Download - Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 1 Biopsychology Chapter 2 This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are

11Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003

BiopsychologyBiopsychology

Chapter 2Chapter 2

This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. ISBN: 0-205-37181-7


Core Concept 2-1Core Concept 2-1

• Evolution has shaped psychological processes because it favors genetic variations that produce adaptive behavior.


Charles DarwinCharles Darwin

• First described theory of evolution

• Discovered evidence for natural selection


Darwin’s TheoryDarwin’s Theory

• Never said man evolved from monkey

• Rather, we share a common ancestor


• Basis of evolution• Fittest of species “selected” to survive and reproduce• Survival-promoting traits passed to next generation


GeneticsGenetics

• Chromosomes• Genes• DNA


Genes and InheritanceGenes and Inheritance

• Physical traits inherited

• Intelligence, personality, and some mental disorders are influenced by genetics



• Both the nervous system and the endocrine system use chemical messengers to communicate with targets throughout the body.


Nervous SystemNervous System

• Network of nerve cells in body


The Organization of the The Organization of the Nervous SystemNervous System

Nervous systemNervous system

Peripheral nervous Peripheral nervous systemsystem

Central nervous Central nervous system (CNS)system (CNS)

AutonomicAutonomicnervous systemnervous system

SomaticSomaticnervous systemnervous system

SympatheticSympatheticnervous systemnervous system

Parasympathetic Parasympathetic nervous systemnervous system


Peripheral Nervous SystemPeripheral Nervous System


Divisions of Autonomic Nervous Divisions of Autonomic Nervous SystemSystem


NeuronsNeurons

• Nerve Cells• Basic unit of the

nervous system• “Linked” together


Types of NeuronsTypes of Neurons

• Sensory neurons-to CNS from senses

• Motor neurons-to muscles and glands from CNS

• Interneurons-relay messages


Structure of a NeuronStructure of a Neuron

• Dendrites• Soma• Axon• Myelin Sheath• Terminal Buttons


The Structure of a NeuronThe Structure of a Neuron


Neural ImpulseNeural Impulse

• Electrical surge that carries the neuron’s message


Neural ImpulseNeural Impulse


NeurotransmittersNeurotransmitters

• Chemicals that relay neural message across the synapse


Seven Important NeurotransmittersSeven Important Neurotransmitters

DopamineDopamine

SerotoninSerotonin

AcetylcholineAcetylcholine

GlutamineGlutamine

NorepinephrineNorepinephrine

GABAGABA

EndorphinsEndorphins


SerotoninSerotonin

• Involved in mood, sleep, appetite, sex

• Imbalance-depression and anxiety


Serotonin and DepressionSerotonin and Depression

• SSRI-prevent the “reuptake” of serotonin

• Prozac-effective antidepressant

• Side-effects-weight gain, low sex drive


Brain Areas Affected by SSRIsBrain Areas Affected by SSRIs


Other SSRI MedicationsOther SSRI Medications


The Endocrine SystemThe Endocrine System(the body’s chemical messenger system)


Endocrine SystemEndocrine System

• Glands-secrete hormones into blood

• Hormones circulate through body

• Control growth, development, reproduction

• Maintain internal body functioning and energy



• The brain is composed of many specialized modules that work together to create mind and behavior.


TrephiningTrephining


PhrenologyPhrenology


Phineas GagePhineas Gage


““Windows” into the BrainWindows” into the Brain

• Images of brain structures or functioning

• Allow the study of the brain

• Also used as medical tests in diagnosis


EEGEEG


CT ScanCT Scan


MRIMRI


PET ScanPET Scan


The Human Brain at HomeThe Human Brain at Home


The BrainThe Brain

• Layers

• Lobes

• Hemispheres


Layers of BrainLayers of Brain

• Hindbrain

• Midbrain

• Forebrain


HindbrainHindbrain

• Brain stem and cerebellum

• Vital functions-breathing, etc.


MidbrainMidbrain

• Limbic System including the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala

• Emotion, motivation, memory


ForebrainForebrain

• Cerebrum including cortex

• Higher cognitive functions such as reasoning, planning, problem-solving


CerebrumCerebrum

• Top of the brain• Covered by cortex• “Folds” of tissue• Thicker in humans

than any animal


Lobes of BrainLobes of Brain


Occipital LobeOccipital Lobe

• At base of skull

• Vision


Temporal LobeTemporal Lobe

• At the temples, above the ears

• Hearing


Parietal LobeParietal Lobe

• At the top of the skull

• Sensory-motor


Sensory-Motor CortexSensory-Motor Cortex


Frontal LobeFrontal Lobe

• Just behind the forehead

• Higher cognitive functions-problem solving, judgment, impulse control


Hemispheres of BrainHemispheres of Brain


Contralateral Motor FunctioningContralateral Motor Functioning


HandednessHandedness


Handedness and Hemisphere Handedness and Hemisphere Functioning Functioning


Visual FieldsVisual Fields


Specialization of the Specialization of the Cerebral HemispheresCerebral Hemispheres

Left Hemisphere Right Hemisphere• Verbal Abilities• Analytical and

Logical Thinking• Part to Whole

Thinking• Abstract Thinking

• Nonverbal Abilities• Visual-spatial

Thinking• Whole to Part

Thinking• Concrete Thinking


Brain Damage and BehaviorBrain Damage and Behavior

Download - Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 1 Biopsychology Chapter 2 This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are

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