CHAPTER 24CHAPTER 24
NationalismNationalism
Italian Unification
Nationalism: desire for national independence 1815: Italian Peninsula was divided into several
independent city-states w/ various governments
Language and trade barriers prevented unity Mazzini and Young Italy: sought to transform
Italy into a sovereign nation-state Began forcing out Austrian influence Pope Pius IX withdrew; other city-states followed
Count Cavour (advisor in Sardinia): Gained French support by joining the Crimean War Napoleon III helped force Austrians out of Italy
Garibaldi (military leader in Sicily): 1830: forced into exile – went to S. America Learned to use guerilla warfare (hit and run
tactics) 1860: returned to Sicily and gained control Surrendered to Cavour
1861: Italy was one nation with the exception of Rome & Venetia (Victor Emmanuel II)
1871: Victor Emmanuel II moved the capital from Florence to Rome creating complete unity
German Unification
Last great European nation to unify
1815: 39 German States - 1871: 1 German nation
1834 – a Zollverein (economic union) was formed
Struggle for power between Austria and Prussia Prussia = most dominate
German state (econ. & mil.) Otto von Bismarck was
dominate prime minister
Three Wars: War against Denmark: Germans forced
Danes out of controversial territories (Schleswig & Holstein)
Seven Weeks’ War: Bismarck declared war on Austria – defeated them in seven weeks
Franco-Prussian War: Bismarck doctored a telegram from Prussia’s King to Napoleon III
Formation of an Empire: Jan. 18, 1871 – William I became Kaiser Bismarck became chancellor (chief minister) 25 German states combined to form a new
nation
Bismarck’s Realm
Concerns: The Center Party (Catholic German political
party) 1870: Doctrine of papal infallibility May Laws, limited Catholic power in Germany Pope Pius IX broke diplomatic ties w/ Bismarck Bismarck tried to make peace (in his “losing
battle”) Industrial Growth
Deep pit Coal Mining offered abundant cheap fuel
Rapid urbanization (rural farmers moved to cities)
Workers and Socialism: Ferdinand Lassalle (Univ. German Workers
Assoc.) Advocated political action to bring change 1875: UGWA merged with the Social Dem. Party
Bismarck and the Socialists: 1878: Legislature passed Anti-Socialist Bill –
banned all Socialist meetings and publications Tried to gain workers support with State Health
Aid 1890: Socialist Dem. Party gained a majority in
the legislature The Fall of Bismarck:
1890: upset w/ the new king, Bismarck offered his resignation which was readily accepted by William II
Russia’s Empire
Autocracy: govt. in which one person rules with absolute authority
Russian Czars: Alexander I: granted a constitution to Poland,
then lost interest in social/political improvement
Nicholas I: gave secret police unlimited power Alexander II: emancipated serfs to industrialize
Terror and Reaction: Michael Bakunin advocated anarchy (no govt.) Nihilists: rejected all Russian traditions 1881: Alexander II was assassinated Alexander III: promoted Russification (policy of
intolerance and persecution of non-Russians)
Revolution of 1905: Nicholas II declared himself an autocrat Was easily influenced by his wife
Russian Marxists: Mensheviks: develop an industrial state with
a large working class in order to revolt Bolsheviks (Lenin): small party of professional
revolutionaries could use force to gain reform More Upheaval:
Jan. 22, 1905: soldiers opened fire on 200,000 peaceful protestors in St. Petersburg
Nicholas II allowed for a duma (legislature) October Manifesto: made Soviet Union a
const. mon.
Crime is a product of social excess.
Give us the child for 8 years and it will be a Bolshevik forever.
It is true that liberty is precious; so precious that it must be carefully rationed.
No amount of political freedom will satisfy the hungry masses.
One man with a gun can control 100 without one.
Without revolutionary theory there can be no revolutionary movement.
Austria-Hungary’s Decline
Lacked political/geographic unity Revolution of 1848:
Metternich opposed/crushed rev. activity France’s Rev. of 1848 spread to Austria;
fostered ideas of nationalism and “freedoms” Lost influence over Italian & German provinces
under Francis Joseph (conservative king) Dual Monarchy (The Ausgleich):
1867: divided Austria-Hungary into separate empires
Shared a monarch, but had different const./parl.
Austria (industrial); Hungary (agricultural)
“Powder Keg” in the Balkans
1875: nationalists in Serbia, Bulgaria, & Romania demanded independence from Turkey
The Congress of Berlin (1877): Russia went to war on behalf of the Slavic peoples
The Treaty of Stefano (1878): created a large, Russian controlled Bulgarian state Led to jingoism (extreme patriotism)
Balkan Conflict: Balkan states began to fight amongst themselves European nations allied with small nations to
help give aid
CHAPTER 25
The Age of ImperialismThe Age of Imperialism
The Russian Empire in Decline
Russia a massive, multi-cultural empire Only approximately half speak Russian,
observe Russian Orthodox Christianity Romanov Tsars rule autocratic empire Powerful class of nobles exempt from
taxation, military duty Exploitative serfdom
The Russian empire, 1801-1914
The Crimean War, 1853-1856
Russian expansion into Caucasus in larger attempt to establish control over weakening Ottoman empire
Threatens to upset balance of power, Europeans become involved
Russia driven back from Crimea in humiliating defeat
Demonstration of Russian weakness in the face of western technology, strategy
Russian Industrialization
Alexander II emancipates the serfs (1861) Does not alleviate poverty/hunger
Peasants uprooted from rural lifestyle to work for low wage jobs Construction of Trans-Siberian Railroad
Socialist and anarchist propaganda spread rampantly People’s Will Movement assassinates
Alexander II Pogroms begin against Eastern European
Jews
Revolution of 1905
Humiliating defeat of Nicholas II and Russians in the Russo-Japanese War exposes government weaknesses
Growing Social Discontent boils over in growing Marxist movements
Russian soldiers open fire on protestors sparking panic and threatened revolt by the masses Nicholas II allows for representative
government (Duma) October Manifesto is issued
Western Trade in China
China had restricted the majority of Western trade since the 1750s The only allowed currency was silver
bullion British East India Company began to
trade (“smuggle”) opium from India into China By the 1830s, the Chinese began enforce
the ban and the British engaged in military action.
Opium War ends with the Unequal Treaties ceding Hong Kong to Britain.
Taiping Rebellion
Population growth of 50%; cultivated land remains stagnate
Call for the destruction of Qing Dynasty Taiping Platform – led by Hong Xiuquan
Abolition of private property Creation of communal wealth Prohibition of footbinding, concubinage Free public education, simplification of written
Chinese, mass literacy Prohibition of sexual relations among followers
(including married couples) In the end Hong commits suicide and 100,000
Taipings killed
The Self-Strengthening Movement (1860-95)
High point in 1860s-1870s Slogan “Chinese learning at the base,
Western learning for use” Blend of Chinese cultural traditions with
European industrial technology Shipyards, railroads, academies
Change to Chinese economy and society superficial
Strong influence from Confucian scholars and leaders proves to strong for the movement to succeed.
The Boxer Rebellion
Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists (“Boxers”), anti-foreign militia units 1899 fight to rid China of “foreign devils”
Misled to believe European weapons would not harm them, 140,000 Boxers besiege European embassies in 1900
Crushed by coalition of European forces China forced to accept stationing of
foreign troops
Foreign Pressure in Japan
Europeans, Americans attempting to establish relations
U.S. in particular look for Pacific ports merchants
Japan only allowed Dutch presence in Nagasaki 1853 Matthew Perry sails gunship up to Edo
(Tokyo), forces Japanese to open port Sparks conservative Japanese reaction against
Shogun, rally around Emperor in Kyoto – leading to Meiji Restoration
Meiji Restoration allows for “western learning” Establishment of Constitutional Government
The Idea of Imperialism
Term dates from mid-19th c.
In popular discourse by 1880s
Military imperialism Later, economic &
cultural varieties US imperialism
Motivation for Imperialism
Military Political Economic
European capitalism Religious Demographic
criminal populations Dissident populations
Manifest Destiny
Discovery of natural resources Exploitation of cheap labor Expansion of markets
The “White Man’s Burden”
Rudyard Kipling (1864-1936) Raised in India, native Hindi speaker Boarding school in England, then
return to India (1882) French: mission civilisatrice
Geopolitical Considerations
Strategic footholds Waterways Supply stations Imperial rivalries
Domestic Political Considerations
Crises of industrialism Pressure from nascent Socialism Imperial policies distract proletariat
from domestic politics Cecil Rhodes: imperialism alternative to
civil war
Technology and Imperialism
Transportation Steamships Railroads
Infrastructure Suez Canal (1859-1869) Panama Canal (1904-1914)
Weaponry
muzzle-loading muskets Mid-century: breech-loading rifles
Reduce reloading time 1880s: Maxim gun, 11 rounds per
second
The Military Advantage
Battle of Omdurman (near Khartom on Nile), 1898 Five hours of fighting
British: six gunboats, twenty machine guns, 368 killed
Sudanese: 11,000 killed
Communications
Correspondence 1830 Britain-India: 2 years After Suez Canal, 2 weeks
Telegraph 1870s, development of submarine
cables Britain-India: 5 hours
The Jewel of the British Crown: India
East India Company Monopoly on India trade Original permission from Mughal
emperors Mughal empire declines after death of
Aurangzeb, 1707
Home of a Wealthy Family in Calcutta
British Conquest
Protection of economic interests through political conquest
British and Indian troops (sepoys)
Sepoy Revolt, 1857
Enfield rifles Cartridges in wax paper greased with
animal fat Problem for Hindus: beef Problem for Muslims: pork
Sepoys capture garrison 60 soldiers, 180 civilian males massacred
(after surrender) Two weeks later, 375 women and
children murdered British retake fort, hang rebels
British Rule in India
Establish Direct Rule Pre-empts East India Company Established civil service staffed by English Low-level Indian civil servants
Organization of agriculture Crops: tea, coffee, opium
Stamp of British culture on Indian environment
Veneer on poor Muslim-Hindu relations
Imperialism in Southeast Asia
Spanish: Philippines Dutch: Indonesia (Dutch East Indies) British establish presence from 1820s
Conflict with kings of Burma (Myanmar) 1820s, established colonial authority by 1880s
Thomas Stamford Raffles founds Singapore for trade in Strait of Melaka Base of British colonization in Malaysia, 1870s-
1880s French: Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, 1859-
1893 Encouraged conversion to Christianity
The Scramble for Africa (1875-1900)
French, Portugese, Belgians, and English competing for “the dark continent”
Britain establishes strong presence in Egypt, Rhodesia Suez Canal Rhodesian gold.
diamonds
A New Africa
Implications for justification of imperialist rule
European exploration of rivers (Nile, Niger, Congo) Information on interior of Africa King Leopold II of Belgium starts Congo
Free State, commercial ventures One of the most brutal mistreatment of
the Africans
The Berlin Conference (1884-1885)
Fourteen European nations, United States No African states present Rules of colonization: any European state
can take “unoccupied” territory after informing other European powers
European firepower dominates Africa Exceptions: Ethiopia fights off Italy
(1896); Liberia a dependency of the US
Systems of Colonial Rule
Concessionary companies Private companies get large tracts of land to exploit
natural resources Companies get freedom to tax, recruit labor:
horrible abuses Profit margin minimal
Direct Rule “civilizing mission” - Chronic shortage of European
personnel; language and cultural barriers French West Africa: 3600 Euro rule 9 million
Africans Indirect Rule – use of indigenous institutions
US Imperialism
President James Monroe warns Europeans not to engage in imperialism in western hemisphere (1823) The Monroe Doctrine: all Americas a U.S.
Protectorate 1867 purchased Alaska from Russia 1875 established protectorate over
Hawai’i Locals overthrow queen in 1893, persuade
US to acquire islands in 1898
Spanish-Cuban-American War (1898-1899)
US declares war in Spain after battleship Maine sunk in Havana harbor, 1898 Takes possession of Cuba, Puerto Rico,
Guam, Philippines US intervenes in other Caribbean, Central
American lands, occupies Dominican Repubilc, Nicaragua, Honduras, Haiti
Filipinos revolt against Spanish rule, later against US rule (led by E. Aguinaldo)
The Panama Canal
President Theodore Roosevelt (in office 1901-1909) supports insurrection against Colombia (1903)
Rebels win, establish state of Panama U.S. gains territory to build canal,
Panama Canal Zone Roosevelt Corollary of Monroe Doctrine
U.S. right to intervene in domestic affairs of other nations if U.S. investments threatened
Early Japanese Expansion
Resentment over Unequal Treaties of 1860s 1870s colonized northern region: Hokkaido,
Kurile islands, southern Okinawa and Ryukyu islands as well
1876 Japanese purchase warships from Britian, dominate Korea
Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) over Korea results in Japanese victory
Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) also ends in Japanese victory
Economic Legacies of Imperialism
Colonized states encouraged to exploit natural resources rather than build manufacturing centers
Encouraged dependency on imperial power for manufactured goods made from native raw product Indian cotton
Introduction of new crops Tea in Ceylon
Colonial Conflict
Thousands of insurrections against colonial rule Tanganyika Maji Maji Rebellion against Germans
(1905-1906) Rebels sprinkle selves with magic water (maji maji)
as protection against modern weapons; 75000 killed “Scientific” Racism developed
Count Joseph Arthurd de Gobineau (1816-1882) Combines with theories of Charles Darwin (1809-
1882) to form pernicious doctrine of Social Darwinism
