Download - Chapter 9 Evolution of Relationships 1 Chapter 9 Lecture Theories about Communication and the Evolution of Relationships I Can Change v

Chapter 9 Evolution of RelationshChapter 9 Evolution of Relationshipsips

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Chapter 9 Lecture Theories Chapter 9 Lecture Theories about Communication and the about Communication and the Evolution of Relationships Evolution of Relationships I Can Change I Can Change http://http://www.youtube.com/watch?vwww.youtube.com/watch?v==fLwZxIeJa_YfLwZxIeJa_Y ------ ------John LegendJohn Legend


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Coffee and ConversationCoffee and Conversation

You find yourself refreshed by the presence of You find yourself refreshed by the presence of cheerful people. Why not make an honest cheerful people. Why not make an honest effort to confer that pleasure on others? Half effort to confer that pleasure on others? Half the battle is gained if you never allow yourself the battle is gained if you never allow yourself to say anything gloomy. to say anything gloomy. Lydia M. Child Lydia M. Child

What is the effect of a cheerful interpersonal What is the effect of a cheerful interpersonal communicator? communicator? How can you become a cheerful interpersonal How can you become a cheerful interpersonal communicator?communicator?


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Uncertainty reduction theoryUncertainty reduction theory is a laws is a laws approach that includes axioms.approach that includes axioms.

A. Uncertainty reduction theory relies on the A. Uncertainty reduction theory relies on the belief that human behavior is predictable.belief that human behavior is predictable.

1. Laws-based explanations assume that 1. Laws-based explanations assume that human behavior is the result of invariant laws.human behavior is the result of invariant laws.

2. Laws-based explanations assume 2. Laws-based explanations assume human behavior is determined by external human behavior is determined by external stimuli.stimuli.


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AxiomsAxioms are statements that are are statements that are presumed to be true on face value and presumed to be true on face value and do not require proof.do not require proof.

Uncertainty reduction theory includes 7 Uncertainty reduction theory includes 7 axioms as its foundation.axioms as its foundation.


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Given the high level of uncertainty present at Given the high level of uncertainty present at the onset of the entry phase of relations, as the the onset of the entry phase of relations, as the amount of verbal communication between amount of verbal communication between strangers increases, the level of uncertainty for strangers increases, the level of uncertainty for each person in the relationship decreases. each person in the relationship decreases.

As uncertainty is further reduced, the amount As uncertainty is further reduced, the amount of verbal communication increases.of verbal communication increases.


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As nonverbal affiliative expressiveness As nonverbal affiliative expressiveness increases, uncertainty levels decrease in increases, uncertainty levels decrease in an initial interaction situation. an initial interaction situation.

In addition, decreases in uncertainty level In addition, decreases in uncertainty level cause increases in nonverbal affiliative cause increases in nonverbal affiliative expressiveness.expressiveness.


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High levels of uncertainty cause High levels of uncertainty cause increases in information-seeking increases in information-seeking behavior. behavior.

As uncertainty levels decline, As uncertainty levels decline, information-seeking behavior decreases. information-seeking behavior decreases.


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High levels of uncertainty in a High levels of uncertainty in a relationship cause decreases in the relationship cause decreases in the intimacy level of communication content. intimacy level of communication content.

Low levels of uncertainty produce higher Low levels of uncertainty produce higher levels of intimacy. levels of intimacy.


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High levels of uncertainty produce high High levels of uncertainty produce high rates of reciprocity in self-disclosing rates of reciprocity in self-disclosing communication. communication.

Low levels of uncertainty produce low Low levels of uncertainty produce low reciprocity rates. reciprocity rates.


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Similarities between persons reduce Similarities between persons reduce uncertainty; dissimilarities produce uncertainty; dissimilarities produce increases in uncertainty.increases in uncertainty.


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Increases in uncertainty level produce Increases in uncertainty level produce decreases in liking. decreases in liking.

Decreases in uncertainty level produce Decreases in uncertainty level produce increases in liking.increases in liking.


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2. The most basic claim of the theory is 2. The most basic claim of the theory is that uncertainty is that uncertainty is uncomfortableuncomfortable so so people communicate to people communicate to reducereduce uncertainty.uncertainty.

3. These same axioms also appear to 3. These same axioms also appear to apply to apply to interculturalintercultural communication. communication.


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Question!?!?Question!?!? Talk about it!Talk about it!

Do you believe uncertainty can be Do you believe uncertainty can be eliminated in a relationship? eliminated in a relationship?

Should it be eliminated? Should it be eliminated? Provide specific examples to support Provide specific examples to support

your positions.your positions.


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III. III. Social exchange theorySocial exchange theory is actually a is actually a group of theories that share three group of theories that share three common assumptions. common assumptions.

Make a private list. . .Make a private list. . .


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A. Humans evaluate their relationships by A. Humans evaluate their relationships by making making cost-benefit analyses cost-benefit analyses designed to designed to maximize individual profit.maximize individual profit.

1. We measure 1. We measure rewardsrewards, which are , which are positively valued phenomena we get from positively valued phenomena we get from being in relationships.being in relationships.

2. We measure 2. We measure costscosts, which are negatively , which are negatively valued phenomena we incur from being in valued phenomena we incur from being in relationships.relationships.

3. The 3. The net outcome (O)net outcome (O) of a relationship is of a relationship is rewards minus costs: R - C.rewards minus costs: R - C.


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B. We use standards of comparison to B. We use standards of comparison to assess the meaning of net outcomes of assess the meaning of net outcomes of relationships.relationships.

C. People prefer equitable relationships C. People prefer equitable relationships to inequitable relationships.to inequitable relationships.


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1. 1. EquityEquity concerns whether a concerns whether a relationship is fair over time.relationship is fair over time.

2. Both feeling under-benefited and 2. Both feeling under-benefited and over-benefited in a relationship cause over-benefited in a relationship cause dissatisfactiondissatisfaction and and relational stressrelational stress..


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Talk about it.Talk about it.

What is your ethical position? Research What is your ethical position? Research says this statement is says this statement is falsefalse: In most : In most (50%+) dual-worker families home (50%+) dual-worker families home chores and child care are shared equally chores and child care are shared equally by both adult partners.by both adult partners.


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3. Equity in terms of 3. Equity in terms of houseworkhousework and and caregivingcaregiving is of primary importance in is of primary importance in most dual-worker families. most dual-worker families.


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V. V. Developmental theoriesDevelopmental theories focus on focus on how relationships develop, grow, and how relationships develop, grow, and decline over time.decline over time.


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A. First generation developmental theories had A. First generation developmental theories had serious limitations.serious limitations.

1. They were excessively and 1. They were excessively and inappropriately linear.inappropriately linear.

2. They implied an inevitability to relational 2. They implied an inevitability to relational development.development.

3. They did not include, nor apply to, a 3. They did not include, nor apply to, a number of intimate relationships, such as gay number of intimate relationships, such as gay and lesbian commitments.and lesbian commitments.

4. They focused on external, observable 4. They focused on external, observable phenomena to define stages in relational life. phenomena to define stages in relational life.


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B. Second generation developmental B. Second generation developmental models are more sophisticated and models are more sophisticated and useful. James Honeycutt emphasized useful. James Honeycutt emphasized that relationships develop not because of that relationships develop not because of events themselves, but because of events themselves, but because of how how we interpret eventswe interpret events. .


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C. Individual have "C. Individual have "imagined trajectoriesimagined trajectories," which are ," which are their understandings and expectations of the typical their understandings and expectations of the typical paths relationships follow.paths relationships follow.

1. They are a type of knowledge schemata that 1. They are a type of knowledge schemata that guides how we think about what is happening between guides how we think about what is happening between us and others.us and others.

2. Relationships may also have 2. Relationships may also have turning pointsturning points, , which exist when we interpret certain relational events which exist when we interpret certain relational events or moments as significant in changing the direction or or moments as significant in changing the direction or nature of a relationship.nature of a relationship.


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VI. VI. Second generationSecond generation developmental developmental theories have not been seriously theories have not been seriously criticized. criticized.


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ROMANCEROMANCE

What do you consider romantic? How What do you consider romantic? How and why might people perceive romance and why might people perceive romance differently? differently? Airport Wedding ProposalAirport Wedding Proposal


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MARRIAGEMARRIAGE

What are your attitudes about marriage? You may What are your attitudes about marriage? You may want to interview several people. Decide what want to interview several people. Decide what questions you will ask. You may want to ask people of questions you will ask. You may want to ask people of different ages, sexual orientations, or ethnicities. What different ages, sexual orientations, or ethnicities. What happens in marriage? What do you think are the main happens in marriage? What do you think are the main correlates with a successful marriage? Why do you correlates with a successful marriage? Why do you think arranged marriages work for many people? You think arranged marriages work for many people? You may find some interesting discussion prompts on the may find some interesting discussion prompts on the Internet. Internet. Grover discusses What Is Marriage? Grover discusses What Is Marriage? - - Arranged Marriage Funny Commercial Arranged Marriage Funny Commercial - Grover - Grover discusses What Is Marriage? discusses What Is Marriage?


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BREAKING UPBREAKING UP

Talk about it. Breaking Up Is Hard To Do Talk about it. Breaking Up Is Hard To Do - "How To Break Up" Tales Of Mere - "How To Break Up" Tales Of Mere Existence - Breakin' Up Is Hard To Do - Existence - Breakin' Up Is Hard To Do - Neil Sedaka - Walking Away - Craig Neil Sedaka - Walking Away - Craig David David


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RELATIONAL GOALSRELATIONAL GOALS

Why do different people have different Why do different people have different goals for individual relationships? goals for individual relationships? Conduct an interview asking people what Conduct an interview asking people what they look for in their relationships. You they look for in their relationships. You may find some interesting discussion may find some interesting discussion prompts on the Internet. Eurythmics - prompts on the Internet. Eurythmics - Sweet Dreams 1983 - alicia keys - If I Sweet Dreams 1983 - alicia keys - If I ain't got you ain't got you


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Download - Chapter 9 Evolution of Relationships 1 Chapter 9 Lecture Theories about Communication and the Evolution of Relationships I Can Change v

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