Chapter21GuidedNotes
Chapter21,Section1:DemandforCivilRights
• AfterWWII,African‐AmericansbegantopushharderintheCivilRightsMovementandbroughtaboutsignificantresults.
• Needtoknow:• Brownv.BoardofEducationofTopeka,KS• Montgomerybusboycott• Integration
SettingtheScene
August1945,____________Ricky,thegeneralmanageroftheBrooklynDodgersaskedJackie____________tojoinhisteam.
• JackieRobinsonbecamethe____________AfricanAmericantoplayinMajorLeagueBaseball.• Heplayedforthe____________Dodgers.• RobinsonpavedthewayforotherAfricanAmericanstofollowhiminto____________sports.
AfterWWII,millionsofpeopleintheUSbelievedthetimehadcometo____________allbetreatedequally.
• Aidedby:o AfricanAmericanmigrationtothecitieso ____________o ____________
Duringthe1950’sAfricanAmericansbegantofightagainstJimCrowlawsinan____________manner.
Brownv.BoardofEducationofTopeka,KS
• In1951,OliverBrownsuedtheTopeka,Kansas,BoardofEducationtoallowhis____________toattendanearbyschoolthatwasfor‘____________only’.
• Inaunanimousdecision,theSupremeCourtdeclaredthatthe“separatebutequal”doctrinewas____________andcouldnotbeappliedto____________education.
ReactiontoBrownv.BoardofEducation
o Thiswasamajor____________forCivilRights’.o AfricanAmericansandmanywhiteAmericans____________theruling.o Thedecisionwasstrongly____________inthe____________andschoolsremainedsegregated.
– ManyintheSouthreactedwithfearand____________resistance.– TheKuKluxKlanbecamemoreactivethreateningthosewhospokeinfavoroftheBrowndecision.– Morethan90membersofCongressexpressedtheiroppositioninthe“________________________”– CongressmanfelttheSupremeCourthad____________theirbounds.– Theyfelttherewas“no____________basisfortheaction.”
– Theybelieveddesegregationwouldleadto____________andchaosinseveralsouthernstates.
TheLittleRock9
• In1957,nineblackstudentsmetintenseoppositionwhentheytriedto____________atCentralHighSchoolinLittleRockArkansas.
• Outsidetheschool,mobsofangryprotestersgatheredtopreventthe____________oftheblackstudents.• Studentswereyelledat,____________on,pushed,and____________.• PresidentEisenhowercalledinover10,000nationalguardsmentoescortand____________thestudents.• Thestudentsbecamean____________toothers.• Desegregationofschools____________spreadthroughoutthesouth.
MontgomeryBusBoycott
• In1955,RosaParksandthecityofMontgomery,Alabamawerethecenterofthenation’sattention.• InDecember,RosaParkstookanappropriateseatinthemiddleofthebus.
o However,sherefusedtogiveupherseattoa____________passenger.o Shewasarrestedandorderedtostandtrialfor____________thesegregationlaws.
• BoycottwasledbyJoAnnRobinsonheadoftheWomen’sPoliticalCouncil,printedandcirculatedleafletsthroughoutMontgomery'sblackcommunitycallingfora____________.
• TheplancalledforAfrican‐Americanstorefusetousetheentirebussystemuntilthebuscompanyagreedtochangeits____________policy.
• In1956,theSupremeCourtruledthatbussegregation,likeschoolsegregation,was____________.
Chapter21,Section2:LeadersandStrategies
• TheCivilRightsMovementofthe1960sconsistedofmanygroupsandleaders.• Whiletheirmethodsdiffered,theallhadthesamegoalofworkingforequalrightsforallAmericans.• NeedtoKnow:
o Interracialo COREo SCLCo Nonviolentprotestso SNCC
LayingtheGroundwork
• TheCivilRightsMovementofthe1950sand1960sweretheeffortsof____________peopledeterminedtoendracialinjusticeintheUnitedStates.
• Therewasno____________organizationdirectingthemovement,butseveralmajorgroupsformedtocoordinatecivilrightsactivities.
• Eachgrouphadtheirown____________andwaysofoperating,butallwerecommittedtoworkingtowardcivilrightsforallAmericans.
NationalAssociationfortheAdvancementofColoredPeople(NAACP)
• Groupwasformedasan____________organization.• NAACPfocusedonchallenging____________thatpreventedAfrican‐Americansfromreceivingtheircivilrights.• FoughtagainstviolenceintheSouththroughanti‐____________laws.
• Foughtagainstsegregationlaws.• MainlyeducatedAfrican‐Americansand____________WhiteAmerican.
NationalUrbanLeague
• LeaguesoughttohelpAfrican‐AmericansmovingtomajorAmerican____________.o Helpedtofindthem____________andjobs.o Helpedthemlearn____________foradvancement.
CongressofRacialEquality(CORE)
• Dedicatedtobringingaboutchangethrough____________methods.• Alsoaninterracialgroup.• AfterWWII,COREorganizeddemonstrationsagainstsegregation.• Playeda____________roleintheCivilRightsMovementofthe1950sand1960s.
MartinLutherKing,Jr.
• MartinLutherKingJr.,soonbecamethe____________fortheprotestmovement.• Attheageof26hewaselectedpresidentoftheSouthernChristianLeadershipConference(____________).• HewasaleaderoftheCivilRightsMovementanda____________ofnonviolentprotests.• Hereceivedthe____________PeacePrizein1964.
SouthernChristianLeadershipConference(SCLC)
• SCLCwasstartedin1957byMartinLutherKing,Jr.andotherAfrican‐Americanclergyman.o Theyadvocatedthepracticeof____________protest.o Protestersdonot____________evenwhen____________byopponentso MovedthestrugglefromtheNorthtotheSouth.
StudentNonviolentCoordinatingCommittee(SNCC)
• StartedasastudentorganizationbyEllaBakertogiveyoungpeopleamoreactiveroleintheCivilRightsMovement.
o 200studentsshowedupforthefirstmeeting.o Mostwerefrom____________communities.
• SNCCvotedtoremainaseparategroupfromSCLCandCORE.
RobertMoses
OneofSNCC’smostinfluentialleaders
• HelpedruralblacksinMississippito____________tovote.• Moseswassoft‐spoken,butlovedandtrustedasan“ordinaryman”.• SNCCbecameastrongorganizationfor____________tobeactivelyinvolvedintheCivilRightsMovement.
Chapter21,Section3:TheStruggleIntensifies
• Thetacticsofnonviolentprotest,includingsit‐insandboycotts,challengedsegregationandbroughtchange,butalsogeneratedviolentconfrontations.
• Needtoknow:– Sit‐in– FreedomRides– Birmingham,AL
Sit‐ins
• StartedbyfourstudentsfromAgriculturalTechCollegeinNorthCarolina.o Theywere____________withtheslowpaceofintegration.o Itwasapeacefuldemonstrationthatbecameacoretacticofcivilrightsworkers.
• Asit‐inisagroupofprotesterswhosatdownatasegregatedlunchcounterorotherpublicplace.o Iftheywere____________serviceatfirst,they____________wheretheywere.
• Sit‐insbecameaverypopularformofprotestintheearly1960s.o Thesit‐insoftenworkedbecauseit____________businessownerstodecidebetweenservingthe
protestersorriskinga____________andlossofbusiness.
TheFreedomRides
• Therewassomeintegrationinareasinthesouth,butmanystatesrefusedtodesegregatethebuses.• In1961(CORE)CongressofRacialEqualitysent“FreedomRiders”fromWashingtonD.C.toNewOrleansasa
protest.o ____________Rides:designedtotestwhethersouthernstateswouldobeytheSupremeCourtruling
andallowAfricanAmericanstoexercisetheirrights.• Thirteenfreedomriders,bothAfricanAmericansandwhiteAmericans,boardedtwointerstatebusesheading
south.o InAlabama,abuswas____________,andtheriderswereforcedofftheburningbusintoamobof
whiteswhobrutallybeattheriders.• Bombingsandbeatingsbecame____________beforefederaltroopsweresentintoprotecttheriders,in
essencesupportingintegration.o Manywerearrestedbutlaughedandsangastheyservedtheir15dayjailsentence.o PhotosandfilmofthetreatmentoftheFreedomRiders____________Americans.o Kennedyeventually____________theInterstateCommerceCommissiontoissuearulingthat
prohibitedsegregationinallinterstatetransportationincludingtrains,planes,andbuses.
Integrationof“OleMiss”
• JamesMeredithwasanAirForcevetandastudentatJacksonSt.College.o HewantedtotransfertotheUniv.ofMississippi,“OleMiss,”anall____________school.o Hewasrejectedandfiledalawsuitclaiminghewasdeniedon____________grounds.o Theissuebecamea____________offbetweentheGovernorandtheJusticeDept.o PresidentKennedysentfederalmarshalsto____________Meredithtothecampus.o Crowdsofangryprotestershadgatheredandviolenceeruptedinwhich2bystanderswerekilled,and
hundredshurt.o Kennedysent____________troopstorestoreorder.
ClashinBirmingham,AL
• MLKJr.plannedamassivedemonstrationinBirmingham,Alabama.
o Birminghamwaschosenbecauseitwasknownforbeing____________segregatedwithastubbornpolicechief,Eugene“____________”Connor.
o MLKJr.hopedConnorwouldcallforattacksonthedemonstrators,andthatthefederalgovernmentwouldhavetostepinand____________civilrights.
o Thedemonstrationsstartedwithsit‐ins,andthingsgot____________dayslaterwhenmarcherswerearrested.
o MLKJr.calledformoremarchesandwas____________himself.o Asadultswereputintojail,anewgroupofprotesterssteppedup,____________ages6‐16.
Over____________childrenwenttojailincludingelementarychildren.o Thejailsbecameovercrowdedso“Bull”Connororderedthemarcherstobe____________withhigh
poweredfirehoses,strongenoughtotakethe____________offoftreesfromhundredsoffeetaway. Childrenwerepushedtothegroundandrolleddownthestreetbytheforceofthehoses.Some
werehospitalizedwithmassive____________andbruises.o Americanswere____________whentheysawtheeventsonT.V.
PresidentKennedysentpeopletonegotiatetheintegrationofBirminghamandanagreementwasreached.
____________continuedinBirminghamevenaftertheagreement.
The4ChildrenKilledintheChurchBombing
• AbombwasplantedinaBaptistchurchby____________membersthatwentoffjustasSundayschoolwasendingandkilled4girls.
o Thissparkedotherviolenceinthecity,where2African‐Americanswereshotandkilled.
Chapter21,Section4:ThePoliticalResponse
• Continuouscivilrightsprotestsinthe1960sgraduallymadepoliticiansrespondtopublicopinionandmoveforwardwithstrongcivilrightslegislation.
• Needtoknow:• MarchonWashington• CivilRightsActof1964• Filibuster• VotingRightsActof1965• Cloture• 24thAmendment
SettingtheScene
• October1960,MartinLutherKing,Jr.wasarrestedinGeorgiaandsentencedto____________monthsofhardlabor.Hisfamilyfearedforhislife.
• JohnF.KennedycalledMrs.Kingtoreassureher.RobertKennedy____________thestateofGeorgiatoreleaseDr.Kingonbail.
• TheKennedys’actionswasknowntotheAfricanAmericancommunityandmany____________theirvote.• ManyAfricanAmericansswitchedtheirvotefrom____________to____________switchhelpedhimwinthe
Presidency.
KennedyonCivilRights
• KennedywasasenatorfromMassachusettswhohadalwayssupportedcivilrights,butnot____________theissue.
• DuringhisPresidentialKennedywonmanyAfricanAmericanvoteswithhis____________statements.• OncehebecamePresidenthemoved____________oncivilrightsissuesbecausehedidn’twanttoanger
southernsenatorswhosevotesheneededforotherissues.• Butastheviolenceincreasedhewasdeeplydisturbedbythescenesandcouldnolonger____________the
issue.• Hepromisedandstartedonabilltoend____________.
TheMarchonWashington
• CivilRightsgroupslikeSCLC,NAACP,SNCC,andCOREpressuredPresidentKennedytopasscivilrightslaws.• Kennedydidsubmitbillstocongress,buttheywerestalledby____________Congressmen.• MartinLutherKing,Jr.andotherswantedthemarchtospeeduptheprocess.• InAugust,over250,000marchersfromacrossthenationtocallfor“jobsandfreedom”,theofficialsloganofthe
march.• MartinLutherKing,Jr.deliveredhisfamous“____________________________________”speech.
TheCivilRightsActof1964
• ThreemonthsaftertheMarchonWashington,Pres.Kennedywas____________.• VicepresidentLyndonJohnsonworkedtobuildsupportforthebillstartedbyKennedy,andwouldacceptno
compromiseoncivilrights.• InJuneof1964,thebillwaspassed.
o TitleI‐Bannedtheuseofdifferentvoter____________standardsforblacksandwhites.o TitleII‐Prohibiteddiscriminationin____________placessuchasrestaurants,gasstations,theaters
andsportsarenas.o TitleVI–allowedthe____________offundstoprogramsthatpracticediscrimination.o TitleVII‐Banneddiscriminationonthebasisofrace,sex,orreligionbyemployersandunions.
FreedomSummer
• CivilRightsleadersorganizedamajor____________registrationdrive.• Abouta1000AfricanAmericansandwhitevolunteers,mostlycollegestudents,wentintoMississippiinthe
summerof1964totryandgetAfricanAmericansto____________tovote.• TheKKKledralliestotryand____________thevolunteers.Throughoutthesummerabout80mobattackswere
reported.Volunteerswerebeatenup,shotatandarrested.• Threeyoungcivilrightsworkerswerereportedmissing(JamesChaney,AndrewGoodman,andMichael
Schwerner).TheFBIlaterfoundthe____________inanearthendam.• AfricanAmericanhomeswere____________orfirebombed.
SelmaMarch
• MLKandothersorganizedamarchfromSelma,AlabamatothecapitolofMontgomeryprotestthe____________ofvotingrightstoAfricanAmericans.
• Manyblackshadnotevenregisteredduetofearofviolence;otherswerearrestedforstandinginlinetoregister.
• Marchersweremetby____________statetroopersonhorsebackwhochargedintothemarchwithwhips,clubsandteargas.
• Thenationwas____________astheywatchedontheTVnews.• PresidentJohnsonputtheAlabamaNationalGuardunderfederalcontrolandorderedthemtoprotectthe
marchers.• Whenthemarchtookplaceagain,theyhadsupportersfromalloverthecountryandnumbersreachedasmany
as____________.
TheVotingRightsActof1965
• InreactiontotheSelmamarch,PresidentJohnsonwentonnationalTVandpromisedalawto____________votingrights.
• Thenheraisedhisarmsandsaid“________________________________________________!”• Theacteliminated____________testsandother____________.• Thenextyearover____________AfricanAmericansregisteredtovoteinthedeepsouth.
24thAmendment
• WiththeCivilRightsActof’64andtheVotingRightsActof’65,moreAfrican‐Americanswouldbe____________tovote.
• Thepassageofthe24thAmendmenteliminatedthe____________tax,whichwasstillbeingusedinsomesouthernstates.
• Thepolltaxwasusedtokeep____________AfricanAmericansfromvoting.
Chapter21,Section5:TheMovementTakesANewTurn
• GainsincivilrightscamesoslowlythatsomeAfricanAmericansrejectednonviolenceandcalledformoreradicalaction.
• Increasesinsocialunrestculminatedin1968withtheassassinationsofMartinLutherKing,Jr.andRobertF.Kennedy.
• Needtoknow:o NationofIslamo dejuresegregationo blacknationalismo defactosegregationo blackpower
MalcolmX
o Outsidethe____________civilrightsmovement,moreradical,militantpoliticalleadersemerged.o MalcolmwasbornMalcolmLittleinOmahaNE,butgrewupinthe____________ofDetroit,BostonandNew
York.o Hefellintoalifeofcrimeandwasjailedfor7yrs.forburglary.o WhileinjailhejoinedtheNationofIslam.
o Agroupthatpreachedblack____________andself‐help.o Releasedin1952MalcolmLittlechangedhisnametoMalcolm____________becausehesaidLittlehadcome
fromslaveowners.o MalcolmbecameaministerfortheNationofIslamandwonmanyfollowerswithhis____________speeches.o HespreadtheideaofBlackNationalism,orthe____________ofthe____________.
NationofIslam
o TheleaderoftheNationofIslamwas____________Muhammad.o Hetaughtthat____________(theMuslimnameforGod)wouldbringa“blacknation”.o Oneofthekeyswasknowingone’senemies,accordingtoMuhammad,theenemytotheNationofIslamwas
the____________society.o MalcolmXdisagreedwiththetacticsandthegoalsofthenonviolentprotestsofthecivilrightsmovement.o MalcolmXandElijahMuhammadcameto____________onmanythingsandMalcolmlefttheNationofIslam
tostarthisownorganizationcalledtheMuslimMosque,Inc.o MalcolmmadeapilgrimagetoMecca,theholycityofIslaminSaudiArabiawherehesawmillionsofMuslimsof
____________________________________worshipingtogether.o This____________his____________ofseparatismandhatredofwhitepeople.o Uponhisreturn,hewasreadytoworkwithcivilrightsleadersandevenwhiteson____________issues.
Assassination
o Tosome,Malcolmhadbecomea____________.o Feb21,1965.MalcolmXis____________whilegivingaspeechinNewYork.o ControversyswirlsaroundtheMalcolmXassassinationtothisday.
TheBlackPowerMovement
o StokelyCarmichael:SNCCleader,inspiredbyMalcolmX.o CalledforSNCCworkerstocarry____________andwantedthegrouptobeblackonlyandrejectwhite
activists.o Therewasasplitoccurringinthemovement,thatbecameveryobviousinJune1966,ataprotestinMississippi.
FollowersofMLKweresinging“WeShallOvercome”,buttheyweredrownedoutbyCarmichael’sgroupshouting“________________________________________________.”
o Theideaof____________________________________appealedtomanyAfricanAmericans.o Itwasacalltounite,torecognizetheirheritage,tobuildasenseof____________,todefinetheirowngoals,
andtoleadtheirownorganizations.
TheBlackPanthers
o In1966,anew____________grouphadformedcalledTheBlackPanthers.o TheywantedAfricanAmericanstoleadtheir____________communities,anddemandedthatthegovernment
shouldrebuildinnercityghettostomakeupforyearsof____________.o ThePanthersalsowantedtofight____________brutalityintheghettos,whichoftenledtoviolentencounters
withthepolice.o BlackPowergaverisetotheslogan“____________________________________”’whichfosteredracialpride,
butitalsocausedaserioussplitintheCivilRightsMovement.o GroupslikeSNCCandtheBlackPanthersmovedawayfromtheNAACPandSCLC.
RiotsintheStreets
o Theearlycivilrightsmovementfocusedon____________________________________‐racialsegregationcreatedbylaw.
o Lawsagainstsegregationwerebeingpassed,butthatdidn’tstop____________________________________–segregationcausedbysocialissuessuchaspoverty.
o Eveninthenorth,discriminationoccurredin____________,housing,andemployment.
o AfricanAmericanswerekeptoutofwellpayingjobsandtrainingprograms.Innercityschoolswererundownand____________equipped.
o Residentsofghettosviewedthepoliceasdangerousinvadersratherthanupholdersofjustice.
“Burn,Baby,Burn”
o EconomictensionssoonboiledoverincitiesacrosstheU.S.causing________________________andlooting.o In1964,riotsravagedRochester,NY,NewYorkCity,andseveralcitiesinNewJersey.o ThemostviolentriotwasintheL.A.neighborhoodofWatts.A21year‐oldblackmanwaspulledover
fordrunkdriving.Heresistedarrestandwasbeatenwithaclub.o Thisoutragedbystandersandsetoffsixdaysofrioting.Whenitended,34weredeadandmorethan
1,000injured.o Violencespreadtoothercitiesin1966and1967.Criesof“Burn,Baby,Burn”replacedthenonviolentslogansof
theearlyCivilRightsMovement.o ________________________,NEBRASKAwasoneofthesecities!
ErnieChambers:ANebraskaInstitution
o ErnieChambersroseto____________duringtheandafterthe1966raceriots.o Hewasa____________,whoturnedlawyer(doesn’tpractice),tolongestservingNebraskastate
senator.o Masterofthe____________andlegislativeprocedure.o Termlimitlawwaspassedtoforcehimoutofoffice.
NationalAdvisoryCommissionofCivilDisorders
o In1968,thegovernmentsetupacommitteetolookintothecausesoftheriotsacrossthecountry.o In1968,thecommitteesaidthattheriotswereanexplosionoftheangerthathadbeensmolderingintheinner
cityghettos.o Thecommitteedeclared“Ournationismovingtowardtwosocieties,oneblack,onewhite‐separateand
unequal.”o Unfortunately,the____________WarwasdivertingmostofAmerica’sattentionawayfromtheCivil
Rightmovement.
Tragediesin1968
• OnApril4,1968MartinLutherKing,Jr.wasshotand____________onthebalconyofhismotelinMemphis,TennesseebyJamesEarlRay.
o Theassassinationtouchedoffviolentreactionsacrossthenation.o Manystartedto________________________intheideaofnonviolentchange
• RobertKennedyhadworkedforhisbrotherJohnKennedywhenhewaspresident,andhadbeenastrongsupporterofcivilrights.
o In1968,RobertKennedywas____________bySirhanSirhanaftergivingaspeechataLosAngeleshotel.
