njrpa Kw;nghf;F jpuhtpl fHfj;jpd;

ehlhSkd;wj; njh;jy; mwpf;if - 2009

,e;jpah jdJ 15-tJ kf;fsitj; njh;jiy re;jpf;fpwJ.

,e;jj; njh;jy; ,e;jpahtpd; tuyhw;wpy; xU Kf;fpakhd

jpUg;g[Kidia Vw;gLj;Jk;. ,e;j njh;jypy; fh’;fpu!: fl;rp xU

mzp mikj;Jk;/ ghujPa $djh fl;rp kw;bwhU mzp mikj;Jk;/

,ju fl;rpfs; \d;whtJ mzp/ ehd;fhtJ mzp vd mikj;Jk;

nghl;oapLfpd;wd. ve;j mzpa[k; ,e;j njh;jypy; mWjp bgUk;ghd;ik

bgw;W Ml;rp mikf;Fk; epiyapy; ,y;iy. mnj neuj;jpy;/ njrpa

fl;rpfs; kw;Wk; khepy fl;rpfs; vd;w ngjKk; kiwe;J tUfpwJ.

njrpa fl;rpfs; vd;W bgaustpy; cs;sdnt jtpu/ mitfSk;

xU Fwpg;gpl;l rpy khepy’;fspy; kl;Lnk btw;wp bgWk; epiyapy;

cs;sjhy; gpuhe;jpa fl;rpfspd; Mjuitf; nfhUk; epiyf;F

js;sg;gl;Ltpl;lJ. xt;bthU khepyf;fl;rpa[k;/ me;je;j khepy

kf;fspd; gz;ghl;ila[k;/ njitfisa[k; mog;gilahf itj;J/

btw;wpbgw;W kj;jpa murpYk; m’;fk; tfpf;fj; bjhl’;fptpl;ld. tUk;

fhyj;jpy; khepy fl;rpfspd; Tl;L mikg;ng kj;jpa murpYk; Ml;rp

bra;a[k; vd;w epiyf;F ,e;jpa murpay; mikg;g[ Mshfpa[s;sJ.

,d;iwa r\f murpay; bghUshjhu epiy ntfkhf cy-

fkakhfp tUfpwJ. cyfpd; xU \iyapy;/ xU ehl;oy; Vw;gLk; mur-

pay; my;yJ bghUshjhu jhf;fk; cyfk; KGtJk; cs;s kf;fisr;

brd;wilfpwJ. kdpj ,dg; gLbfhiy/ ga’;futhjk;/ Rdhkp nghd;w

,aw;if nguplh;/ g[tp btg;gkakhjy;/ gwit fha;r;ry; nghd;w bjhw;W

neha;fs; gut[jy; nghd;wit ,d;W xU ehL kl;Lnk jPh;f;ff;Toait

my;y/ cyfnk nrh;e;J bra;antz;oajhFk.; ,d;W nkiy ehLf-

spd; bghUshjhu njf;fk; cyfk; KGJk; ntiyapd;ikiaa[k;/

bghUshjhu tPH;r;rpiaa[k; njhw;Wtpj;Js;sJ. Mfnt/ gpd;dpg;

gpize;;Js;s ,t;t[yfpy;/ cyf nehf;Fld; Toa murpay;

njitg;gLfpwJ.

,e;jr; NH;epiyapy; ,e;jpahtpy; khepy fl;rpfs; njhd;wp

tsh;tJ/ murpay; tpw;gd;dh;fspilna mr;rj;ij cUthf;fpa[s;sJ.

vdpDk; ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s xt;bthU khepyKk;/ xU ehlhf

,Uf;fj; jf;f kf;fs; tsKk;/ ,aw;if tsKk;/ tuyhWk; gz;ghLk;

bfhz;Ls;sit vd;gijf; fUjpdhy;/ ,j;jifa mr;rj;jpw;F

,lkpy;iy. Mdhy; mnj neuj;jpy; midj;J kf;fSf;Fk;

bghJthd xU murpaiy cyf bghJnehf;nfhL bfhz;l xU

murpay; fl;rp khepy’;fspy; njhd;Wkhdhy; mJnt ,e;j 21 k; E}

w;whz;ow;F Vw;g[ilajhFk;.

,e;j mog;gilapy; rhjp/ kj/ bkhHp/ ,d/ epw ntWghLfSf;F

fp’;rpj;Jk; ,lk; bfhLf;fhky; midj;J kf;fSf;Fk; neh;ika[k;/

xGf;fKk;/ ehzaKk; bfhz;l xU g[jpa murpaiyj; juntz;;Lk;

vd;w mog;gilapy; njrpa Kw;nghf;F jpuhtpl fHfk; jkpH;ehl;oy;

Jt’;fg;gl;L/ fle;j ehd;F Mz;Lfshf ,a’;fp tUfpwJ.

,d;iwa murpay;thjpfspilna cs;s y’;rj;ija[k;/ CHiya[k;

xHpj;J/ xU Mnuhf;fpakhd NH;epiyia cUthf;ft[k;/ xU rpyh;

nfhO!:tuh;fshf cah;e;Jk;/ kpfg; gyh; Fof;fTl f’;rpapd;wp

jhH;e;Jk; cs;s ntWghLfisg; nghf;fp/ tWikia xHpf;ft[k;

,e;j ,af;fk; jd;id mh;g;gzpj;Jf; bfhz;Ls;sJ. tWik/

ntiyapy;yhj;jpz;lhl;lk;/ tpiythrp cah;t[ nghd;wtw;iwf;

Fiwf;ft[k;/ fy;tp/ kUj;Jtk;/ Fojz;zPh;/ kpd;rhuk; nghd;w

trjpfs; midtUf;Fk; fpilf;ft[k; nj.K.jp.f tHptifr;bra;a[k;.

Kuz;ghLk/; gifa[k; kype;J cs;s ,e;j rKjhaj;ij khw;wp

rktha;g;g[k;/ rkthH;t[k; bfhz;l xU g[jpa rKjha mikg;igf;

fhz;gnj jdJ yl;rpakhff; bfhz;L nj.K.jp.f bray;gl;L tUf-

pwJ.

ntW ve;j ,af;fj;jpw;Fk; fpilf;fhj tifapy; ,e;j

,af;fj;jpw;F g[ul;rp fiy’h; nfg;ld; tp$afhe;j; mth;fs; xU xg;gw;w

jiytuha; fpilj;jpUf;fpwhh;. Rkhh; 25 Mz;Lfshf fiyj;Jiwapy;

jhd; ciHj;J nrh;j;j Cjpaj;jpy/; ,yl;rf;fzf;fhd ViH/

vspath;fSf;F md;W Kjy; ,d;Wtiu cjtp bra;a[k; ew;gz;gpduha;

tps’;Ffpwhh;. kj;jpa khepy Ml;rpapy; ,Ug;nghh; mlf;F Kiwfis

fl;ltpH;j;J tpl;l bghGJk; mth; ciHj;J rk;ghjpj;j brhj;Jf;fis

mgfhpf;f eltof;if vLj;j bghGJk; mtw;iwf; fz;L m’;rhJ/

’kf;fs; gzpna knfrd; gzp’ vd;w ghzpapy; jpahfr;Rluhf mth;

jpfH;fpwhh;.

jkpH;ehL/ g[Jitapy; cs;s ciHf;Fk; kf;fs; mtiu

j’;fspd; ek;gpf;if el;rj;jpukhf fUJfpd;wdh;. fle;j rl;lkd;wj;

njh;jy;fspYk;/ gpwF eilbgw;w ,ilj;njh;jy;fspYk; MSk;

fl;rpahd jp.K.f tpdUk;/ Mz;l fl;rpahd mz;zh jp.K.f tp-

dUk; Tl;lzp mikj;Jbfhz;L gzk;/ gjtp/ gyhj;fhuk; vd;W

gy je;jpu’;fisf; ifahz;lhYk; Tl/ mtw;iw Kwpaoj;J

jkpH;ehl;oy; nj.K.jp.f khbgUk; rf;jp bfhz;l ,af;fkhf

tsh;e;J tUfpwJ. murpay; fl;rpfs; jdpj;Jg; nghl;oapl gag;gLfpw

NH;epiyapy; j’;fnshL nj.K.jp.f nruhjh vd;W ,ju fl;rpfs;

vt;tsnth Mirg;gl;Lk; Tl/ nj.K.jp.f ,e;j ehlhSkd;wj;

njh;jypy; jdpj;J nghl;oapLfpwJ vd;why/; mjw;Ff; fhuzk; g[ul;rp

fiy’h; nfg;ld; tp$afhe;j; mth;fs; kPJ kf;fs; bfhz;Ls;s

ek;gpf;ifa[k;/ ey;byz;zKk;jhd;. mjdhnyna mth; kf;fSlDk;/

bja;tj;njhLk; Tl;lzp itj;Js;sjhff; TwptUfpwhh.; 21 -k; E}

w;whz;Lf;nfw;g cyfg; bghJnehf;nfhL kf;fspd; gpur;ridfisj;

jPh;f;ft[k;/ mnj neuj;jpy; cs;~hpYk; czh;e;J bray;glf; Toa

Mw;wYk; tha;e;j murpay; fl;rpahf jkpH;ehl;oy; nj.K.jp.f kl;Lnk

jpfH;fpwJ.

mika ,Uf;fpw kj;jpa muR/ khepy fl;rpfis ikakhf

itj;J ,a’;fg; nghfpwJ. mjdhy; khepy kf;fspd; czh;t[fisa[k;/

gpur;rpidfisa[k; cz;ikapnyna jPh;f;f ty;y xU khepyf;fl;rp

kj;jpa murpy; ,lk;bgwntz;Lk;. mg;bghGJ jhd; mk;khepy

.

kf;fSf;F ed;ik Vw;gLk;. kj;jpa murpy; gzk; rk;ghjpf;ff;Toa

mikr;rh; gjtpiag; bgWtJk; nfhof;fzf;fpy; CHy; bra;tJk;/

fzf;fpy;yhj mstpw;F brhj;Jf;fs; nrh;g;gJk;/ cwtpdh;fSf;F

g[fyplk; njLtJk;/ CHy; tHf;Ffspy; ,Ue;J jg;gpj;Jf;

bfhs;st[khfpa ,e;j Raey ntl;ilf;nf/ kj;jpapy; jkpH;ehl;ilr;

nrh;e;j murpay; fl;rpfs; ,lk;bgw;wd vd;gJ fle;j fhy tuy-

hW. ,jdhnyna nj.K.jp.f rhjp/kj/ CHyw;w fl;rpfnshL;/

njitg;gl;lhy; Tl;lzp itg;nghk/ ; vd;W bjspthf;fpaJ.

jkpH;ehl;ow;F fle;j fhy’;fspy; ,iHf;fg;gl;l mePjpfisj;

Jilf;ft[k;/ vjph;fhyj;jpy; jkpH;ehL midj;J JiwfspYk;

Kd;dpiyg;bgw;W tps’;ft[k;/ jkpH;ehl;L kf;fs; rhh;ghf kj;jpa

murpay; mikg;gpy; nj.K.jp.f ,lk;bgw ntz;oaJ ,d;wpaikahj

njitahFk;. kj;jpapy; mikatpUf;fpd;w muR/ eLtz; muR

kl;Lky;y/ eLepiyiknahL ,a’;fntz;oa muRkhFk;. murpay;

Mjha’;fSf;fhf kj;jpa muR bray;gl;ljd; tpisthf jkpH;ehL

jdJ chpikfis ehs;njhWk; ,He;J tUfpwJ. ’bly;ypnahL

xl;of;bfhz;oUg;gjhy; vd;d yhgk;/ btl;of;bfhz;lhy; vd;d

e#:lk;?’ vd;W xU Kiw mwp’h; mz;zh mth;fs; nfl;lhh;.

jkpH;ehl;L kf;fs; me;j epiyf;F js;sg;gl;L tplf;TlhJ

vd;gnj nj.K.jp.ftpd; ftiyahFk;. kj;jpa murpy; nj.K.jp.f

,lk;bgWkhdhy; fPH;f;fz;l gpur;rpidfisj; jPh;f;f ghLgLk;.

1. jkpH;ehl;oy; XLfpw xnu $Ptejp fhtphp MWjhd;.

jkpHfj;jpd; czt[j; njitiag; bgUkst[f;F epiwt[ bra;tJ

fhtphp ghrdk; jhd;. jw;nghija eLtz; kd;wj; jPh;g;gpd; \

yk; jkpH;ehL Rkhh; 5 yl;rk; Vf;fh; ghrd trjpia ,Hf;f neh-

pLk;. jkpH;ehl;ilg; nghy; fh;ehlfk;/ 3 kl’;F ePh;tsk; bgw;wJ.

jkpH;ehl;ilg; gl;odpg; nghl;L fh;ehlfj;ij thHitf;f ntz;oa

mtrpakpy;iy. fh;ehlfj;jpy; cs;s ePh;tsj;ijf; bfhz;nl ,U

khepy’;fspd; njitiaa[k; g{h;j;jp bra;a Koa[k; mjw;fhd

eltof;ifia kj;jpa murpd; \yk; nj.K.jp.f nkw;bfhs;Sk;.

2. jkpH;ehl;od; bjd; khtl;l’;fspy; Fojz;zPUf;Fk;/

ghrdj;jpw;Fk; Ky;iy bghpahW bghpJk; gad;gLfpwJ. ,e;j ePh;j;

njf;fj;jpd; mizia 142 mo cah;j;j nfus muR kWf;fpwJ. gy-

fPdkhd mizbad;W nfus muR brhd;dhYk;/ Ky;iyg; bghpahW

ePiu ,Lf;fp ePh;j; njf;fj;jpy; njf;fp kpd; cw;gj;jp bra;J Mjhak; bg-

Wtnj nfus murpd; me;ju’;f MirahFk;. nkw;Fj;bjhlh;r;rp ki-

yapy; cw;gj;jpahfp/ nfus khepyk; tHpahf tPzhff;flypy; fyf;Fk;

ePiu/ jkpH;ehl;ow;F jpUg;gp/ ghrdk; bra;a bts;isf;fhuh;fs;

Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;l mizna Ky;iyg;bghpahW ePh;

njf;fkhFk;. Mfnt/ jkpH;ehl;od; ePh;j; ; njitfis nfusk;

epiwt[ bra;tjhy; nfusj;jpw;F ve;jtpj ,Hg;g[k; ,y;iy. vd-

pDk; cr;rePjpkd;wnk 136 moapypUe;J 142 motiu cah;j;jyhk;

vd;W jPh;g;g[ mspj;Jk;/ nfus muR mij epiwntw;whky; gpothjk;

gpof;fpwJ. nfus kf;fspilna cs;s mr;rj;ija[k; nghf;fp/ mnj

neuj;jpy; mizapd; ePh;kl;lk; cah;tjd; \yk; jkpH;ehl;ow;F

fpilf;Fk; jz;zPhpd; mst[ Fiwahky; ghh;j;Jf;bfhs;Sk; ti-

fapy; kj;jpa murpd ;\yk; nj.K.jp.f Ky;iyg;bghpahW jpl;lk;

jkpH;ehl;ow;Fg; gad;gl tHptif fhqk;.

3. jkpH;ehl;od; tl khtl;l’;fspy/; xU fhyj;jpy; ghyhW

kpfg;bghpa tw;whj ePh;tsj;ijf; bfhz;ljhf mike;jpUe;jJ.

fh;ehlfk; ghyhw;wpd; FWf;nf mizf;;fl;oajd; tpisthf ePh;

tuj;J epd;whYk;/ Mw;W kzYf;F moapy; bjhlh; ePnuhl;lk;;

,Ue;JtUfpwJ. ,jd; tpisthf FoePh; njita[k;/ ghrdj;njita[k;

epiwt[ bra;ag;gl;LtUfpwJ. ,ija[k;; jLf;Fk; tifapy; jw;bghGJ

Me;jpu khepyk; ghyhw;wpd; FWf;nf jLg;gizfs; fl;Ltij

nj.K.jp.f kj;jpa murpd; \yk; jLg;gjw;F tifbra;a[k;.

4. 1974 - k ; Mz;L jkpHfj;jpd; vy;iyg;gFjpahd

fr;rj;jPit ,y’;if muRf;F md;iwa kj;jpa/ khepy muRfs;

jhiuthh;j;Jtpl;ld. mjd; tpisthf ,uhnk!:tuk; fly; gFj-

papy; cs;s kPdth;fs; jpde;njhWk; rp’;fs ,dbtwp murhy;

Rl;Lf;bfhy;yg;gLfpwhh;fs;. rh;tnjr xg;ge;jk; vd;w bgauhy; mij

khw;w KoahJ vd;gJ rhpay;y. ,g;bghGJ Tl neghs gpujkuhf

te;Js;s gpur;rz;lh mth;fs; 1950 -y; neghsk; ,e;jpaht[ld; nghl;l

xg;ge;jj;ij kW ghPrPyid bra;af; nfhhpa[s;shh;. xg;ge;jk; nghLk;

nghJ ,y;yhj NH;epiy xg;ge;jk; nghl;lgpd; xU rhuhUf;F ghjpg;g[

Vw;gLj;Jnkahdhy; mtw;iw kW Ma;t[ bra;tnjh/ ePf;Ftnjh

jtW ,y;iy. Mfnt fr;rj;jPt[ xg;ge;jj;ij uj;J bra;a nj.K.jp.f

ghLgLk;.

5. jkpHh;fs; cyfbk’;Fk; cs;sth;fs; vd;gjhy;/ Fwpg;ghf

knyrpah/rp’;fg;g{h;/ bjd;dhg;gphpf;fh/ M!:jpnuypah/ ,’;fpyhe;J/

nghd;w ehLfspy; mth;fSf;F chpa chpikfs;/ M’;fh’;nf cs;s

muRfshy; gwpf;fg;gLfpd;w bghGJ me;j muRfsplk; neuoahf-

nth my;yJ I.eh.rig \ynkh ghpfhuk; fhqk; tifapy; jkpHh;

eyDf;fhf kj;jpa muir nj.K.jp.f eph;g;ge;jpf;Fk;.

6. jkpHf vy;iyapy; jkpHh;fs; tHptHpahf tHpgLk;

fz;zfp nfhapy; njf;fof;F mUfpy; cs;sJ. nfus muR vt;tpj

Kfhe;jpuKk; ,y;yhky; ,ijr; brhe;jk; bfhz;lho tUfpwJ.

tuyhw;W rpwg;g[kpf;f ,e;jf;nfhtpy; mHpe;J nghFk; Mgj;jhd

epiyapYs;sJ. ,e;j fz;zfp nfhapy; jkpHfj;jpw;nf chpaJ

vd;gij kj;jpa murpd; \yk; bgWtjw;F nj.K.jp.f eltof;if

vLf;Fk;.

7. ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ug;g[g; ghij vt;thW khepy’;fis ,izj;J

kf;fSf;F ed;ik je;J ,e;jpa xw;Wikiaa[k; gyg;gLj;Jfpwnjh/

mnj nghy ,e;jpahtpy; XLk; $Ptejpfis ,izg;gjd; \yk;

kpfg;bghpa bghUshjhu Kd;ndw;wj;ijf; fhzKoa[k;. Mfnt

njrpa ejpePh; ,izg;g[j; jpl;lj;jpw;F Kd;Dhpik bfhLg;gjd; \

yk; xnu neuj;jpy; ,e;jpahtpy; xU gFjpapy; twl;rpa[k;/ kW g[wj;jpy;

bts;sKk; Vw;gLtijj; jtph;j;J tsk; bfhHpf;fr; bra;aKoa[k;.

nj.K.jp.f ,jw;fhd cldo Kaw;rpapy; <LgLk;.

8. nrJrKj;jpuj; fhy;tha;j; jpl;lk; epiwntw;wg;gLtjd; \

yk; jkpH;ehl;ow;F kl;Lky;yhky;/ ,e;jpahtpd; nkyf;flw;fiuiaa[k;/

fPHf;flw;fiuiaa[k; ,izf;f Koa[k;. ,y’;ifiar; Rw;wp

tuntz;oa fly;nghf;Ftuj;J jtph;f;fg;gLk;. ,e;jpahtpd; bghUsh-

jhu Kd;ndw;wj;ij fUj;jpy; bfhz;L/ ,j;jpl;lj;jhy; ghjpg;g[

Vw;gLbkd;W fUJk; kPdth;fSld; fye;J ngrp/ ve;j kjj;jpdUk;

g[z;glhjtifapy; ,e;jj; jpl;lj;ij jf;fgo khw;wp mikj;J

bray;gLj;Jnthk;. Vw;fdnt ,e;jj; jpl;lj;jpy; eilbgw;Ws;s

CHy; gw;wp tprhhpj;J eltof;if vLf;fg;gLk;.

9. xU g[wj;jpy; ePh;tsk; kpf;f MWfs; khepy chpikfSf;Ff;

fl;Lgl;Ls;sd. kWg[wj;jpy; fdptsk; kj;jpa murplk; cs;sJ.

bea;ntyp epyf;fhp kj;jpa muRf;Fr; brhe;jk;.fhtphp nghd;w MWfs;

mz;il khepy’;fSf;F brhe;jk;. ,e;jepiyia khw;wp midj;J

,aw;if ts’;fSk;/ kj;jpa muRf;Fr; brhe;jkhf;fg;glntz;Lk;.

10. ,e;jpa murpay; rl;lk; bray;ghl;Lf;F te;J 60 tJ

Mz;Lfs; Mfg;nghfpd;wd. eilKiwapy; gy;ntW rpf;fy;fis

re;jpf;fntz;o te;jJ. kj;jpa/ khepy kw;Wk; cs;shl;rpfspy;/

vj;jifa mjpfhug; gfph;t[ bra;jhy; jpl;l’;fis rpwg;ghf bra;a

Koa[k; vd;gjw;nfw;g/ ,e;jpa murpay; rl;lj;jpy; kW Ma;t[

njit. murpay; rl;l epg[zh;fisa[k;;/ fl;rp rhh;gw;w \j;j mur-

pay; jiyth;fisa[k; jd;dhh;t mikg;g[f;fspd; gpujpepjpfisa[k;

bfhz;L/ murpay; rl;lj;jpy; ntz;oa jpUj;j’;fisr; bra;a xU

FG mikf;fg;gLk;.

11. jkpH ;ehl ;L kf;fspd; ,ja’;fis cYf;Ffpd;w

gpur;rpidahf ,y’;ifj; jkpHh; gpur;rpid cUbtLj;Js;sJ.

Muk;gk; Kjny rp’;fs murpd; $dehaf tpnuhj eltof;ifahy;

,d;iwa beUf;fo epiy Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. 1956 - y; rp’;fsk; kl;Lnk

Ml;rpbkhHp vd;W Twp/ jkpH;bkhHp ngRk; jkpHh;fis gphpj;J

itj;jdh;. cah;fy;tpf; Tl’;fs; kw;Wk; murh’;f ntiyfspy;

Fiwe;j jFjp bgw;wpUe;jhYk;/ rp’;fs ,is’h;fSf;nf gog;g[/

ntiybad;W jkpH; ,is’h;fis gphpj;jJ rp’;fs muR. 1972 - y;

jkpH; gpujpepjpfis btspnaw;wp tpl;L/ rp’;fsh;fs; kl;Lnk nrh;e;J

murpay; rl;lk; nghl;ldh;. mjd; go g[j;jkjk; murh’;f kjkhdJ.

mjd; \yk; ,e;J kjk;/ fpwp!;j;Jt kjk;/ ,!:yhk; nghd;w ,ju

kjj;jpdiua[k; gphpj;jdh;. ,y’;ifapd; fpHf;F khfhzj;jpy;

jkpHh;fs; mjpfkhf thGk; gFjpapy; ntz;Lbkd;nw jpl;lkpl;L

rp’;fs Fw;wthspfisa[k;/ rp’;fs btwpah;fisa[k; Fonaw;wp/

jkpHh;fis rpWghd;ikapduhf Mf;fpajd; \yk;/ jkpH;kf;fis

rp’;fs muR ntWgl;lth;fshfnt fUjpaJ. ,t;thW ,y’;ifbad;w

xnu kz;zpy; gpwe;j jkpHh;fis rp’;fs muR bjhlh;e;J jdp

gphpthf elj;jpaJ. je;ij bry;th mth;fs; ,y’;ifapy; Tl;lhl;;rp

Kiw ntz;Lbkd;W bjhlf;f fhyj;jpypUe;nj typa[Wj;jpa[k;/

jkpHh;fSf;fhd epahakhd chpikfs; fpilf;ftpy;iy. mth;

elj;jpa mwg;nghuhl;l’;fisa[k;/ rp’;fs ,dbtwp muR mlf;fp

xLf;fpaJ. ,jd; tpisthf ntWtHpapd;wp/ jkpHh;fs; rhh;ghf

,Ue;j midj;J murpay; fl;rpfisa[k; xd;W nrh;j;J jkpHh;

tpLjiyf;Tl;lzp vd;W mikj;J 14-05-76-y; je;ij bry;th mth;fs;

jiyikapy; tl;Lf;nfhl;il khehl;oy; jkpH; <Hk; ntz;Lbkd;w

jPh;khdk; epiwntw;wg;gl;lJ. jkpH; <Hk; nfl;lhy;/ gphptpid

vd;W cyf mu’;fpy; cuj;jf;Fuy; vGg;g[k; rp’;fs ,dbtwp

muR/ jkpH;kf;fis ntwhff; fUjp g[wf;fzpj;jd; tpisnt/ jkpH;

<Hf;nfhhpf;if vGe;jjw;Ff; fhuzk;.

1983 y; jhd; $dehaf Kiw gyd; mspf;fhJ vd;W bjhpe;jgpwF

jkpH; ,is’h;fs; Ma[jk; Ve;jp nghuhlj; Jt’;fpdhh;fs;. ,d;W

kfpe;juh$gf;nr Ma[j nghuhl;lj;ij xLf;Ffpnwd; vd;w bgauhy;

Kg;gilbfhz;L jkpH;kf;fisf; bfhd;W Ftpg;gjd; \yk;/ ,dp

ve;ehSk; jkpHh;fSk;/ rp’;fsh;fSk; nrh;e;J thH KoahJ vd;w

epiyia Vw;gLj;jp tpl;lhh;. cz;ikapy; ,y’;ifapd; xw;Wikia

rp’;fs muRjhd; jdJ $dehaf tpnuhj eltof;iffshYk;/

,uhqtj;jPh;t[ fhzntz;Lk; vd;w Kaw;rpahYk; rPh;Fiyj;Jtpl;lJ.

jkpHh;fs; thH jdpehL njit. ,dpa[k; jkpHh;fSk;/ rp’;fsh;fSk;

nrh;e;J thH;tJ vd;gJ ,ayhj xd;W. jkpH; <Hk; mika[khdhy;

mjw;F KGg;bghWg;g[k; rp’;fs murpd; ,dbtwp nghf;nf jtpu

ntW ve;jf; fhuzKk; my;y. kdpjhgpkhd mog;gilapYk;/

jkpHpdg;gLbfhiy jLf;fg;gl ntz;Lk; vd;w tifapYk; ,e;jpa

murpd; btspehl;Lf;bfhs;if mika nj.K.jp.f eltof;if

vLf;Fk;.

jkpH;ehl;ow;bfd jPuhj nkw;Twpa gpur;rpidfisj;

jPh;f;f ghLgLk; mnj neuj;jpy; ,e;jpa murpd; \yk; bghJthf

kf;fSf;F Mw;wntz;oa fPH;f;fz;l gzpfspy; nj.K.jp.f jdp

mf;fiw brYj;Jk;.

1) Vl;ony jPl;lg;gLfpw kf;fs; eyj;jpl;l’;fs; ehl;ony

epiwntw;wg;gl ntz;Lkhdhy; eph;thfj;jpYs;s ,y’;rKk;/

CHYk; xHpf;fg;glntz;Lk;. cyfpy; CHy; kpFe;j ehLfspy;

,e;jpaht[k; xd;W. 2008 k; Mz;L CHy; ehLfspd; thpir vz;fspy;

,e;jpah 85tJ ,lk; tfpf;fpwJ. 2007 -y; 72tJ ,lj;jpypUe;J

,g;bghGJ ,d;Dk; nkhrkhfp 85 tJ ,lj;jpy; cs;sJ. CHy;

xHpf;fg;gLkhdhy;/ bghUshjhu tsh;r;rp fhy; g’;F mjpfhpf;Fk;

vd;Wk; me;j mwpf;if TWfpwJ. Xl;il cilrYk;/ CHYk;

epiwe;j eph;thf ,ae;jpuk; brg;gdplg;gLk;.

2) ntiy bra;af;Toath;fspd; tsh;r;rp tpfpjk;/ ntiy

fpilg;gth;fspd; tsh;r;rp tpfpjj;ijtpl Mz;LnjhWk; mjpfhpj;J

tUfpwJ. ntiy bra;af;Toath;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; 45.75 nf-

hongh;/ ,jpy; 90 rjtpfpjk; ngh; mikg;g[rhuh bjhHpypy; cs;sdh;.

ntiybra;af;Toa tajpdUf;F Kiwahd ntiyfpilf;f tHp-

tif fhzg;gLk;.

3) ,is’h;fSf;F gog;g[k; ifj;bjhHpy; gapw;rpa[k; je;J

mth;fs; tpUg;gj;jpw;Fk;/ jFjpf;Fk; Vw;g rpW kw;Wk; eLj;juj;

bjhHpy;fspy; <Lgl jpl;lk; tFj;jy;. mjw;bfd epjpa[jtp tH’;f

mikg;g[rhuh bjhHpyhsh;fs; njrpa epjpak; cUthf;fg;gLk;.

4) ntiytha;g;gpy; cly; CdKw;wth;fSf;F 3 rjtpfpj

xJf;fPL tH’;fg;gLk;. nkYk; mth;fs; RaKd;ndw;wj;jpw;fhd

bjhHpy; tha;g;g[fs; kw;Wk; trjpfs; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk;.

5) jkpH ;ehL gy JiwfspYk; Kd;ndw kpd ;rhuk ;

,d;wpaikahjJ. jkpH;ehl;oy; Rkhh; 2000 bkfhthl; kpd;gw;whf;Fiw

cs;sJ. jkpH;ehL kpd;rhuj;jpy; jd;dpiwt[ bgw nj.K.jp.f kj;jpa

muirg; gad;gLj;Jk;.

6) CHy; murpay;thjpfs;/ nkhrkhd bjhHpy; mjpgh;fs;/ fph-

pkpdy; jhjhf;fs; nghd;nwhh; rl;ltpnuhjkhf j’;fs; fUg;g[ gzj;ij

Rtp!: t’;fpapYk;/ ,ju btspehl;L t’;fpfspYk; nghl;Ls;sdh;. ,J

Rkhh; +.25 yl;rk; nfhoapUe;J +.70 yl;rk; nfhotiu ,Uf;Fbkd;W

fzf;fplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j gzj;ij ,e;jpaht[f;F bfhz;L tu

nj.K.jp.f Kaw;rp vLf;Fk;.

7) xt;bthU ghuhSkd;wj; bjhFjpapYk;/ xU th;j;jf

ikak; mikf;fg;gLk;. ,e;jpahtpy; kl;Lky;yhJ cyf mstpy;

tptu’;fisg; bgwt[k;/ ,’;F cw;gj;jp bra;j bghUl;fis tpah-

ghuk; bra;at[k; ,J gad;gLk;. ,jd; \yk; tptrhaKk;/ bjhHpYk;

tsUk;. xt;bthU bjhFjpa[k; nkk;ghL mila[k;.

8) xt;bthU Cuhl;rp njhWk;/ fzpdp ikak; bjhl’;fg;gLk;.

mjd; \yk; fpuhkg; g[w’;fspYs;s ,is’h;fs; kw;Wk; ,sk

;bgz;fSf;F fzpdp gapw;rp tH’;fg;gLk;.

9) Muk;gf;fy;tp Kjy; cah;fy;tp tiu jdpahh; Mjpf;fk;

jiy J}f;fpa[s;sJ. ,jdhy; ViHf;FLk;gj;ijr; nrh;e;j gps;isfs;

fy;tp trjp bgwKoatpy;iy. ,e;epiy khw;wpaikf;fg;gLk;.

10) rkr ;r Ph ; fy;tp Kiwia mKy;gLj;jt[k ; / gs;sp

,ilepw;wiyj; jLf;ft[k; eltof;fiffs; vLf;fg;gLk;. 13

11) bgz;fSf;fhd murpdh; fiyf;fy;Y}hp bgUkstpy;

cUthf eltof;iffs; vLf;fg;gLk;. mjd; \yk; bgz; fy;tpf;F

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;fg;gLk;.

12) fpuhkg;g[w ntiytha;g;g[Wjp jpl;lj;jpy; eilKiwapy;

CHy;fs; cs;sd. ,ij ePf;f eltof;if vLf;fg;gLk;. ,j;jpl;lj;jpy;

vj;jifa gzpfis nkw;bfhs;s ntz;Lbkd;W gadhspfis

fye;Jbfhz;L jpl;lk; tFf;fg;gLk;.

13) fpuhkg;g[w’;fspy; Vuhskhd fhy;eilfs; ,Uf;fpd;wd.

,Ug;gpDk; mitfSf;fhd kUj;Jt trjpapy;iy. Mfnt/ fhy;eil

kUj;Jtkidfs; gy mikf;fg;gLk;.

14) jw ;nghija muR kUj ;Jtkidfs; / jdpahh ;

kUj;JtkidfSf;F <lhf/ midj;J trjpfSlDk; ,a’;f

eltof;if vLf;fg;gLk;. rpwg;g[ kUj;Jtg;gphpt[fs; Jtf;fg;gLk;.

15) tptrhapfs; cw;gj;jp bra;a[k; bey;/ fUk;g[/ gapW tiffs;

nghd;wtw;wpw;F Cf;fk; mspf;Fk; tifapy; fl;Lg;goahFk; ti-

fapy; tpiy eph;zak; bra;ag;gLk;. rpW kw;Wk; FW tptrhapfSf;F

vspjpy; fld;fpilf;f muR kw;Wk; Tl;Lwt[ t’;fpfs; rPuikf;fg;gLk;.

mth;fs; cw;gj;jp bra;a[k; fha;fwpfs; nghd;wit nrkpj;J itf;f

Fsph;gjd trjpa[s;s fpl’;Ffs; xd;wpak ;njhWk; mikf;fg;gLk;.

16) tptrhaj;jpy; cw;gj;jp jpwidg; bgUf;f njitahd

eltof;iffs; vLf;fg;gLk;. Fwpg;ghf tptrhaf ;fy;Y}hpfSk;/

Muha;r;rp epWtd’;fSk; mjpfg;gLj;jg;gLk;.

17) t piythr p cah ;it fl ;Lg ;gLj ;j eltof ;if

nkw;bfhs;sg;gLk;. rhpahd tpiythrpia fz;lwpa[k; tifapy; tpi-

ythrp g[s;sp tptuk; rhpbra;ag;gLk;. kf;fs; md;whlk; gad;gLj;Jk;

mj;jpahtrpa czt[g; bghUl;fis nu#d; filfs; \ykhf tPL-

njhWk; tpepnahfk; bra;ag;gLk;.

18) Rfhjhu trjp/ fpuhkg;g[w mstpy; mwnt ,y;iy. ey;y

Fojz;zPh; fpilg;gJ ,y;iy. bgz;fSf;F fHptiw trjp ,Ug;gJ

,y;iy. bjUtpnyna rhf;filfs; XLfpd;wd. Muk;g Rfhjhu

epiya’;fs; ed;whf bray;gLtJk; ,y;iy. ,f;Fiwfisg; nghf;fp

ViH/ vspa kf;fs; cly;eyk; bgw eltof;if nkw;bfhs;sg;gLk;.

b g z ; F H e ; i j f s ; g p w e ; j h n y b g w ; n w h h ; f s ;

gag;gLfpwd;wdh;. me;j mst[f;F rKjhaj;jpy; bgz;fs;

g[wf;fzpf;fg;gLtJk;/ tujl;rizf; bfhLikf;F MshtJk;

fz;TL. ,j;jifa ntWghl;od; fhuzkhft[k;/ tWikapd;

fhuzkhft[k; bgz; rpRf;bfhiy eilbgWfpwJ. ,tw;iw jLf;Fk;

tifapy; bgz;fs; nkk;ghl;Lf;fhd midj;J eltof;iffSk;

nkw;bfhs;sg;gLk;.

19) ehlhSkd;w/ rl;lkd;w bjhFjpfspy; bgz;fSf;fhd

\d;wpy; xU g’;F ,lxJf;fPL knrhjh epiwntw;wg;gLk;. jhH;j;jg;gl;l

kw;Wk; gpd;j’;fpa bgz;fSf;fhd tha;g;g[k; nrh;f;fg;gLk;.

20) K!;ypk;fSila gpw;gLj;jgl;l epiyia nghf;Fk; ti-

fapy; rr;rhh; fkpl;o mspj;Js;s ghpe;Jiufs; epiwntw;wg;gLk;.

Fwpg;ghf mjpy; Twpa[s;s Jiz jpl;lk; bray;gLj;jg;gLk;.

21) tPLfl;Lk; jpl;lj;ij tphpt[gLj;jp midtUf;Fk; fy;tPL

fpilf;f XU khbgUk; jpl;lk; tFj;J epiwntw;wg;gLk;.

22) rpwg;g[ bghUshjhu kz;ly’;fs; vd;w bgahpy; bgUk;

bjhHpy;fSf;F rYiffs; thhp tH’;Ftij epWj;jp/ tptrhapfspd;

epyk; mokhl;L tpiyf;F bfhs;Kjy; bra;tijj; jLj;J/ mj;jifa

kz;ly’;fs; miktij nj.K.jp.f rPuikf;Fk;.

23) Vw;Wkjp bra;a[k; $t[sp bjhHpy; bghpJk; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

ifj;jwp/ tpirj;jwp kw;Wk; gpd;dyhilj; bjhHpYf;Fj; jf;f

epthuzk; mspf;fg;gLk;.

24) rhag;gl;liw bjhHpw;rhiyfspypUe;J btsp tUk; fHpt[

ePiu Rj;jg;gLj;j jpl;l’;fs; nkw;bfhs;sg;gLk;.

25) ,sikapnyna ed;whf tpisahlf; Toath;fis

,d’;fz;L mth;fSf;F muR brytpy; Kiwahd gapw;rpaspj;J/

cyfstpy; elf;Fk; xypk;gpf; nghl;oapy; fye;J bfhs;s

Cf;Ftpf;fg;gLk;.

26) \j;j Fokf;fSf;F nghJkhd xa;t[ CjpaKk;/ kUj;Jt

trjpa[k; Vw;ghL bra;ag;gLk;. midj;J trjpfSk; bfhz;l Kjp-

nahh; ,y;y’;fs; khtl;l’;fs; njhWk; mikf;fg;gLk;.

27) khjk; +.25000 tiu Cjpak; bgWnthUf;F tUkhd

thpapypUe;J thptpyf;F mspf;fg;gLk;.

28) gpw;gl;nlhUf;fhd ,l xJf;fPl;il ve;j mst[f;F vg;go

eph;zapf;f ntz;Lk; vd;w chpikia me;je;j khepy’;fSf;nf

jUk; tifapy; murpay; rl;lj;jpy; jpUj;jk; bfhz;Ltug;gLk;.

jhH;j ;jg;gl;lth;fSf;Fhpa xJf;fPl ;oy; mUe;jpah;fSf;F

cs;xJf;fPL tH’;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjw;F chpa rl;lghJfhg;g[

jug;gLk;.

29) Cuhl;rp kw;Wk; Cuhl;rp xd;wpa’;fSf;fhdj; njh;jy;fs;

mz;ikapy; bfhz;Ltug;gl;l murpay; rl;ljpUj;jj;jhy; \d;W

mLf;Ffshf khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,ijtpl Vw;fdnt

jkpH;ehl;oy; ,Ue;j Kiw rpwe;jJ vd;gjhy; cs;shl;rp

kd;w’;fSf;fhd mikg;g[[fis khepy’;fns tFj;Jf; bfhs;syhk;

vd;w tifapy; murpay; rl;ljpUj;jk; nkw;bfhs;sg;gLk;.

30) 1976 k; Mz;L fy;tp rk;ge;jg;gl;l mjpfhuk; khepy

gl;oaypy; ,Ue;J bghJg;gl;oaYf;F khw;wg;gl;lJ. kPz;Lk;

fy;tpj;Jiw khepyg;gl;oaYf;nf khw;wg;gl Kaw;rpf;fg;gLk;.

31) bts;sk;/ g[ay;/ twl;rp/ nghd;w ,aw;if nghplh;fshYk;/

flypy; kPd; gpof;fr; bry;yf;TlhJ vd;w murpd; jilahYk;

bghJthf ViHfSk;/ Fwpg;ghf kPdth;fSk;/ thHtHpapd;wp

jtpf;fpd;wdh;. me;j fhyfl;lj;jpy; mth;fspd; FLk;gk; xd;wpw;F

khjk; +.2000 FLk;g epjp tH’;fg;gLk;.

g[Jit khepyk;

m) g[Jr;nrhp khepy me;j!;;J bgw nj.K.jp.f eltof;if

vLf;Fk;.

,) ,e;jpa muR ,Jtiuapy; mspj;J te;j 70 rjtp-

fpj khdpaj;ijepWj;jpa[s;sJ. mijj; jpUk;gt[k;

bgw;W g[Jr;nrhp/ fhiuf;fhy;/khnQ/ Vdhk; gFjpfspy;

kf;fspd; njitfis e piwntw ;Wk ; j pl ;l’ ;fs ;

nkw;bfhs;sg;gLk;.

c) ,e;jpahtpnyna mjpfk; goj;jth;fs; g[Jr;nrhpapy;

cs;sjhy; ntiyapy;yhj; jpz;lhl;lj;ijg; nghf;f

jpl;l’;fs; tFf;fg;gLk;.

v) $pg;kh; kUj;Jtkid/ E}w;ghiy kw;Wk; ,ju

bjhHpw;rhiyfspy; gzpahw;Wgth;fspd; gpur;rpidfs;

jPh;f;fg;gl;L mth;fSila thH;thjhuk;

ghJfhf;fg;gLk;.

,d;iwa ,e;jpah cs;Sk;/g[wKk; beUf;foiar; re;jpj;J

tUfpwJ. mz;il ehLfspypUe;J jPtputhjpfs; ve;jneuKk;

jhf;Fjy; elj;jf;TLk; vd;w epiyik. ,e;jpahtpnyna \d;wpy;

xU gFjp ef;riyl;Lfspd; Mjpf;fj;jpy; cs;sJ. xU g[wk;

$dehaf Kiwapy; njh;jy;fs; elj;jg;gl;lhYk; kWg[wj;jpy;

,e;jpahtpd; mikjpf;Fk;/ xw;Wikf;Fk; bgUk; rthyhf ,e;j jPt-

puthj ,af;fk; tsh;e;J tUfpwJ. g[ydha;t[j;Jiwia rPuikj;Jk;/

nghyP!:Jiwia etPdg;gLj;jpa[k;/ ,uhqtj;ij <LgLj;jpa[k;

jPtputhjj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; eltof;iffs; njit. vdpDk;

,it kl;Lnk nghJkhdJ my;y. ,d;iwa ,e;jpa bghUsh-

jhu tsh;r;rp vd;gJ nfhORtuh;fspd; tsh;r;rpna. ghku kf;fs;

epiy ehs;njhWk; rhpe;J tUfpwJ. ViH/ gzf;fhuh;fs; ntWghL

mjpfhpj;j tz;zKs;sJ. tWika[k;/ mePjpa[nk ,d;iwa

jPtputhjj;jpd; MzpntuhFk;. ,e;jpah vd;gJ gj;J rjtpfpjk; ngh;

mbkhpf;fh;fshft[k;/ 90 rjtpfpjk; ngh; Mg;gphpf;fh;fshft[k; thHnt

tHpbra;Js;sJ. bghUshjhuf; bfhs;ifapy; mog;gilahd khw;wk;

njit. tWik eP’;fp midtUf;Fk; ntiytha;g;g[ fpilf;fr;

bra;tjd; \ynk jPtputhjj;ij xLf;f Koa[k;.

bghUshjhuf; bfhs;if kf;fis ikakhf itj;J

jPl;lg;gLtjd; \ynk khw;wj;ijf; bfhz;L tuKoa[k;. ’khoapypUe;J

kz; Foiria eP’;fs; ghh;f;fpwPh;fs;. ehd; kz; FoirapypUe;J

khoiag; ghh;f;fpnwd/;’vd;whh; g[ul;rpj;jiyth; vk;.$p.Mh; mth;fs;.

mJnghy ,e;jpa murpd; bghUshjhu ghh;itapy; jiyfPH; khw;wk;

njit. mj;jifa khw;wj;ijf; bfhz;Ltug; ghLgLtnj nj.K.jp.

ftpd; yl;rpakhFk;.

jhapd; tapw;wpy; 10 khj’;fs; jhd;. Mdhy; jha; ehl;od;

tapw;wpy; Ma[s; KGJk; kl;Lky;y/ mjw;Fg; gpwFk; Tl. bgw;w

jhapDk; gpwe;j bghd;dhL bghpJ vd;W mjdhnyna TWth;.

ehk; gpwe;j jkpH;ehL gy JiwfspYk; rPuHpe;J fplf;fpwJ. mij

brg;gdpLk; bgUk;gzp fhj;Jf;fplf;fpwJ. khw;Wf; fl;rpapdnuh gzk;

bfhLj;J kf;fis tpiyf;F th’;fptplyhk; vd;w kdg;nghf;fpy;

cs;sdh;. mth;fsplk; jUtjw;F gzj;ijj; jtpu ntW vJt[k;

,y;iy. Mdhy; ehk; ifapy; fhR mw;wth;fs; vd;whYk;/ kdj;jpy;

khR mw;wth;fs;. ehk; kf;fSf;F jUtjw;F cz;ik/ ciHg;g[/

jpahfk;/ xw;Wik bfhz;Ls;nshk;. murpaypy; ,e;j beUf;foahd

fhyfl;lj;jpy; jkpH;ehl;L kf;fSf;F vit njitnah mit

ek;kplk; cs;sJ. Mfnt jhd; nj.K.jp.f jkpH; Pehl;oy; jdpj;J

nghl;oapLfpwJ. jkpH;ehl;L kf;fs; 40 ,l’;fspYk; nj.K.jp.

fit btw;wpbgwr; bra;jhy; xU g[jpa tuyhW fpilf;Fk;. tWik

eP’;Fk;/ ntiy tha;g;g[ bgUFk;/ thH;t[ tsk;bgWk;/ mikjp epyt[k;

Mf;fpukpg;ghsh;fs; mHpth;/ Mf;fg;g{h;tkhd ntiyfs; elf;Fk.;

rhjp/ rka/ rz;ilfSf;F ,lkpuhJ. vy;yhUk; vy;yhKk; bgw

tHpfpilf;Fk;. ,y;yhik mwnt eP’;Fk;.

mwp’h; mz;zh mth;fs; TwpaJ nghy;/

brtpf;Fk;/ rpe;jidf;Fk; ,dpik gag;gJ ’KuR’

nghUf;Fk;/ g[fGf;Fk; fUtpahf ,Ug;gJ ’KuR’

khw;whh; kUst[k;/ ek;kth;fs; kfpHt[k; tHp bra;tJ ’KuR’

tPuj;jpw;Fk;/ btw;wpf;Fk; tpj;jpLtJ ’KuR’

nfL fise;J/ ehL thH;e;jpl tHp fhz;gJ ’KuR’

mj;jifa KuR rpd;dj;jpy; thf;fspg;gPh;*

btw;wp KuR jpf;bfl;Lk; bfhl;lr;bra;tPh;**

’g[ul;rpfiy’h; tHp elg;nghk;

g[jpanjhh; rKjhak; gilg;nghk;’