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NAGINDAS KHANDWALA COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES
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COMPUTERS ( I.T.)
Topic – ProcessorsProf. – Sheetal Vyas
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INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS"Computer" is a collection of devices that function as a
unit. • The most basic collection includes a Computer CPU, a Monitor, a Keyboard, and a Mouse.
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Processors (CPU)• A Central Processing Unit (CPU) or processor is an
electronic circuit that can execute computer programs• A processor is the logic circuitry that responds to and
processes the basic instructions that drives a computer.• It handles the central management functions of a high-
powered PC.
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Computer Processor: What is it?
• A computer processor analyzes data and controls data flow in a computer.
• Its speed is measured in gigahertz (GHz), with common speeds ranging from 2.6 to 3.66 GHz.
• It comes in a small microchip and fits into a socket on the motherboard.
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• A graphics processing unit or GPU is a specialized processor that offloads 3D
graphics rendering from the microprocessor. • In a personal computer, a GPU can be present on
a video card, or it can be on the motherboard.
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Functioning of ProcessorsMAINLY 3 Functions
CLOCK SPEED
WORD LENTH
BUS SPEED
MACHINE CYCLE TIME
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• Machine cycle time :-An instruction cycle' is the time period during which a computer processes a machine language
instruction from its memory or the sequence of actions that the central processing unit (CPU) performs to execute each machine code instruction in a program.
• Clock Speed :-Clock speed is a measure of how quickly a computer completes basic computations and operations. a clock speed of 800MHz is running 800,000,000 cycles per second, while a 2.4GHz computer is running 2,400,000,000 cycles per second.
• Word length :- The word length is the number of bits the CPU can process per second. Early CPUs were 4 bits /sec, but now we have 8, 16 and 32 , 64 bit machines.
• Bus speed :Data is transferred from CPU to other systems components via the Bus lines
• The number of bits a bus line can transfer at any one time is known as bus line width.
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Two Types of Processing• MULTIPROCESSING - When two or more
computers are used, they are tied together with a high-speed channel and share the general workload between them
• PARALLEL PROCESSING - The simultaneous use of more than one CPU or processor core to execute a program or multiple computational threads
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COMPONENTS OF PROCESSORS
Execution unit
Branch predict
or
Floating point
unit Primary cache
Bus interfaces
Processor
Speed
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Processors Components• Execution unit - the core of the CPU, the execution unit processes
instructions. Branch predictor - he branch predictor attempts to guess where the program will jump
Floating point unit - The floating point unit (FPU) is a specialized logic unit optimized to perform non integer calculations much faster than the general purpose logic unit can perform them Primary cache - also called Level 1 or L1 cache, primary cache is a small amount of very fast memory that allows the CPU to retrieve data immediately
Bus interfaces - Bus interfaces are the pathways that connect the processor to memory and other components.
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• Processor Speed - The processor clock coordinates all CPU and memory operations by periodically generating a time reference signal called a clock cycle or tick
• Processor Architecture Clock speeds increase every year, but the laws of physics limit how fast CPUs can run
• Wider data busses and registersFor a given clock speed, the amount of work done depends on the amount of data processed in one operation
• FPUs All CPUs work well with integers, but processing floating-point numbers to high precision on a general-purpose CPU requires a huge number of operations
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KINDS OF PROCESSOR
AMD computer processor
® computer processor
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AMD PROCESSORS• AMD - Advanced Micro Devices• popular models are AMD Athlon™ XP
and AMD Athlon™ 64• Best for gaming and softwares
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History of AMD• Began operation in 1969. • The company has specialized in developing
products such as computer processors, microprocessors and motherboard chipsets
• AMD, founded by Jerry Sanders and Edwin Turney has grown to become the second largest global supplier of microprocessors and the third largest supplier of the world’s graphics processing units.
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AMD chipsets• Before the launch of Athlon 64 processors in
2003, AMD designed chipsets for their processors spanning the K6 and K7 processor generations
• The chipsets include the AMD-640, AMD-751 and the AMD-761 chipsets.
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Embedded systems• AMD has been introducing 64-bit processors
into its embedded product line starting with the AMD Opteron processor
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AMD Flash technology• While less visible to the general public than its
CPU business, AMD is also a global leader in flash memory
• AMD established a 50-50 partnership with Fujitsu called FASL, and merged into a new company called FASL LLC in 2003
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AMD Mobile platforms• AMD started a platform in 2003 aimed at mobile
computing, but, with fewer advertisements and promotional schemes, very little was known about the platform. The platform used mobile Sempron processors.
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The Future• After 32 bit and 64 bit chips new
chip 128 bit with 4.5 GHZ• Name - dual-core POWER6
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PRODUCT LAUNCH
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ICC V2 DUAL CORE XTREME
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TITLE SPONSORS OF KIRAN 09
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NOW AIMING FOR MIRAGE
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