China at the End of the China at the End of the Qing DynastyQing Dynasty

Do Now:Explain: Spheres of influence

and Open Door Policy

Europe Seeks Trade RightsEurope Seeks Trade Rights Ming and QingMing and Qing

– Restricted Trade Restricted Trade – Canton—only trading portCanton—only trading port– Chinese saw European as Chinese saw European as

inferior “long-nosed inferior “long-nosed barbarians”barbarians”

2 Developments that Changed the Relationship2 Developments that Changed the Relationship

1.1. The decline of the Qing Dynasty due to The decline of the Qing Dynasty due to internal problemsinternal problems

Food ShortagesFood Shortages Droughts and Floods causing famineDroughts and Floods causing famine Peasant revoltsPeasant revolts

2.2. The European industrial revolutionThe European industrial revolution Modern navies Modern navies intense desire for more resources and marketsintense desire for more resources and markets

European annoyed European annoyed

Would not kowtow Would not kowtow (bow) to the Chinese (bow) to the Chinese emperor. emperor.

resented trade resented trade restrictionsrestrictions

China refused to China refused to engage in diplomacy engage in diplomacy to reform tradeto reform trade

Opium—The Key to the DoorOpium—The Key to the Door British began selling Indian grown opium to the Chinese.British began selling Indian grown opium to the Chinese.

Rampant opium addiction=instability in ChinaRampant opium addiction=instability in China

China’s attempts to stop it failedChina’s attempts to stop it failed

China destroys European boats carrying opiumChina destroys European boats carrying opium

No Match for the British No Match for the British The British navy made fast work of The British navy made fast work of

the Chinese. the Chinese. The “Treaty of Nanking” (also The “Treaty of Nanking” (also

Nanjing) ended the Opium War. This Nanjing) ended the Opium War. This was the first of many “unequal was the first of many “unequal treaties”treaties”1.1. Pay for the destruction of the European Pay for the destruction of the European

ships and opiumships and opium

2.2. Give Hong Kong to the BritishGive Hong Kong to the British

3.3. End restrictions on tradeEnd restrictions on trade

4.4. Extraterritoriality—Crimes committed by Extraterritoriality—Crimes committed by British in China are tried in Britain.British in China are tried in Britain.

Taiping Rebellion Taiping Rebellion

A peasant uprising 1851 A peasant uprising 1851 lasted 14 years lasted 14 years 20 million deaths.20 million deaths. Weakened empireWeakened empire Following the rebellion-100 days of reformFollowing the rebellion-100 days of reform

– Attempts to modernize ChinaAttempts to modernize China– Adopt some western ideas Adopt some western ideas – Why?Why?

The distribution of all land is to be based on the number of persons in each The distribution of all land is to be based on the number of persons in each family, regardless of sex. A large family is entitled to more land, a small one to family, regardless of sex. A large family is entitled to more land, a small one to less. The land distributed should not be all of one grade but mixed. … All the less. The land distributed should not be all of one grade but mixed. … All the land in the country is to be cultivated by the whole population together. …land in the country is to be cultivated by the whole population together. …

During harvest season, the Group Officer1 should direct [the grain collection by] During harvest season, the Group Officer1 should direct [the grain collection by]

the sergeants. Deducting the amount needed to feed the twenty‑five families the sergeants. Deducting the amount needed to feed the twenty‑five families until the next harvest season, he should collect the rest of the produce for until the next harvest season, he should collect the rest of the produce for storage in the state granaries. … all people under Heaven are of one family storage in the state granaries. … all people under Heaven are of one family belonging to the Heavenly Father, the Supreme Ruler, the Lord God‑on‑High. belonging to the Heavenly Father, the Supreme Ruler, the Lord God‑on‑High. Nobody should keep private property. All things should be presented to the Nobody should keep private property. All things should be presented to the Supreme Ruler, so that He will be enabled to make use of them and distribute Supreme Ruler, so that He will be enabled to make use of them and distribute them equally to all members of his great world‑family. Thus all will be sufficiently them equally to all members of his great world‑family. Thus all will be sufficiently fed and clothed.fed and clothed.

   1. Why would Confucian scholars be opposed to the system suggested in these 1. Why would Confucian scholars be opposed to the system suggested in these

passages?passages? 2. What strengths and weaknesses do you see in the Taiping economic program 2. What strengths and weaknesses do you see in the Taiping economic program

as revealed in these passages?as revealed in these passages? 3. In what ways does the system envisioned here differ from what was already n 3. In what ways does the system envisioned here differ from what was already n

place during the mid-nineteenth-century Qing?place during the mid-nineteenth-century Qing?

Imperialism ExpandsImperialism Expands

Late 19Late 19thth and Early and Early 2020thth century century – European’s compete to European’s compete to

build empiresbuild empires– Nationalism Nationalism – Territorial acquisitionTerritorial acquisition

United States Open Door PolicyUnited States Open Door Policy America feared being boxed America feared being boxed

out because of exclusive out because of exclusive trade agreements (spheres trade agreements (spheres of influence)of influence)

Sought unrestricted tradeSought unrestricted trade

– John Hay sends Europeans John Hay sends Europeans notesnotes

– Europeans—Only if the other Europeans—Only if the other agreeagree

– Hay says yay Hay says yay – Boxer rebellion seals the dealBoxer rebellion seals the deal

Ci Xi and the Boxer RebellionCi Xi and the Boxer Rebellion Ci Xi, Qing dynasty’s last empress, Ci Xi, Qing dynasty’s last empress,

opposed this reformopposed this reform

Fists of Righteous Harmony (Boxers) Fists of Righteous Harmony (Boxers) violently revolted against all foreignersviolently revolted against all foreigners

America helps “squash” the rebellion America helps “squash” the rebellion which leads to military presence in which leads to military presence in ChinaChina

The door is open!!!The door is open!!!

1911 China faces collapse1911 China faces collapse

Results—Long March--Zedong and his 90000 supporters were Results—Long March--Zedong and his 90000 supporters were forced to flee to the Northwest. During the 6000 mile march forced to flee to the Northwest. During the 6000 mile march that lasted more than a year, everyone died but 7000. that lasted more than a year, everyone died but 7000.