Transcript
Page 1: Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration releases the energy stored in the food (carbohydrates) we eat Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose and

Cellular Respiration• Cellular respiration releases the energy stored in the food (carbohydrates) we eat

• Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose and cellular respiration releases the energy stored in the chemical bonds of glucose

• La respiración celular libera la energía almacenada en los alimentos (hidratos de carbono) que comemos

• Los carbohidratos se descomponen en glucosa y la respiración celular libera la energía almacenada en los enlaces químicos de la glucosa

Page 2: Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration releases the energy stored in the food (carbohydrates) we eat Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose and

Cellular Respiration

• Takes place in plant and animal cells

• Takes place in the mitochondria

• This energy is stored in molecules called ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

• 2 types- anaerobic –

without oxygen- aerobic –

with oxygen

• Tiene lugar en las células vegetales y animales

• Tiene lugar en la mitocondria

• Esta energía se almacena en moléculas llamadas ATP (trifosfato de adenosina)

• 2 tipos- Anaeróbico - sin oxígeno

- Aeróbico - con oxígeno

Page 3: Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration releases the energy stored in the food (carbohydrates) we eat Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose and

Anaerobic Respiration• Does not involve oxygen

• Takes place in the cytoplasm

• Performed by bacteria and yeast

• Used to make cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, wine, beer, and in baking

• 2 types - alcoholic fermentation - lactic acid fermentation

• No implica oxígeno• Tiene lugar en el

citoplasma• Interpretada por

bacterias y levaduras• Se utiliza para hacer

queso, yogur, suero de leche, el vino, la cerveza y en la cocción

• 2 tipos-Fermentación alcohólica- Fermentación láctica

Page 4: Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration releases the energy stored in the food (carbohydrates) we eat Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose and

Alcoholic Fermentation• Performed by yeast & bacteria enzymes

• Glucose (sugar) 2 ethyl alcohol +

2CO2 + 2 ATP

Interpretada por levaduras y bacterias                            enzimasLa glucosa (azúcar) 2 alcohol etílico +                                             2CO2 + 2 ATP

Page 5: Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration releases the energy stored in the food (carbohydrates) we eat Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose and

Alcoholic Fermentation/fermentación alcohólica

Enzymes – proteins needed to make a reaction happen; every reaction needs the proper enzymes for the reaction to work quickly and correctly

ENZYMES ARE VERY SPECIFIC – THEY WILL ONLY WORK WITH CERTAIN MOLECULES!!!

• Enzimas - proteínas necesarias para que ocurra una reacción; cada reacción necesita las enzimas apropiadas para la reacción de trabajar de forma rápida y correctamente

•     Las enzimas son muy específicas - que sólo funciona con ciertas moléculas !!!

Page 6: Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration releases the energy stored in the food (carbohydrates) we eat Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose and

Lactic Acid Fermentation/fermentación

del ácido láctico• Takes place in muscle cells of animal cells

enzymes

• glucose (sugar) 2 lactic acid + 2ATP

• Tiene lugar en las células musculares de las células animales

enzimas

•   glucosa (azúcar) 2 ácido láctico + 2ATP

Page 7: Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration releases the energy stored in the food (carbohydrates) we eat Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose and

Lactic Acid Fermentation

• The build-up of lactic acid in our muscle cells is what causes them to become fatigued and tired

• Inefficient – only makes 2 ATP

• La acumulación de ácido láctico en las células musculares es lo que les lleva a convertirse fatigado y cansado

• Ineficiente - sólo hace 2 ATP

Page 8: Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration releases the energy stored in the food (carbohydrates) we eat Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose and

Aerobic Respiration/respiración

aeróbica• Involves oxygen• Takes place in the mitochondria of both plant and animal cells

• Makes much more energy than anaerobic respiration

• involucra oxígeno • Tiene lugar en las mitocondrias de ambas células vegetales y animales

• Hace mucha más energía que la respiración anaerobia

Page 9: Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration releases the energy stored in the food (carbohydrates) we eat Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose and

Aerobic Respiration/respiración aeróbica

Overall equation: enzymes

glucose (sugar) + 6 oxygen 6 water + 6CO2 + 36 ATP•La ecuación general:

   enzimas

•glucosa (azúcar) + 6 oxígeno 6 agua +

                                           6CO2 + 36 ATP

Page 10: Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration releases the energy stored in the food (carbohydrates) we eat Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose and

Phases of Aerobic Respiration• Anaerobic phase

enzymes

• Glucose (sugar) + 2 ATP 2 pyruvic acid + 4 ATP

• Net gain of 2 ATP (needed 2 ATP to start and made 4 at the end = net of 2 ATP)

• Aerobic Phase enzymes

• 2 pyruvic acid + 6 oxygen 6 water + 6CO2 + 34ATP

Page 11: Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration releases the energy stored in the food (carbohydrates) we eat Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose and

Summary of Aerobic Respiration

• Total net gain of 36 ATP’s

(at the end)• Aerobic respiration is both an exothermic and an endothermic reaction

• Exothermic reaction – releases energy (produces energy)

• Endothermic reaction – absorbs energy (needs energy to start the reaction)

• Ganancia neta total de 36 de la ATP

     (al final)• La respiración aeróbica

es tanto un exotérmica y una reacción endotérmica

• Reacción exotérmica - libera energía (produce energía)

• Reacción endotérmica - absorbe energía (necesita energía para iniciar la reacción)

Page 12: Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration releases the energy stored in the food (carbohydrates) we eat Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose and

Photosynthesis/Fotosintesis• The process by which organisms use the energy from the sun to make its own food

• Autotroph – an organism that can make its own food (Plants, bacteria, and some single-celled organisms)

• El proceso por el cual los organismos utilizan la energía del sol para hacer su propia comida

• Autótrofo - un organismo que puede producir su propio alimento (plantas, bacterias y algunos organismos unicelulares)

Page 13: Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration releases the energy stored in the food (carbohydrates) we eat Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose and

Photosynthesis / Fotosintesis

• Heterotroph – an organism that cannot make its own food (human, animals)

• Guard cells – cells that control the pores in a leaf that allow for the exchange of gases

• Heterotroph - un organismo que no puede hacer su propia comida (humanos, animales)

• Células GUARD - células que controlan los poros en una hoja que permiten el intercambio de gases

Page 14: Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration releases the energy stored in the food (carbohydrates) we eat Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose and

plantas y las algas verde-azules son ejemplos de organismos fotosintéticos.

Page 15: Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration releases the energy stored in the food (carbohydrates) we eat Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose and

Photosynthesis• General equation

solar energy

CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 (glucose) + O2

• Takes place in the chloroplasts• 2 phases of photosynthesis

– Photochemical (light reactions)– Calvin cycle (dark reactions)

• ecuación general energía solar

     CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 (glucosa) + O2

• Tiene lugar en los cloroplastos• 2 fases de la fotosíntesis

-Fotoquímicos (reacciones luminosas)-Ciclo de Calvin (reacciones oscuras)

Page 16: Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration releases the energy stored in the food (carbohydrates) we eat Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose and

Four factors affect Four factors affect photosynthesis:photosynthesis:

1. Light – if there is more light photosynthesis happens faster

2. Water – if there is not enough water photosynthesis slows down

3. Temperature – the best temperature is about 300C – anything above 400C will slow photosynthesis right down

4. CO2 – if there is more carbon dioxide photosynthesis will happen quicker

Luz - si hay más luz de la fotosíntesis ocurre más rápido

Agua - si no hay suficiente agua ralentiza la fotosíntesis

Temperatura - la mejor temperatura es de unos 300C - nada por encima de 400C se ralentizará la fotosíntesis la derecha abajo

CO2 - si hay más fotosíntesis dióxido de carbono va a suceder más rápido

Page 17: Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration releases the energy stored in the food (carbohydrates) we eat Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose and

plants have plants have organelles organelles

called called stomata stomata

(STOMA), (STOMA), which they which they

use to use to “breathe”. “breathe”.

plantas tienen orgánulos llamados estomas (estoma), que utilizan para "respirar".

Page 18: Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration releases the energy stored in the food (carbohydrates) we eat Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose and

The stoma (stomata) are how plants The stoma (stomata) are how plants inhale and exhale oxygen, water inhale and exhale oxygen, water

vapor and COvapor and CO22

El estoma (estomas) son como las plantas inhalan y exhalan oxígeno, vapor de agua y CO2

Page 19: Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration releases the energy stored in the food (carbohydrates) we eat Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose and

The guard The guard cells open & cells open &

close the close the stomata.stomata.

Las células de guarda abierta y se cierran los estomas.

Page 20: Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration releases the energy stored in the food (carbohydrates) we eat Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose and

Light Reactions• Light energy is absorbed by the chlorophyll and splits water into hydrogen and oxygen

• The oxygen atoms combine to form atmospheric oxygen and are released

• The hydrogen is transferred to the next phase

• La energía luminosa es absorbida por la clorofila y divide el agua en hidrógeno y oxígeno

• Los átomos de oxígeno se combinan para formar oxígeno atmosférico y se liberan

• El hidrógeno se transfiere a la fase siguiente

Page 21: Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration releases the energy stored in the food (carbohydrates) we eat Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose and

Dark Reactions

• Combination of hydrogen atoms with the atoms that make up carbon dioxide

• Forms a compound that will be used to make glucose

• La combinación de átomos de hidrógeno con los átomos que componen el dióxido de carbono

• Forma un compuesto que se utiliza para hacer la glucosa

Page 22: Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration releases the energy stored in the food (carbohydrates) we eat Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose and

Importance of Photosynthesis– Glucose is the source

of energy in cellular respiration

– Glucose can be converted into starch (used for storage of nutrients in plants)

– Glucose can be converted into proteins, lipids (fats), nucleic acids

– The oxygen produced makes up the atmospheric oxygen that is needed by all living things

La glucosa es la fuente de energía en la respiración celular

La glucosa puede ser convertida en almidón (utilizado para el almacenamiento de nutrientes en las plantas)

La glucosa se puede convertir en proteínas, lípidos (grasas), ácidos nucleicos

El oxígeno producido constituye el oxígeno del aire que se necesita por todos los seres vivos

Page 23: Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration releases the energy stored in the food (carbohydrates) we eat Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose and

Chlorophyll

• Plants are green because chlorophyll reflects (doesn’t absorb) green light.

• Las plantas son verdes debido a que la clorofila refleja (no absorbe la luz verde).

Page 24: Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration releases the energy stored in the food (carbohydrates) we eat Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose and

Differences Between Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis/Diferencias

entre la respiración celular y la fotosíntesis

Cellular Respiration• Makes energy• Starts with glucose• Plants and animals• Mitochondria/ Cytoplasm• Starts with oxygen• Makes carbon dioxide

Respiración celularHace energíaInicia con glucosaPlantas y animalesLas mitocondrias /     CitoplasmaInicia con el oxígenoHace dióxido de carbono

Page 25: Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration releases the energy stored in the food (carbohydrates) we eat Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose and

Photosynthesis• Needs energy (solar)• Makes glucose• Only plants (plus some bacteria and other single-celled organisms)

• Chloroplasts• Makes oxygen• Starts with carbon dioxide

fotosíntesis•Necesidades de energía (solar)•Hace glucosa•Sólo las plantas (además de algunas bacterias y otros organismos unicelulares)•Los cloroplastos•Hace oxígeno•Inicia con dióxido de carbono


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