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EnlightenmentEnlightenmentIdeas of the Enlightenment

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American RevolutionAmerican Revolution““the revolution was not the war…the war was a result of the revolution”the revolution was not the war…the war was a result of the revolution”

French RevolutionFrench Revolution

PARISHeart of the Enlightenment

Middle Ages vs. Age of Reason

Middle Ages Age of Reason

Middle Ages vs. Age of Reason

Middle Ages Age of ReasonDivine Right to Rule

Middle Ages vs. Age of Reason

Middle Ages Age of ReasonDivine Right to Rule Divine Right Irrational

Middle Ages vs. Age of Reason

Middle Ages Age of ReasonDivine Right to Rule Divine Right Irrational

King answers only to God

Middle Ages vs. Age of Reason

Middle Ages Age of ReasonDivine Right to Rule Divine Right Irrational

King answers only to God Kings answers to Social contract

Middle Ages vs. Age of Reason

Middle Ages Age of ReasonDivine Right to Rule Divine Right Irrational

King answers only to God Kings answers to Social contract

Aristocracy by birth

Middle Ages vs. Age of Reason

Middle Ages Age of ReasonDivine Right to Rule Divine Right Irrational

King answers only to God Kings answers to Social contract

Aristocracy by birth Social Justice

Middle Ages vs. Age of Reason

Middle Ages Age of ReasonDivine Right to Rule Divine Right Irrational

King answers only to God Kings answers to Social contract

Aristocracy by birth Social Justice

Life, Liberty, and Property

Middle Ages vs. Age of Reason

Middle Ages Age of ReasonDivine Right to Rule Divine Right Irrational

King answers only to God Kings answers to Social contract

Aristocracy by birth Social Justice

Life, Liberty, and Property

Life, Liberty, and Pursuit of Happiness

Scientific Revolution

Isaac Newton used mathematics

to explain Gravity

Scientific Revolution

Natural LawsNatural Laws

Rules of conduct discoverable by Reason

Scientific Revolution

Natural LawsNatural Laws

Rules of conduct discoverable by ReasonRules of conduct discoverable by Reason

UtopiaUtopiaPerfect societyPerfect society

Thomas HobbesThomas Hobbes

• Naturally cruel• Greedy and selfish• Needed powerful government to

maintain order• Absolute Monarchy

John LockeJohn Locke

• People were reasonable and Moral

• People had “Natural Rights”• People formed Government to

protect their rights• Government has obligation to

the people• If Government becomes

oppressive, overthrow them

PHILOSOPHES

MontesquieuMontesquieu

Separation of PowersSeparation of Powers

PHILOSOPHES

MontesquieuMontesquieu

Separation of PowersSeparation of Powers

PHILOSOPHES

Checks and BalancesChecks and Balances

PHILOSOPHES

VoltaireVoltaireFreedom of SpeechFreedom of Speech

RousseauRousseau

Wrote “Social Contract”The balance of General WillThe balance of General Will vs Individual Rights

PHILOSOPHES

Mary WollstonecraftMary Wollstonecraft

Women should be educated

PHILOSOPHES

Denis DiderotDenis DiderotFrance

EncyclopediaEncyclopedia

Put all beliefs into books of the Encyclopedia

PHILOSOPHES

Adam SmithSmithEngland

The Wealth of NationsThe Wealth of Nations

Free market based on Supply – Demand

No government interference

PHILOSOPHES

Adam SmithSmithEngland

The Wealth of NationsThe Wealth of Nations

Free market based on Supply – Demand

No government interference

Laissez-faire economicsLaissez-faire economics

Foundation of “Capitalism” in America

PHILOSOPHES

Adam SmithAdam SmithEngland

The Wealth of Nations.

Governments role was to • Protect SocietyProtect Society• Administer Justice

CensorshipCensorshipAuthors often challenged the “Old Order’

• NovelsNovels– Story within the story

• Candide Exposes corruption, hypocrisy, and right to free speech

• Gulliver's Travels

Enlightened Despots(Kings)

Frederick the GreatFrederick the Great

PrussiaPrussia(1740 – 1786)(1740 – 1786)

Enlightened Despots(Kings)

Frederick the GreatFrederick the Great

PrussiaPrussia(1740 – 1786)

“First Servant of the State”

Religious Tolerance

“Heaven in his own Fashion”

Joseph IIHoly Roman Empire

( 1765 – 1790 )

“The Peasant Emperor”

• Went out to the Pubs undercover…

• Extended Tolerance to Protestants and Jews

• Ended Censorship

• Sold Monasteries and Convents

• Ended Serfdom

Enlightened DespotsEnlightened Despots

All cancelled after he diedBut the seed had been planted

Most Europeans untouched by

Middle Class or Courtly Culture

1700’sEastern EuropeSerfdom spread to Russia

Peasants could be bought and sold with land

Late 1700’sLate 1700’s

began to spread to peasant villages began to spread to peasant villages

and across the ocean to a bunch of colonistand across the ocean to a bunch of colonist

Trading CardsTrading Cards

• Thomas Hobbes

• John Locke

• Montesquieu

• Voltaire

• Rousseau

Mary Wollstonecraft

Denis Diderot

Adam Smith

Frederick the Great

Joseph II


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