Download - Cell & tissue nursing
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Cell & Tissue
Rishi PokhrelMBBS, MD
MajAssistant prof of Anatomy
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Classification• Somatic and germ cells
– Somatic cells are present in body structure and contain 46 pairs of chromosomes.
– Germ cells are formed for the purpose of reproduction and they are present only in testes or ovaries. They contain 26 pairs of chromosomes.
• On the basis of regeneration cells can be – Labile cells: cells undergoing continuous replication e.g. epithelium of skin
and mucosa, uterus, secretory glands, bone marrow, blood, spleen and lymphoid tissue.
– Stable cells: these cells undergo very slow or infrequent replication e.g. cells of liver, kidney and pancreas, fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells etc.
– Permanent cells: these cells do not divide after normal growth and development e.g. neurons, skeletal and cardiac muscle cells.
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Composition
• water (70-80 %)• Proteins (10-20%)• Lipids (2%) and • Carbohydrates (1%).• Electrolytes like Sodium, Calcium, Chloride,
Potassium, magnesium, phosphate, sulfate and bicarbonate
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Cell organells
• Cell membrane
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Organelles
• Cytoplasm• Endoplasmic reticulum• Ribosomes• Mitochondria• Golgi bodies• Lysosomes• Nucleus• Centrioles
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Nucleus
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• Cytoskeleton• Cell junctions
– Tight junctions– Gap Junctions– Desmosomes
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Tissue
• Epithelial tissue• Connective tissue• Muscular tissue• Nervous tissue
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Epithelium
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Glands
• “An organ in the body that secretes particular chemical substances for use in the body or for discharge into the surroundings”
• Epithelial cells are major components of glands
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Classification• Duct system
– Endocrine
– Paracrine
– Exocrine• Simple
• Compound
– Mixed
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• Means of secretion– Merocrine (Eccrine) – sweat, mammary– Apocrine – genitoanal glands– Holocrine – Sebaceous– Cells producing - Testis
Classification
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• No of cells– Unicellular – goblet cells– Multicellular
• Type of secretion– Mucus– Serous
Classification
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• Secretory component
– Tubular
– Acinar
– Coiled
– Branched
Classification
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• Embryological origin– Ectodermal - sweat– Mesodermal – kidneys, testis– Endodermal - GI
Classification
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Connective tissue
“Connective tissues (CT) are a group of
tissues which connects or binds other
tissues in the body”
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CHARACTERISTICS
• Predominantly intercellular material (matrix)• Cells widely spaced• Development – mesoderm, neural crest
(head region)• Blood vessels – few supply• Classification – based on matrix, cells, fibres
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Components
Cells Matrix
Ground substance Fibers
COMPOSITION: CONNECTIVE TISSUE
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Composition
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Components
Cells
Fixed
Fibroblasts
Adipocytes
Persistent mesenchymal
cells
Wandering
Macrophage
Mast cells
Plasma cells
Pigment cells
Eosinophil
Neutrophil
Matrix
Ground substance
Proteoglycans GAG /MPS
SO4
Non SO4
Fibers
Collagen
Elastic
Reticular
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
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CELLS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
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FIBRES
• COLLAGEN
• ELASTIC
• RETICULAR
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Collagen
Ligament -TS
Ligament - LS
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Elastic fibers
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Reticular fibers
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Collagen Elastic ReticularColor Pearly white Yellow -No Largest Next > In emb CTStain & appearance
Dull pink with eosin Bright, highly refractive
Not stained by H & E
Protein Collagen Elastin Reticulinthickness 1-12 um 0.1-0.2 um thinnestFeatures Wavy, do not branch, run
in bundles< wavy, branch, run singly
Straight, branch & anastomose-reticulum
Sites To provide strength; tendon, ligament etc.
To provide elasticity; lig nuche, vocal cords, lungs, aorta
To provide support; spleen, liver, lymph nodes, kidney, BM
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GROUND SUBS
• Amorphous, transparent, semi-fluid gel
• Proteoglycans, hyaluronic acid (GAG), water
• Proteoglycans: chondroitin SO4, chondroitin
6 SO4, dermatan SO4, heparan SO4, heparin
SO4, keratan SO4
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CLASSFICATION OF C. T.• Types of cells• Types of fibres• Amount of ground subs• Location
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Connective tissue
Adult
Ordinary
Loose
Areolar
Adipose
Reticular
Dense
Regular
Tendon
Ligament
Aponeurosis
Irregular
Subcutaneous tissue
Specialized
Blood
Cartilage
Bone
Fetal
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AREOLAR TISSUE
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ADIPOSE TISSUE
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TENDON L. S.
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TENDON T. S.
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BoneDefinition:
“Specialized connective tissue with a solid matrix which is mineralized & adapted for giving strength,
support & helping in wt. transmission”
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Classification
General microstructure
• Non – lamellar bone / woven bone - immature
• Lamellar bone – mature
– Compact bone
– Spongy spongy
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Bone
Cells
Osteoprogenator cells
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Bone lining cells
Osteoclasts
Matrix
Ground substance
Water
ProteoglycansChtn SO4, Hyal. Acid, osteocalcin, osteonection
Minerals Ca,Ca(OH)2(PO4)6
Fibers
Collagen
COMPOSITION
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Osteoprogenitor /osteogenic cells
• From pluripotent stromal stem cells• Mesenchymal• Resemble young fibroblasts• In adults
• Deepest layer of periosteum• Endosteum
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Osteoblasts• Resemble plasma cells• 15 – 30 µ • Roughly cuboidal• Nu eccentric• Cytoplasm deeply basophilic• EM – typical protein secreting cell• Function
– Synth & secretion of osteoid– Mineralization of matrix
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Osteocytes
• Smaller & < basophillic• Major cell type• Oval, 25µ in long axis• Prominent nu• Cell in lacuna• Canaliculi 0.25 – 0.5µ
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Osteoclasts
• Large cells
• 20 - 100µ
• Oval cells with multiple nu 15 – 20 or >
• Where active resorption
• Cells in pits – resorption bays/ lacunae of howship
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Woven Bone / Non Lamellar Bone
• Most primitive form• Most bone – pre natal life• Post natal
• Repair of #• Rapidly growing bone tumors (osteogenic cells)
• Mechanically weak
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Lamellar Bone/ Mature Bone
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Haversian System
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Bone Ground Section L.S.
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Bone Ground Section T.S.
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Periosteum• Outer covering• Absent
• Articular surface• Sesamoid bones
• Two layers• Outer fibrous • Inner cellular
• Sharpey’s fibres/ extrinsic fibres
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Sharpey’s Fibres
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Cartilage
• Specialized connective tissue for high resistance – tension, compression & shearing (Resilience & Elasticity)
• Avascular, no lymphatics, no nerve supply• Low metabolic rate
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Constituents• Cells – chondrocytes, chondroblasts
– Located in lacunae
• Matrix
– Fibers: Collagen, elastic
– Ground substance: hyaluronic acid, proteoglycans, glycoproteins, chondroitin SO4
• Macromolecules, water & fibers bind together to give firm, flexible property
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Perichondrium
• Dense CT that covers cartilage (except articular & fibrocartilage)
• Supplied by vessels & nerves
• Contains collagen fibers, fibroblasts
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Types of Cartilage
• Hyaline– Costal– Articular
• Elastic• Fibro cartilage
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Hyaline Cartilage
• Nose, trachea, larynx
• Bluish white color• Strong, rubbery &
flexible
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Hyaline Cartilage
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Elastic Cartilage
• Similar to hyaline • Fibers: collagen + elastic• Found in - auricle of ear, external auditory
canals, eustachian tubes, epiglottis• Maintains shape, deforms but returns to
shape; flexibility of organ; strengthens and supports structures.
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Elastic Cartilage
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Fibrocartilage• No Perichondrium
• Collagen fibres (Type I) – Densely packed bundles
– Feathery appearance
– Merge with surrounding CT
• Scanty Chondrocytes– Small cells in lacunae
– form short rows between dense bundles of collagen fibres
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Identifying features
• Costal cartilage– Perichondrium +– Ground glass appearance– Cells ++
• Articular cartilage– Perichondrium –– Ground glass appearance– Cells +
• Elastic cartilage– Perichondrium +– Elastic fibers seen– Cells ++
• Fibrocartilage– Perichondrium –– Feathery appearance– Cells +
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