Download - Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Chapter 9 Psychological Development This multimedia product and its contents are protected

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Chapter 9Chapter 9

Psychological Development

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• ISBN: 0-131-73180-7


Developmental PsychologyDevelopmental Psychology

Developmental psychology –The study of how organisms change over time as the result of biological and environmental influences


How Do PsychologistsHow Do PsychologistsExplain Development?Explain Development?

Development is a process of growth and change brought about by an interaction of

heredity and the environment


The Nature-NurtureThe Nature-NurtureInteractionInteraction

Nature-nurture issue –Long-standing discussion over relative importance of nature (heredity) and nurture (environment) in their influence on behavior and mental processes



Twin studies – Developmental investigations in which twins, especially identical twins, are compared in the search for genetic and environmental effects



Identical twins– A pair who started life as a single fertilized egg which later split into two distinct individuals

Fraternal twins– A pair who started life as two separate fertilized eggs that happened to share the same womb



Adoption studies – Studies in which the adopted child’s characteristics are compared to those of the biological family and the adoptive family


Gradual versus Abrupt ChangeGradual versus Abrupt Change

Continuity view vs. Discontinuity view

Age

Per

form

ance

Continuity view

Discontinuity view


Gradual versus Abrupt ChangeGradual versus Abrupt Change

Developmental stages – Periods of life initiated by significant transitions or changes in physical or psychological functioning


Psychological Traits in Your GenesPsychological Traits in Your Genes

While psychological traits are formed by interaction of heredity and the environment, many traits have a strong genetic influence


What Capabilities Does theWhat Capabilities Does theChild Possess?Child Possess?

Newborns have innate abilities for finding

nourishment, interacting with others, and avoiding harmful

situations; the developing abilities of infants and

children rely on learning


Prenatal DevelopmentPrenatal Development

Prenatal period –The developmental period before birth• Zygote• Embryo• Fetus

Placenta –An organ that developsbetween the embryo/fetusand the mother

Teratogens –Toxic substances that can damage the developing organism


Neonatal PeriodNeonatal Period(from birth to one month)(from birth to one month)

Sensory abilities

Motor abilitiesPostural reflex

Grasping reflex

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006

AttachmentAttachment

The most important social construct an infant must develop is attachment (a bond with a caregiver).

Lorenz discovered that some animals form attachment through imprinting.



Harry Harlow and his monkeys.

Harry showed that monkeys needed touch to form attachment.

Click the monkey to see a video of Harlow’s experiment.



Critical Periods: the optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produce proper development.

Those who are deprived of touch have trouble forming attachment when they are older.

Click on the monkey to see what a baby monkey does when he HAS attachment and imagine what it is like when he does not (like above).


Types of AttachmentTypes of Attachment

Mary Ainsworth’s Strange Situation.

Three types of attachment:

1.Secure

2.Avoidant

3.Anxious/ambivalent

Click picture to see clip of Ainsworth’s experiment.


InfancyInfancy(from one month to about 18 months)(from one month to about 18 months)

Babies learn through classical conditioning

Humans apparently have an inborn need for attachment • Secure attachment• Anxious-ambivalent attachment• Avoidant attachment


InfancyInfancy(from one month to about 18 months)(from one month to about 18 months)

Maturation –The unfolding of genetically programmed processes of growth and development over time


Maturation Timetable for LocomotionMaturation Timetable for Locomotion

BirthBirth



Responds to soundResponds to sound

Becomes quiet when picked upBecomes quiet when picked up

Vocalizes occasionallyVocalizes occasionally

Birth 1 mo.1 mo.



Smiles sociallySmiles socially

Recognizes motherRecognizes mother

Rolls from side to backRolls from side to back

Lifts head and holds it erect and Lifts head and holds it erect and steadysteady

Birth 1 mo. 2 mo.2 mo.



Vocalizes to the smiles and talk Vocalizes to the smiles and talk of an adultof an adult

Searches for source of soundSearches for source of sound

Sits with support, head steadySits with support, head steady

Birth 1 mo. 2 mo. 3 mo.3 mo.



Gaze follows dangling ring, vanishing Gaze follows dangling ring, vanishing spoon, and ball moved across tablespoon, and ball moved across table

Sits with slight supportSits with slight support

Birth 1 mo. 2 mo. 3 mo. 4 mo.4 mo.



Discriminates strangers from familiar Discriminates strangers from familiar personspersons

Turns from back to sideTurns from back to side

Makes distinctive vocalizationsMakes distinctive vocalizations

Birth 1 mo. 2 mo. 3 mo. 4 mo. 5 mo.5 mo.



Lifts cup and bangs itLifts cup and bangs it

Smiles at mirror imageSmiles at mirror image

Reaches for small objectReaches for small object

Birth 1 mo. 2 mo. 3 mo. 4 mo. 5 mo. 6 mo.6 mo.



Makes playful responses to Makes playful responses to mirrormirror

Sits alone steadilySits alone steadily

CrawlsCrawls

Birth 1 mo. 2 mo. 3 mo. 4 mo. 5 mo. 6 mo.

7 mo.7 mo.



Vocalizes up to four different Vocalizes up to four different syllablessyllables

Listens selectively to familiar Listens selectively to familiar wordswords

Pulls to standing positionPulls to standing position


7 mo. 8 mo.8 mo.




7 mo. 8 mo. 9 mo.9 mo.



Plays pat-a-cakePlays pat-a-cake


7 mo. 8 mo. 9 mo. 10 mo.10 mo.



Stands aloneStands alone


7 mo. 8 mo. 9 mo. 10 mo. 11 mo.11 mo.



Walks aloneWalks alone


7 mo. 8 mo. 9 mo. 10 mo. 11 mo. 1 year1 year


What Are theWhat Are theDevelopmental Tasks ofDevelopmental Tasks ofInfancy and Childhood?Infancy and Childhood?

Infants and children face especially important

developmental tasks in the areas of cognition and social

relationships – tasks that lay a foundation for further growth in

adolescence and adulthood


Cognitive DevelopmentCognitive Development

Cognitive development –The process by which thinking changes over time

Schemas –Mental structures orprograms that guide adeveloping child’s thoughts


Accommodation –Mental process thatrestructures existingschemes so that newinformation is better understood


Assimilation – Mental process that modifies new information to fit it into existingschemes



It was thought that kids were just stupid versions of adults.

Then came along Jean Piaget

Kids learn differently than adults


SchemasSchemas

Children view the world through schemas (as do adults for the most part).

Schemas are ways we interpret the world around us.

It is basically what you picture in your head when you think of anything.

Right now in your head, picture a model.

These 3 probably fit into your concept (schema) of a model.

But does this one?


AssimilationAssimilation

Incorporating new experiences into existing schemas.

If I teach my 3 year that an animal with 4 legs and a tail is a dog….

What would he call this?

Or this?

What schema would you assimilate this into?


Assimilation in High SchoolAssimilation in High School

When you first meet somebody, you will assimilate them into a schema that you already have.

If you see two guys dressed like this, what schema would you assimilate them into?•Would you always be right?


AccommodationAccommodation

Changing an existing schema to adopt to new information. If I tell someone from the mid-west to picture their

schema of the Bronx they may talk about the ghetto areas.

But if I showed them other areas of the Bronx, they would be forced to accommodate (change) their schema to incorporate their new information.


Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive DevelopmentDevelopment

SensorimotorSensorimotor

PreoperationalPreoperational

Concrete Concrete OperationalOperational

Formal Formal OperationalOperational



SensorimotorSensorimotor

Preoperational

Concrete Operational

Formal Operational

• Birth to about age 2

• Child relies heavily on innate motor responses to stimuli

• Sensorimotor intelligence

• Mental representations

• Object permanence


Stages of Cognitive DevelopmentStages of Cognitive Development

Sensorimotor Stage

Experience the world through our senses.

Do NOT have object permanence.

0-2

Click Mom to see a baby with no object permanence.



Sensorimotor

PreoperationalPreoperational


Formal Operational

• About age 2 to age 6 or 7

• Marked by well-developed mental representation and the use of language

• Egocentrism

• Animalistic thinking

• Centration


Preoperational StagePreoperational Stage

2-7

Have object permanence

Begin to use language to represent objects and ideas

Egocentric: cannot look at the world through anyone’s eyes but their own.

Do NOT understand concepts of conservation.

Click the boy to see kids with egocentrism.



Sensorimotor

Preoperational

Concrete Concrete OperationalOperational

Formal Operational

• About age 7 to about age 11

• Child understands conservation but is incapable of abstract thought

• Conservation

• Mental operations


ConservationConservation

Conservation refers to the idea that a quantity remains the same despite changes in appearance and is part of logical thinking.

Click the boy to see kids trying to grasp conservation.


Concrete Operational StageConcrete Operational Stage

Can demonstrate concept of conservation.

Learn to think logically

Click the penguin to see kids try to grasp concrete logic.



Sensorimotor

Preoperational


Formal Formal OperationalOperational

• From about age 12 on

• Abstract thought appears


Formal Operational StageFormal Operational Stage

What would the world look like with no light?

Picture god

What way do you best learn?

Abstract reasoning

Manipulate objects in our minds without seeing them

Hypothesis testing

Trial and Error

Metacognition

Not every adult gets to this stage


Social and Emotional DevelopmentSocial and Emotional Development

Theory of Mind –An awareness that other people’s behavior may be influenced by beliefs, desires, and emotions that differ from one’s own

Temperament –An individual’s characteristic manner of behavior or reaction



Zone of proximal development –The difference between what a child can do with help and what the child can do without any help or guidance

Socialization –The lifelong process of shaping an individual’s behavior patterns, values, standards, skills, attitudes and motives to conform to those regarded as desirable in a particular society


Parenting StylesParenting Styles

Authoritarian Parents

Authoritative Parents

Permissive Parents


1. Authoritarian parents

2. Authoritative parents

3. Permissive parents

4. Uninvolved parents


Most approaches to child rearing fall into one of the following four styles:



Other factors influencing a child’s development may include:• Effects of day care• School influences• Leisure influences


Erikson’s Psychosocial StagesErikson’s Psychosocial StagesAge/PeriodAge/Period Principal ChallengePrincipal Challenge

0 to 1 1/2 years0 to 1 1/2 years Trust vs. Mistrust

1 1/2 to 3 years1 1/2 to 3 years Autonomy vs. Self doubt

3 to 6 years3 to 6 years Initiative vs. Guilt

6 years to puberty6 years to puberty Confidence vs. Inferiority

AdolescenceAdolescence Identity vs. Role confusion

Early adulthoodEarly adulthood Intimacy vs. Isolation

Middle adulthoodMiddle adulthood Generativity vs. Stagnation

Late adulthoodLate adulthood Ego-integrity vs. Despair


What Changes Mark theWhat Changes Mark theTransition of Adolescence?Transition of Adolescence?

Adolescence offers new developmental challenges

growing out of physical changes, cognitive changes, and socioemotional changes


The Transitions of AdolescenceThe Transitions of Adolescence

Adolescence – Developmental period beginning at puberty and ending at adulthood

Rites of passage – Social rituals that mark the transition between developmental stages, especially between childhood and adulthood


Physical Maturation in AdolescencePhysical Maturation in Adolescence

Puberty – Onset of sexual maturity

Around puberty, boys and girls become more aware of their physical attractiveness


Cognitive Development in Cognitive Development in AdolescenceAdolescence

Formal operational stage – Piaget’s final stage of cognitive growth (abstract and complex thought)

Hormones rise to high levels

The frontal lobes undergo a “remodel”

This leads to sensation seeking and risk taking, and preoccupation with body image and sex


The increasing influence of peers

Common social problems in adolescence

Delinquency

Social Identity in AdolescenceSocial Identity in Adolescence

Identity crisis


• Masturbation

• Same-sex orientation

• Heterosexual behavior

Sexual Issues in AdolescenceSexual Issues in Adolescence

Sexual issues in adolescence often include the following:


Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral ReasoningReasoning

I. Preconventional moralityStage 1: Pleasure/pain orientation

Stage 2: Cost/benefit orientation; reciprocity


II. Conventional morality


• Stage 3: “Good child” orientation• Stage 4: Law-and-order orientation


III. Postconventional (principled) morality


• Stage 5: Social contract orientation• Stage 6: Ethical principle orientation


Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral ReasoningKohlberg’s Stages of Moral Reasoning

Culture and morality

Gender and morality


What DevelopmentalWhat DevelopmentalChallenges Do Adults Face?Challenges Do Adults Face?

Nature and nurture continue to produce changes throughout life, but in

adulthood these changes include both growth and

decline


The Developmental Challenges of The Developmental Challenges of AdulthoodAdulthood

Love and workIntimacy versus isolation

Generativity versus stagnation

Generativity –A process of making a commitment beyond oneself to family, work, society, or future generations


The Last Developmental Problems The Last Developmental Problems You Will FaceYou Will Face

Ego-identity –The ability to look back on life without regrets and to enjoy a sense of wholeness

According to Erikson, the final crisis involves ego-identity vs. despair


The Last Developmental Problems The Last Developmental Problems You Will FaceYou Will Face

Some of the most obvious changes that occur with age affect physical abilities such as• Vision• Hearing• Thinking, learning, and problem solving• Memory• Sexual functioning• Social interaction• Emotions


End of Chapter 9End of Chapter 9

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