be bought and sold with land
Late 1700’sLate 1700’s
began to spread to peasant villages began to spread to peasant villages
and across the ocean to a bunch of colonistand across the ocean to a bunch of colonist