Download - Chapter 8 Supporting Your Ideas Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following

Chapter 8Chapter 8

Supporting Your IdeasSupporting Your Ideas

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009

This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:•any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network;•preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images;•any rental, lease, or lending of the program

Types of Supporting MaterialTypes of Supporting Material

Facts and StatisticsFacts and StatisticsTestimonyTestimonyExamplesExamplesNarrativesNarratives


Facts and StatisticsFacts and Statistics

Most objective type of supportMost objective type of supportCan be independently verifiedCan be independently verifiedStatistics are numerical factsStatistics are numerical factsImportant for unfamiliar topicsImportant for unfamiliar topicsImportant for controversial topicsImportant for controversial topics


FactsFacts

Can be shown true or falseCan be shown true or false Can be compromised by adding opinionsCan be compromised by adding opinions Must usually rely on others to verifyMust usually rely on others to verify Can be influenced by cultural Can be influenced by cultural

environmentenvironment


StatisticsStatistics Numerical factsNumerical facts

Describe sizeDescribe size Illustrate trendsIllustrate trends Make predictionsMake predictions Show relationshipsShow relationships

Round off numbers to simply show magnitudeRound off numbers to simply show magnitude Use precise figures when topic is controversialUse precise figures when topic is controversial Use care when truncating graphsUse care when truncating graphs


StatisticsStatistics


Evaluating Facts and StatisticsEvaluating Facts and Statistics

Relevance to purposeRelevance to purpose Recency of dataRecency of data Representative of subjectRepresentative of subject From credible sourcesFrom credible sources Consistent with other reportsConsistent with other reports Free from biasFree from bias Complete informationComplete information


Using Facts and StatisticsUsing Facts and Statistics

Check with several sources to verifyCheck with several sources to verify Seek sources with no vested interestSeek sources with no vested interest Do not distort the meaning of informationDo not distort the meaning of information Provide the latest data availableProvide the latest data available Supplement with examplesSupplement with examples Clarify with presentation aidsClarify with presentation aids


Ways to Use Factual DataWays to Use Factual Data Definitions translate into listeners’ languageDefinitions translate into listeners’ language Explanations add more detailExplanations add more detail

Clarify ideasClarify ideas Demonstrate how something worksDemonstrate how something works

Descriptions provide word Descriptions provide word picturespictures


TestimonyTestimony

Cites words or ideas of othersCites words or ideas of others Provides witnesses in Provides witnesses in

your behalfyour behalf


Expert TestimonyExpert Testimony

From those qualified to speak on topicFrom those qualified to speak on topic Lets you “borrow” credibilityLets you “borrow” credibility Important with certain types of Important with certain types of

topicstopics Innovative topicsInnovative topics Unfamiliar topicsUnfamiliar topics Technical topicsTechnical topics Controversial topicsControversial topics


Lay TestimonyLay Testimony

Voice of “the people”Voice of “the people” Adds authenticityAdds authenticity Adds compassionAdds compassion Often addresses Often addresses

consequencesconsequences


Prestige TestimonyPrestige Testimony

Respected public figuresRespected public figures Not necessarily expert in topic areaNot necessarily expert in topic area Source of inspirationSource of inspiration


Using TestimonyUsing Testimony

Select sources listeners respectSelect sources listeners respectQuote or paraphrase accuratelyQuote or paraphrase accuratelyPoint out qualifications of sourcePoint out qualifications of sourceUse only expert testimony to validate Use only expert testimony to validate

ideasideasUse lay testimony to build identificationUse lay testimony to build identificationUse prestige testimony to enhance ideasUse prestige testimony to enhance ideas


ExamplesExamples Verbal illustrations for your messageVerbal illustrations for your message Clarify ideasClarify ideas Gain attentionGain attention Sustain interestSustain interest Personalize topicPersonalize topic Suggest an idea is importantSuggest an idea is important Aid intercultural understandingAid intercultural understanding


Types of ExamplesTypes of Examples

Brief examples often mentioned as a Brief examples often mentioned as a seriesseries

Extended examples contain more detailExtended examples contain more detailFactual examples about real people or Factual examples about real people or

eventseventsHypothetical examples represent realityHypothetical examples represent reality


Selecting an ExampleSelecting an Example Is it relevant?Is it relevant? Is it representative of reality?Is it representative of reality? Will it aid understanding?Will it aid understanding? Will it make ideas memorable?Will it make ideas memorable? Is it believable?Is it believable? Is it appropriate for my audience?Is it appropriate for my audience? Is it in good taste?Is it in good taste? Is it interesting?Is it interesting?


NarrativesNarratives

Tell a story to illustrate an ideaTell a story to illustrate an ideaInvolve listeners in creating meaningInvolve listeners in creating meaningHelp recall past and envision futureHelp recall past and envision futureSet a mood for a speechSet a mood for a speech


Types of NarrativesTypes of Narratives

Embedded narrativeEmbedded narrativeVicarious experience narrativeVicarious experience narrativeMaster narrativeMaster narrative


Techniques for Using Techniques for Using Supporting MaterialsSupporting Materials

Comparison to something familiarComparison to something familiar Contrast to emphasize differencesContrast to emphasize differences AnalogyAnalogy


Ethical Use of Supporting Ethical Use of Supporting MaterialsMaterials

Document date and source of informationDocument date and source of information Don’t pass off opinions as factsDon’t pass off opinions as facts Interpret statistics fairlyInterpret statistics fairly Avoid using biased informationAvoid using biased information Don’t quote out of contextDon’t quote out of context Use examples that reflect realityUse examples that reflect reality Inform listeners of hypothetical examplesInform listeners of hypothetical examples


Support Controversial Ideas WithSupport Controversial Ideas With

FactsFactsStatisticsStatisticsFactual examplesFactual examplesExpert testimonyExpert testimony


Clarify Abstract Ideas WithClarify Abstract Ideas With

ExamplesExamplesNarrativesNarrativesComparisonsComparisonsContrastsContrastsAnalogiesAnalogies


With Technical Material UseWith Technical Material Use

FactsFactsStatisticsStatisticsExpert testimonyExpert testimony


To Arouse Emotions UseTo Arouse Emotions Use

Lay testimonyLay testimonyPrestige testimonyPrestige testimonyExamplesExamplesNarrativesNarratives


To Defuse Emotions UseTo Defuse Emotions Use

FactsFactsStatisticsStatisticsExpert testimonyExpert testimony


With Novel Ideas UseWith Novel Ideas Use

ComparisonsComparisonsContrastsContrastsAnalogiesAnalogies


Deciding What Support to UseDeciding What Support to Use

Choose Choose impressive supporting materialsimpressive supporting materialsmemorable supporting materialsmemorable supporting materialscredible supporting materials credible supporting materials supporting materials that lead to actionsupporting materials that lead to action


Download - Chapter 8 Supporting Your Ideas Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following

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