Transcript
Page 1: CONTROLLERS WORKSHOP 6 October 2011 Canberra THE ORIENTEERING COURSE MAP

CONTROLLERS WORKSHOP6 October 2011 Canberra

THE ORIENTEERING COURSE MAP

Page 2: CONTROLLERS WORKSHOP 6 October 2011 Canberra THE ORIENTEERING COURSE MAP

1 Introduction2 General requirements of a map3 Map specifications4 Explanation of symbols5 Field checking6 Checklist for controlling the map making process7 Map deviations8 Other considerations9 Summary10 Tasks

Controllers Workshop - The orienteering course map

Page 3: CONTROLLERS WORKSHOP 6 October 2011 Canberra THE ORIENTEERING COURSE MAP

1 Introduction

1.1 Fairness

A standardised map is the basis for orienteering as an international event

a map with deviations = unfair competition

“It’s important to maintain the integrity and credibility of the sport and it’s based on rules”

Nick Davies, Director IAAF, in reference to Usain Bolt being disqualified for a false start in the 100m final at the World Athletics Championships, August 2011

Controllers Workshop - The orienteering course map

Page 4: CONTROLLERS WORKSHOP 6 October 2011 Canberra THE ORIENTEERING COURSE MAP

1 Introduction

1.2 Rules applying to orienteering maps

International RulesCompetition Rules for IOF Foot orienteering Events 2011

Section 15. MapsAppendix 6. Competition Format - Map scales

International Specifications for Orienteering Maps 2000 (ISOM2000)International Specifications for Sprint Orienteering Maps 2007 (ISSOM2007)International Specifications for Mountain Bike Orienteering Maps 2010 (ISMTBOM2010)International Specifications for Ski Orienteering Maps 2009 (ISSkiOM2009)Check list for controlling the map making of major IOF eventsGuidelines for using non-offset printed maps in World Ranking EventsIOF PrintTech test sheet – spot colour, off set printed test sheetIOF Control Descriptions 2004Guidelines for World Ranking Events

Section 10. Model EventSection 11. Map

Controllers Workshop - The orienteering course map

Page 5: CONTROLLERS WORKSHOP 6 October 2011 Canberra THE ORIENTEERING COURSE MAP

1 Introduction

1.2 Rules applying to orienteering maps

Australian Rules

Competition Rules for Orienteering Australia Foot Orienteering Events

Section 15. Maps

Section 17. Restricted areas and routes

Section 18. Control descriptions

OA Operational Manual

Section 2.9. Mapping of Rock Features

Section 2.10. Mapping - Digital Printing Policy

Controllers Workshop - The orienteering course map

Page 6: CONTROLLERS WORKSHOP 6 October 2011 Canberra THE ORIENTEERING COURSE MAP

1 Introduction1.3 Development of ‘O maps’ and influencing technology1897 First public event, in Norway1900-1950 Small scale topographic maps used, 1:100,000 to 1:50,000 1928 Invention of orienteering compass 1948 Maps drawn specifically for orienteering1960 1:25,0001960’s Photocopiers1969 ISOM69 1:25000, use of standard symbols1972 Concept of ‘runability’1975 ISOM75 1: 200001970’s Laser printers and copiers 1978 First contour base map in Aust using a stereoplotter / analog machine1982 ISOM82 1: 150001988 Inkjet printer $10001990 ISOM90 1:150001990’s Digital cartography ie OCAD, colour photocopiers & printers, Laser jet printer

(600dpi)2000 ISOM2000 1:15000, 1:10000 for non elites, Sprint O at 1:5000, MTBO2000’s Digital photogrammetry, digital aerial photography2005 GPS, Airborne Laser Scanning (LIDAR), Google Earth (aerial and satellite

photographs)2007 ISSOM2007 1:5000/40002008 ‘Nearmap’ – high resolution (to 2cm) digital aerial photographs2010 ISMBTOM2010The future? Automatic derivation of symbols from laser scanning? 3-D maps?

Controllers Workshop - The orienteering course map

Page 7: CONTROLLERS WORKSHOP 6 October 2011 Canberra THE ORIENTEERING COURSE MAP

1 Introduction1.3 Development of ‘O maps’ and influencing technology

Controllers Workshop - The orienteering course map

Page 8: CONTROLLERS WORKSHOP 6 October 2011 Canberra THE ORIENTEERING COURSE MAP

2 General requirements

2.1 Orienteering and the map‒ The map must give a picture of the terrain

Controllers Workshop - The orienteering course map

Page 9: CONTROLLERS WORKSHOP 6 October 2011 Canberra THE ORIENTEERING COURSE MAP

2 General requirements

2.2 Content‒ The map must contain features which:

• are obvious on the ground to a competitor at speed and,• features that influence route choice

‘running navigation’

Controllers Workshop - The orienteering course map

Page 10: CONTROLLERS WORKSHOP 6 October 2011 Canberra THE ORIENTEERING COURSE MAP

2 General requirements2.3 Accuracy

‒ a competitor should not perceive any inaccuracy in the map‒ spatial and height accuracy‒ relative and absolute accuracy‒ maps should now be georeferenced

normally World Geocentric System 1984 which is virtually identical to Geocentric Datum of Aust 1994

Control 24?Correct location on mapCorrect location in fieldMap distortionRelative locationAbsolute location

GPS tracking now requiresa higher level of map accuracy

Controllers Workshop - The orienteering course map

Page 11: CONTROLLERS WORKSHOP 6 October 2011 Canberra THE ORIENTEERING COURSE MAP

2 General requirements

2.4 Generalisation and legibiltiy– The Controller may need to advise the level of detail to be mapped– The map must be legible and easy to interpret at running speed

The need for GENERALISATION to aid map LEGIBILITY:

“a few well drawn features are better than a lot of small detail that may clutter the map or disguise the

shape of the landform”

Eduard Imhof, Swiss cartographer

Controllers Workshop - The orienteering course map

Page 12: CONTROLLERS WORKSHOP 6 October 2011 Canberra THE ORIENTEERING COURSE MAP

2 General requirements

2.4 Generalisation and legibiltiy‒ There are two phases of generalisation

(1) Selective generalisation – ‘what is to be mapped’

“Maps get more and more detailed. I don’t know if this is the right way to go, but it is a fact.” Thierry Gueorgiou Dec 2007

Controllers Workshop - The orienteering course map

Page 13: CONTROLLERS WORKSHOP 6 October 2011 Canberra THE ORIENTEERING COURSE MAP

2 General requirements

2.4 Generalisation and legibiltiy

(2) Graphic generalisation – ‘how it is to be drawn’

Controllers Workshop - The orienteering course map

Page 14: CONTROLLERS WORKSHOP 6 October 2011 Canberra THE ORIENTEERING COURSE MAP

2 General requirements

2.4 Generalisation and legibiltiy‒ Generalisation or ‘smoothing’ of LIDAR contours in the field by the mapper is

essential

Controllers Workshop - The orienteering course map

Page 15: CONTROLLERS WORKSHOP 6 October 2011 Canberra THE ORIENTEERING COURSE MAP

3 Map specifications

3.1 Scale‒ Terrain that cannot be legibly presented at a scale of 1:15000 is not

suitable for foot orienteering

Long distance 1:15000, 1:10000* with approval** for elites 1:10000* for < M/W16 and >M/W40

Middle distance 1:15000, 1:10000*

Relay 1:15000, 1:10000*

Sprint 1: 5000 or 4000

*A 1:10000 map is a strict enlargement of a 1:15000 map

**Approval is needed for M/W Elite junior & senior and M/W 17-39A in the Australian Championships to use a scale other than 1:15000

Controllers Workshop - The orienteering course map

Page 16: CONTROLLERS WORKSHOP 6 October 2011 Canberra THE ORIENTEERING COURSE MAP

3 Map specifications

3.2 Contour interval– Standard is 5m interval. In flat terrain 2.5m may be used.– Form lines:

only one form line between contours

there is a tendency to over use form lines

Controllers Workshop - The orienteering course map

Page 17: CONTROLLERS WORKSHOP 6 October 2011 Canberra THE ORIENTEERING COURSE MAP

3 Map specifications3.3 Dimensions of map symbols

– Certain minimum dimensions must be respected to aid legibility

Controllers Workshop - The orienteering course map

Page 18: CONTROLLERS WORKSHOP 6 October 2011 Canberra THE ORIENTEERING COURSE MAP

3 Map specifications3.3 Dimensions of map symbols

– Certain minimum dimensions must be respected to aid legibility

Controllers Workshop - The orienteering course map

Page 19: CONTROLLERS WORKSHOP 6 October 2011 Canberra THE ORIENTEERING COURSE MAP

3 Map specifications3.3 Dimensions of map symbols

– OCAD can measure areas & lengths– Controller can easily check compliance to minimum dimensions

Controllers Workshop - The orienteering course map

Page 20: CONTROLLERS WORKSHOP 6 October 2011 Canberra THE ORIENTEERING COURSE MAP

3 Map specifications3.4 Enlargement of maps

– A 1:10000 scale map is a strict enlargement of a 1:15000 scale map

Why? 1:15000 considered a good compromise between the conflicting requirements of map reading for fine navigation & for route choice.

Larger map scales will lead to more map detail (ie less generalisation) and larger size maps for Long distance races. More detail requires more simplification by the orienteer and will slow down the running speed.

Standard scales are 1:15000 and 1:5000/4000.

Controllers Workshop - The orienteering course map


Top Related