SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING AND DESIGN

BACHELOR OF QUANTITY SURVEYING (HONOURS)

MARCH 2015

[BLD60503] BUILDING SERVICES 2

Assignment: Case Study

Name ID

CHEONG KHA MAN 0319456

ELEY CHONG SHU HUI 0319458

LOW CHEE YING 0319126

TAN CHUU YEE 0315097

TAN KAI SIN 0315213

Lecturer: Dr. Kam Kenn Jhun

Content

N0 Title Page

1.0 Introduction 12.0 Existing Building Services Systems 32.1 Fire Protection System 32.2 Electricity Supply and Distribution System 192.3 Ventilation and Air Conditioning 212.4 Vertical Transportation System 283.0 Problems and Recommendations 323.1 Ventilation and Air Conditioning 323.2 Fire Protection System 363.3 Vertical Transportation 424.0 Conclusion 475.0 References 486.0 Appendix 51

1.0 Introduction1.2 Introduction of Assignment

This report is a case study about the building service systems in Giant Kelana Jaya Mall. In this report, we will interpret and analysis the systems used in this building. Next, we will compare

and comment on the existing system with our recommendations and solutions.

1.2 Introduction to Building

1.2.1 Name of building

Figure 1.2.1.1: Giant Kelana Jaya MallSource: http://www.cnunited.com.my/gallery/giant-hyper-2014

1.2.2 Location of building

Diagram 1.2.2.1: 33, Jalan SS 6/12, Kelana Jaya, 47301, Petaling Jaya, Selangor.

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1.2.3 Description of building

Giant Kelana Jaya Mall is a hypermarket which located opposite Paradigm Mall. The mall is accessible through LDP highway and Jalan SS6/2 via its main entrance. The mall is in rectangular design. It has three (3) floors and total 164 lots in this building, including 78 shop lots, 17 food court stalls, 27 pushcarts and also 42 promotion spaces. The mall has 1040 dedicated car park bays, which some are indoor parking and some are outdoor parking. All parking bays are located at ground floor.

Diagram 1.2.3.1: Available lots.Source: http://www.giantmalls.com.my/complex-details.php?task=viewComp&compID=8

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Figure 1.2.3.2 : Floor Plan of Giant Kelana Jaya Mall.

2.0 Building Services Systems in Giant Kelana Jaya Mall

2.1 Fire Protection System

2.1.1 Active Fire Protection System

2.1.1.1 Introduction

Fire Safe Europe (2011) states that Active Fire Protection is an integral part of any fire safety strategy; require mechanical, electric or electronic activation in order to work. Active fire protection system is widely used in process industries for protection of storage vessels, process plant, loading installations and ware house. The obligation of the fire protection system may be to control the fire, extinguish the fire or provide experience protection to avoid domino impacts. Active fire protection divided into few categories, like fire alarm, detectors for heat and smoke, wet and dry risers, hose reels, CO2 fixed installation and sprinkle system. Below are lists of active systems that are found in Giant Hypermarket Kelana Jaya.

2.1.1.2 Fire Detection Systems and Alarm Devices

According to research, fire detection and alarm systems are intended to provide cautioning of the episode of flame and allow proper fire-fighting action to be taken before the condition get out of control. There are two ways which are automatically and manually operation that shows how fire alarm systems operate. Automatic operation is mainly through the detector like smoke and heat detector. Besides, manual operation is by breaking the glass at the call point.

a) Smoke Detector

Figure 2.1.1.2a Smoke detector found in Giant Hypermarket

Smoke spreads very fast and it can overawed human in seconds. Smoke will cause us not able to see and we might have trouble in breathing. Hence, smoke detector is required in any

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building. It works by a small radioactive source that emits ions to charged electrodes. The smoke of fire actually disturbs the flow of ions or the passage of light. Thus, it initiates the detector.

b) Fire Alarm Bell

Figure 1.1.1.2b Fire alarm bell in Giant Hypermarket

The fire alarm bells in Giant Kelana Jaya Mall are activated by the fire detector throughout the building. The sound produced by the fire alarm bell in distinctive which is not be confused with some other similar audible signals used for other purposes. As the building is large, sounding the alarm system is activated on a phased basis to avoid crowding in the escape route. For those alarm which nearest the fire will be warned first.

There are two type of fire alarm bell which are continuous bells and single-stroke bells. As research, we found that Giant mall is using the continuous type of fire alarm bell. Continuous bells have a component inside which utilizes an electronic loop got back to a solenoid to force a mallet. At the point when the mallet backtracks, it separates the circuit and bringing on the solenoid to give up, sending the sledge into the gong and ringing it. When the hammer moves forward, it reconnects the circuit, which pulls the sledge back once more. It proceeds with this cycle until the force is detached.

c) One-shot Ceiling Speaker

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Figure 2.1.1.2c One-shot ceiling speaker inside Giant Hypermarket

The one-shot speaker acts as a fire alarm signalling device in Giant Kelana Jaya Mall and it is mostly found inside the market of the building. One Shot ceiling speakers are ideal for use in a wide range of applications including Emergency Warning Systems (EWS), Background Music and Public Address (PA) paging within shopping centres, offices and hotels. For different circumstance, Giant Hypermarket use one-shot ceiling speaker as Emergency Warning Systems. Others way, stuff can also control the speaker from the control room.

d) Fire Control Room

Figure 2.1.1.2d: Fire control room in Giant Kelana Jaya Mall

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Figure 2.1.1.2e A map show the fire control room in Giant Kelana Jaya Mall

A fire control room shall be provided for all commercial buildings and apartment buildings. As fire department stated that the exterior door shall be full size and obviously marked ‘Fire Control Room’ with a minimum 3” letters different in colour to their background. The room must be provided with permanent and emergency lighting. Also, it stated that two keys of each of the following shall be located in an approved Knox box attached straight adjacent to each fire control room, fire control room, manual pull stations, fire alarm control panel, breakaway lock for PIV and building entrance keys. The fire control room of Giant Mall is located at the ground floor level of building which is near to the basement car park.

2.1.1.3 Fireman Intercom System

Fireman Intercom System provides a two1way communication between remote areas and the fire command centre in a building. The system consist a master control console and remote control handsets are located at the designated areas.

a) Master Control Console and Remote Control Handsets

Figure2.1.1.3a Master Control console

According to the research, the master control console should be comprises a master handset, a system control module and zone control module. The master handset is used to interconnect

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with the remote handsets. The exciting of the handset will allow the operator to have control of the master control console. It is located in the control room of Giant Mall.

Figure 2.1.1.3b 'Telefon Bomba Api' which is located outside the genset room

b) Fire Break Glass Call Point

Figure 2.1.1.3c Fire Break Glass Call Point in Giant

A fire break glass point is a device that enables the occupant to raise the alarm when there is fire. Occupants just want to halt the glass, which is breakable element and there it will activate the alarm system. Below are some guidance for the correct placing and positioning a fire break glass call point (Fire Action LTD, 2014).

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• It should be placed on the exit routes and in particular on the floor landings of staircase and at all exits to the open air.

• Call points should usually be fixed at a height of 1.4m above the floor, at easily accessible, well-illuminated and conspicuous position free from obstruction.

• It should also be located so that no person needs to travel more than 45m from any position within the premises in order to give an alarm (30m if layout is unknown).

• The method of operation of all call points in an installation should be identical unless there is a special reason for differentiation.

c) Fireman Switch

Figure 2.1.1.3d Fireman switch which is located at the emergency staircase

The fire fighter switch is a specific switch-disconnector / isolator. These switches can frequently be seen on the outside mass of shops, commercial enterprises or business structures. They are utilized by fire fighters to kill neon lighting or other electrical hardware in the event of flame to keep the overheated gear from blasting. Next, it is used for breaking of low voltage circuit for exterior and interior sign and luminaries. Moreover, it can also be used to runt the under voltage release or shunt trip in the main incoming breaker. If there is a fire in the building, the fireman

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uses an insulated rod to pull the handle which isolates the utility supply to the building (ABB.2012).

d) Emergency Light

Figure 2.1.1.3e Emergency Light in Giant

Figure 2.1.1.3f2 'keluar' signage

Emergency light is lighting for an emergency position when the main power supply is cut and any normal lighting fails. It is required to operate fully mechanically and give illumination of a suitably high level to enable all occupants to leave the premises safely.

Emergency lighting is a general term and is sub-divided into emergency escape lighting and standby lighting (Fire Safety Advice Centre, 2011)

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Emergency escape lighting – It provides illumination for the safety of people leaving a location or attempting to terminate a potentially dangerous process beforehand. This emergency escape lighting can be easily found in Giant Mall which is located on the top of every exit door. The minimum duration for the emergency escape lighting is one hour.

Standby lighting – It enables normal activities to continue substantially unchanged when there is a fire. This guide does not include standby lighting as it is not a legal requirement and is a facility that may or may not be needed, depending on the use and occupancy of the premises. Standby lighting can be found on every floor of the walkway in Giant Mall.

2.1.1.4 Water Based Systems

a) Sprinkler

There are different types of sprinkler but the two types of water sprinkler found in Giant Kelana Jaya Mall are recessed pendent sprinkler and upright sprinkler.

Figure 2.1.1.4a Recessed pendant sprinkler

Recessed pendant sprinkler is hanging from the pipe which heads hang down from the ceiling. Its water deflector is placed at the bottom and it spreads water in a circular pattern. Recessed pendant sprinklers are found in front of the shop walkway of Giant Mall as the obstruction to spray water is minimal. Also, recessed pendant sprinkler has higher water flow speed than upright sprinkler as the radial water pattern flow begins between sprinkler orifice and the deflector whereas upright sprinkler is between the orifice and somewhat above the deflector.

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Figure 2.1.1.4b Upright Sprinkler

Figure 2.1.1.4c3 upright sprinkler

(http://www.johnsonsprinklers.com/sprinkle.gif)

Upright sprinkler stands atop a pipeline which heads project up into a space. Generally, it is used in mechanical rooms or other inaccessible areas to provide better coverage between obstructions. Besides, it has a water deflector on the top so that water coming out of the orifice shoots upward and spread in a circular pattern like pendent sprinkler.

b) Dry riser

As research, dry riser is an internal fire hydrant for firemen to use. Basically, it is a straight vertical pipe fixed to the highest point of the building and accessible at every floor level through a landing valve. It required when topmost floor of building is higher than 18.3m and lower than 30.5m above the fire appliance access level.

Giant Mall uses dry riser system as the building consists only 3 floors including the basement which is less then 30.5m. The dry risers are normally dry and depend on fire engine to pump water into the system. The breeching inlet for Giant Mall using is 4-Way breeching inlet for 150mm diameter pipe.

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c) Pumps

Pumps are expected to give satisfactory supply of water to every riser at all times. Every pump is fit to convey a base stream rate of 15 liter/s (Frederick, 1998). All the pumps are associated in parallel, with their suctions for all time "wet" when the tank is filled.

Figure 2.1.1.4f fire pump found in giant

d) Water Storage Tank

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Figure 2.1.1.4d4 landing valve located at ground floor

Figure 2.1.1.4e 4-way breeching inlet located at ground floor in giant

Figure 2.1.1.4g water storage tank on the top floor of giant

The fire water storage tank is located at top floor of Giant Mall in the space above the building. The sprinkler system and the hose reel system use the same water. The quantity of water plus the amount needed to satisfy daily peak demands is available in fire water storage tank.

e) External fire hydrant

MFPA (2008) stated that fire hydrant system consists of a system of pipe work connected directly to the water supply to provide water to each and every hydrant outlet. It is proposed to provide water for the firemen to fight a fire. The water is discharged into the fire engine form which it is then pumped and squirted over fire. It also stated that where the water supply is not reliable or inadequate, hydrant pumps should be provided to pressurize the fire mains.

Figure 2.1.1.4h external fire hydrant found around the giant

There are 7 number of external fire hydrants found around Giant Mall. Each of the fire hydrants is placed between 85m from another. Besides, 2 number of fire hydrants opposite the building which is right beside the road to ease the fire brigade access their input hose. The fire hydrant

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found is a two-way fire hydrant which is made up of cast iron that could withstand high water pressure.

f) Hose reels system

Hose reels intended for occupant to use during early stage of fire and it must be sited in position where they can be used without exposing user to danger from fire, for example, staircase.

Figure 2.1.1.4i hose reel which located beside the staircase

Figure 2.1.1.4j Plan shown the location where hose reels located

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g) Fire extinguisher

The staffs in the building are trained to use it and these appliances need to be regularly maintained by the suppliers.

Figure 2.1.1.4k Different type of fire extinguisher(http://www.desper8.co.uk/classic/typext.gif)

There are only two types of fire extinguisher found in Giant Mall which are carbon dioxide and powder. Powder type of extinguisher suitable for mixed fire risk environments and are especially suited for flammable liquid and fire involving flammable gases such as natural gas, hydrogen, methane and etc. Safe for Class A, B and C fire, ideal for home and vehicle use.

For carbon dioxide type of fire extinguisher, it is more suitable Class B, C & E fire which involve flammable liquids and electrical hazards. CO2 is mild to electrical equipment and is ideal for modern office. Chadderton (2000) stated that CO2 vapour displaces air around the fire and burning ceases. Besides that, he also mentioned that there is minimal cooling effect and there will be chances for the fire to restart if high temperatures have become established. It is not safe for wood, paper and cloths.

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Figure 2.1.1.4l type of fire

(http://www.station09.com/content/pages/fireext/types.png)

2.1.2 Passive Fire Protection System

2.1.2.1 Introduction

It is an integral component of the structural fire protection and fire safety in the building and it attempt to contain fires or slow the spread, through use of fire-resistant walls, floors, and doors. Passive systems must comply with the associated listing and approval of use in order to provide the effectiveness expected by building codes.

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A fireproof entryway is characterized as entryway or screen fitted into an entryway opening that is built with insulating materials so as to avert and limit the move of warmth and flame for the longest time of time conceivable shielding the structures tenants from smoke and flame.

2.1.2.2 Finding and Analysis

One of the passive fire protection systems that we found after surveying the building is fire-resistant door. These fire-resistant doors are used mainly for fire escape doors, which lead to the staircase and protected corridor. The staircase were properly designed, this being said because there are 13 risers per flight. Besides that, the dimension of the threads and risers were constructed consistently, there are no winders built and the length of the landing is not less than the width. There are fire-rated doors used in this building too. They are mostly located at the fire escape exits. This is done, so that the people in the building have some time to exit the building before it collapse in event of fire. Therefore, there is no fire man lift in the building because the level of the building not exceeding five floors.

Figure 2.1.2.2a fire resistant door found in first floor

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Figure 2.1.2.2b fire resistant escape stair case lobby

Figure 2.1.2.2c riser 6.5cm Figure 2.1.2.2d Thread 7.5cm

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Figure 2.1.2.2e fire assembly point

There is the assembly point that found in Giant mall. The capacity shall be classified according to its capacity as follows class a, b and c. For class A-capacity is 1000 persons or more, class B-capacity is 300 to 1000 persons and for class C-capacity is 100 to 300 persons. The assembly point of giant mall is subject to class A-capacity

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2.2 Electricity Supply and Distribution system

Figure 2.2a main switchboard box

Figure 2.2b main switchboard box

The main switch boards are situated around the building samples are at the roof, at the ground floor and the basement parking. The pictures above show the different location of the main switch board. The capacities of the principle switch board go about as a gathering of switches and circuit pledge gadgets from which power is dispersed. It is completely encased, sheet steel created. It additionally disseminates huge approaching supply into littler, fluently controlled bundle. One of the more shared engagements for an electric switchboard is a progression of interconnected electrical boards.

Each of the panels in turn structures a series of switches that make it possible to control the flow of electricity. Making use of the switches, it is possible to adjust the voltage that is transmitted to connected devices, ensuring that the flow is not necessary to cause damage to the electric circuit. From this perspective, we can see that the electric switchboard can be viewed as a way of improving the safety of using electricity in the operation of various appliances, machinery, and other devices.

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Figure 2.2c Transmission

Figure 2.2d Substation in Giant Mall

Figure 2.2e Electricity Supply and Distributionhttps://www.bchydro.com/content/dam/hydro/medialib/internet/images/projects/substation/

electricity_system_550px.jpeg

According to the research, the electric is distribution by the power station and then the electricity is moved from where it is produced to the sub-station. Besides that, there is a sub-station behind the giant mall which functions to convert, transform and control the electrical power. So, the requirements for a sub-station depend upon the number and size of transformer.

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2.3 Ventilation and Air Conditioning

2.3.1 Literature Review

Ventilation is a process that replacing air in an enclosed space to control the temperature. “A proportion of air within the enclosed space should be continuously withdrawn and replaced by fresh air.” (Greeno, R., 1997, Building Services, technology and Design)

Ventilation can be classified into natural or mechanical ventilation. Both natural and mechanical systems of ventilation are implemented in the Giant Kelana Jaya Mall.

2.3.2 Natural Ventilation

Natural ventilation relies on wind direction or the stack effect of warm air rising within a building while cooler air exists outside. It works without the aid of mechanical system, just depends on the openings and building layout. Unfortunately, natural ventilation cannot ensure a specified air change.

During our visit to Giant Mall, we found 5 openings of windows to provide ventilation in every washroom. These openings will retain oxygen content and remove carbon dioxide in the washroom. It also helps to prevent heat concentrations from lighting and people, prevent condensation. At the same time, it also is being used to disperse concentrations of bacteria and disposal of contaminants like smoke, duct, gases and others.

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Figure 2.3.2a: Window opening in washroom.

Figure 2.3.3a: Window opening view from outside.

2.3.4 Mechanical Ventilation

“These systems employ an electrically driven fan or fans to provide the necessary air movement. They have advantage over natural ventilation in providing positive ventilation at all times, irrespective of outside condition.” (Hall, F., 1976, Building Services and Equipment Volume 1, 3rd edition) Fans and air-conditioning are use in mechanical ventilation system to ensure a specified air change in an enclose space.

Giant Kelana Jaya Mall is a large area of building which requires a large amount of cooling load. Air-conditioning system is used as the cooling strategy for the building to increase sales due to customers and staff being able to enjoy greater comfort. Due to the requirements, centralized system is chosen to serve the entire building. With this system, chilled air is passed via the ducting system to various part of the mall.

Source: http://www.brighthubengineering.com/hvac/50160-chilled-water-central-air-conditioning-systems/

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Figure 2.3.4a: Centralized air-conditioning system.

Figure 2.3.4b: How centralized air-conditioning system works in Giant Kelana Jaya Mall.

matefinalservicereport-42821921?qid=375bed39-5f7c-40fb-8291-13b0d2b027f9&v=qf1&b=&from_search=1

According to Cooling Technology Institute, cooling tower is a heat rejection device, which concentrates waste heat to the atmosphere however the cooling of a water stream to a lower temperature. The type of heat dismissal in a cooling tower is termed "evaporative" in that it allows a small portion of the water being cooled to evaporate into a moving air stream to provide significant cooling to the rest of that water stream. The heat from the water stream transferred to the air stream raises the air's temperature and its relative humidity to 100%, and this air is discharged to the atmosphere. Evaporative heat rejection devices such as cooling towers are commonly used to provide significantly lower water temperatures than achievable with "air cooled" or "dry" heat rejection devices, like the radiator in a car, thereby achieving more cost-effective and energy efficient operation of systems in need of cooling. Common applications for cooling towers are providing cooled water for air-conditioning, manufacturing and electric power generation. 

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Figure 2.3.4c: Air door installed at every automatic sliding door at Giant Mall to prevent loss of cool air and prevent hot air from coming in. Condensers are normally located around the basement level or the rooftop.

Figure 2.3.4d: The cooling tower is located at the top of the building, along with other services.

Air-handling unit (AHU) is a big air cooling machine which supply cooled air to room, is also a device used to condition and circulate air. According to Greeno (1997), the function of air-handling unit (AHU) is drawn air from the top of the building through a louvred intake. A water spray washer or steam injector humidifies and cleans the air. Steam humidifiers are now frequently specified in preference to water, to neutralize the possibility of bacteria. Eliminator plates remove surplus moisture from the air. These are a bank of corrugated steel or plastic plates which collect excess moisture before recirculation. The supply fan usually of the centrifugal type, generates sufficient pressure and velocity to deliver the air through a system of ductwork.

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Figure 2.3.4e: Cooling tower.

Source: http://engproguides.com/cts.html

Figure 2.3.4f: Air handling unit.

Source: Greeno R., 1997, Building Services, technology and Design

Single zone constant volume is used in the Giant Kelana Jaya Mall. This is the simplest type of control system. Usually in commercial buildings, fans with constant volume are generally required to run continuously to provide ventilation. The air handling unit will supply chilled air. The air supplied at constant rate. If the cooling load is high, the chilled airflow will be high. The temperature varies by thermostat’s setting on the cooling load of AHU. Single zone constant volume is the best choice for small and simple building.

The ceiling around the toilet area is perforated ceiling. Air is allowed to discharge into space above the ceiling. Air will enter the rooms through perforation. Whole ceiling of perforated ceiling may be used when large air quantities are involved in the ventilation design. Perforated ceiling not only brings aesthetic values to the ceiling system, it also provides acoustic performances when combined with ceiling tile backing materials.

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Figure 2.3.4g: Single zone constant volume.

Source: http://www.buildingcontrolworkbench.com/BCWInfo/GrayBook/Gbascacf.htm

Diffusers are where the air discharged into the rooms. In Giant Mall, we found out two types of diffusers, which are 4-way louvre bladed diffuser and side-wall inlet diffuser.

4-way louvre bladed diffuser provides excellent diffusion performance, and is suitable for surface mounting in plasterboard ceilings. It is easy to install, clean & access any dampers located behind the diffuser. The 4-way louvre bladed diffuser is suitable for use where cooling is required in areas of high heat and high humidity, and also to suit heating & cooling applications in cooler temperatures.

Side-wall inlet diffuser suitable for area that there is no false ceiling. Each inlet is equipped with a grill. A series of grille distributed at intervals along the inner partition wall with ducts in the corridor. Double deflection type is the most common and effective form for the side-wall inlet diffuser. A variety of flow pattern can be achieved according to the width of room, aspect ratio and velocity.

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Figure 2.3.4h: Perforated ceiling.

Figure 2.3.4j: Side-wall inlet diffuser.

Figure 2.3.4i: 4-way louvre bladed diffuser.

Air return duct is a concealed air passageway in a building that acts as a channel for pumping air out of an enclosed room and into the air conditioning or central heating system. These ducts usually located either in a hallway or in the ceiling, and their purpose is to extract air from a room and recycle it through the system where it will be further conditioned, either through heating or cooling.

At Giant Mall, there are air return ducts around the second floor food court area and also at the washroom area.

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Figure 2.3.4k: Air return duct at the aisle of the washroom’s ceiling.

Figure 2.3.4l: Air return duct at the food court ceiling.

Figure 2.3.4m: Air return duct at the washroom ceiling.

2.4 Vertical Transportation

2.4.1 Literature Review

In Giant Kelana Jaya Mall, there are total 4 floors including the roof top. As a commercial building, the mall shall have efficient mechanical transportation system to fulfill the demand for mechanical transportation of goods and people within and around them. With an efficient transportation system, the circulation will become productive and convenient customers.

Figure 2.4.1a: First Floor Plan to show the location of lift, escalators and travelators.

2.4.2 Lifts

In “Building Services, technology and Design”, Greeno R. stated that, lifts are considered a requirement in all buildings over three storeys, less if access for the disabled is in the design brief. Furthermore, it was stated by law 124 of UBBL 1984 that lift shall be provided for non-residential building which exceed 4 storeys or above.

During the site visit, we only found out one lift in the mall. A hydraulic lift was found beside one of the entrances. It is believe that the main purpose of this lift is to transport trolleys from ground floor to second floor (where the hypermarket is). The lift has a two speed and centre opening.

Hydraulic lifts use the principles of hydraulics to pressurize an above ground or in-ground piston to raise and lower car. Hydraulic lifts are cheaper but usually slower, for buildings higher than

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Travelators

Travelator & Escalator.

Lift

seven storeys electric lifts must be employed instead. “Advantages of hydraulic lift include capacity for very heavy loads, accuracy in floor leveling, smooth ride characteristics…” (Greeno, R., 1997, Building Services, technology and Design)

The lift in Giant Mall’s car capacity is 38 passengers or 2600kg. The door closing time is 3 seconds. Time for the lift to travel from the highest floor to the lowest floor is 17 seconds. Time

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Figure 2.4.2a: Two speed, centre opening hydraulic lift.

Figure 2.4.2b: Lift interior.Figure 2.4.2c: Lift interior.

for the lift to travel from one floor to another floor needs 9 seconds. The lift arrangement consists of only one lift for 3 floors, so the quality of the service is excellent.

2.4.3 Escalators

“Escalators are moving stairs designed to provide efficient vertical conveyance of people. In low- to medium-rise buildings they will compete favourably with lifts. The angle of inclination is normally 30 , but may increase to 35 if the vertical rise does not exceed 6m and speed is ⁰ ⁰limited to 0.5m/s.” (Greeno, R., 1997, Building Services, technology and Design)

In order to guarantee greatest utilize, escalators should be located where it can be easily seen, and should be possible to see over a wide area of the floors so as to encourage sales.

There are two types of arrangement of escalators found at the Giant Mall, which are double bank in two travel direction and multi-level parallel arrangement with interrupted traffic in two travel direction. Parallel used mainly in department stores and public transportation buildings with heavy traffic flow.

“Escalators have the advantage of being reversible to suit the main flow of traffic during peak times and, unlike lifts, they may be used when stationary.” (Hall, F., 1977, Building Services and Equipment Volume 2, 2nd edition.)

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Figure 2.4.3a: Escalators in double bank with interrupted traffic in two travel direction.

Figure 2.4.3b: Double bank in two travel direction.

Figure 2.4.3c: Multi-level parallel arrangement with interrupted traffic in two travel direction.

Source: http://www.gmv.pl/eng/moving-walks.html

The speeds of the escalators in Giant Mall is between 0.5 m/s and 0.6 m/s. Step width is about 1000mm, which allow two people to stand side by side or to pass on the step.

2.4.4 Travelators

“Travelators also known as moving pavements, provides horizontal movement of pedestrians, wheelchairs, trolleys and small vehicles up to the practical limitation of about 300m distance.” (Greeno, R., 1997, Building Services, technology and Design)

Normally travelators are slower compared to elevator and escalator. It has been place at the ground floor to the first floor (Giant Hypermarket), and first floor to second floor (food court) of the mall. The main purpose of these travelators is to easier the customers to carry their stuff with trolley and travel from one floor to another floor. The surface plain of travelators is gripped for the trolley to stop moving on it. 

The speeds of the travelators in Giant Mall is 0.8 m/s. The step width is about 1200mm, which allow two people to stand side by side, or to allow adequate room for customers to pass easily with the trolleys.

3.0 Problems and Recommendations 3.1 Mechanical And Air-Conditioning Systems

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Figure 2.4.4: Travelators.

We realized that there are some problems of ventilation for this building, Giant Mall Kelana Jaya. The ventilation in this building is not good enough, its ventilation system doesn’t work effectively. It has resulted in comfort complaints because of unsatisfactory dilution and disposal of contaminants such as smell of food, dust, body odours. There is lack of return air grille, except for food court and toilets, inside the mall does not have return air grille, so it can’t remove unpleasant smells completely. And also, a building without adequate return air path is going to cause pressurized.

Industry Code Of Practice On Indoor Air Quality 2010 stated that good indoor air quality is required for a healthy indoor work environment because health problems can be caused by poor indoor air quality. While indoor air quality problems can be due to indoor air pollutants or to inadequate ventilation. So, place of work must have the adequacy of mechanical ventilation to ensure efficient ventilation.

According to International Building Code, where such equipment and ductwork must be located within the exit enclosure, the intake air shall be taken directly from the outdoors and the exhaust air shall be discharged directly to the outdoors, or such air shall be conveyed through ducts enclosed in construction. In order to be continuously withdrawn and replaced by fresh air to provide better ventilation in the enclosed space, quantity of return air grille should be increased inside the mall not only the food court and toilets but also the shops and walkways. The purpose of return air grille is to ensure indoor air remains equalized. When there are more return air grille, the speed of extraction of air become faster. The extracted air will be delivered to air-conditioning system and then forced out into the mall, the cycle continues over again. Therefore, the problem of poor indoor air quality will be solved.

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Figure 3.1a Return air grille in toilet

Figure 3.1b Return air grille in food court

Besides, another problem we found is the air temperature of this building can’t achieve the thermal environment that satisfies the majority of people. The cooled air supplied by the air handling unit (AHU) through air ducts and air diffusers can’t be distributed properly to whole areas due to the only type of diffuser which is 4-way louvre bladed diffuser is installed on the ceilings between the outlets. There is one row of ceilings above the double bank in two travel direction escalator without any diffuser. Moreover, the height of plaster at that place is higher than others and also the plaster does not cover full area of ceilings, spaces are remained at the sides. When the space is bigger, the longer time is taken to chill the air inside the space. That’s why, air temperature around there is difficult to be maintained at reasonable comfort level.

British Standard BS EN ISO 7730 defines thermal comfort that condition of mind which expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment. Thermal comfort describes a person’s psychological state of mind and is usually referred to in terms of whether someone is feeling too hot or too cold. A thermal environment that satisfies the majority of people in the workplace, which is reasonable comfort that people can realistically hope to achieve the best.

In the Giant Mall, two evaporators are installed above each entrance door to prevent the warm external air flow into indoor when the doors open. This was the way Giant Mall tried to achieve the thermal environment. But, there is plaster ceiling, adequate ventilation will not be provided although it looks aesthetic. Perforated ceiling shall be the better option because cooled air can be distributed effectively through large area of perforated ceiling when amounts of air are involved in the ventilation. Air discharged from AHU will be able to enter the whole space through the perforations. Perforated ceiling brings aesthetic quality to the ceiling system too.

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Price $4.65 / each

Return air grille, 8x8 In

Price$6.59 / each

Return air grille, 8x12 In

Furthermore, we noticed that the type of control in this building is single zone constant volume. There is another method which is multi zone constant volume we would like to recommend and compare with single zone constant volume. Multi zone constant volume is defined that mixing box is provided to mix warm and cold air to produce the right temperature for specific zone. Mixing box is located at AHU, individual duct is run from the AHU to each zone of control. The central fan supplies air to the heating coil and cooling coil. Mixing boxes mix air from the hot duct and cool duct as needed to maintain space temperature. Simultaneous heating and cooling is inherent in multi zone constant volume method.

When full heating is needed, the mixing box shuts off the cold-duct damper and opens the heat-duct damper to produce discharge air at required hotter temperature. When full cooling is needed, the mixing box shuts off the hot-duct damper and opens the cold-duct damper to produce discharge air at required colder temperature.

Cost is always the primary factor that affect the selection of zoning system. Normally, the more complex a control method becomes, has the more features bring the higher initial cost. Single zone constant volume is the simplest system, has the lower cost, it is cheaper than multi zone constant volume that is usually not economical to provide a separate system for each

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perforated ceiling

zone. Simultaneous heating and cooling increases the operational costs. Second, Malaysia has a tropical rainforest climate with high temperature. In order to satisfy the majority of people, every outlet will need full cooling to produce colder air. Heating coil may run when none are needed. The usage of multi zone actually not much in effect because inside a mall there is an large open space, zones have effect to each other. Third, reliability and durability of single zone constant volume are better than multi zone constant volume.

After compare between this two methods, we found that single zone constant volume using in this building is more suitable than using multi zone constant volume.

Table 3.1 : Summary Table of Ventilation System’s Problems and Recommendation in Giant Kelana Jaya

Problems Solution1. Unsatisfactory dilution and

disposal of contaminantsIncrease the quantity of return air grille

2. Unsatisfactory thermal environment

Use the perforated ceiling tiles to distribute the chilled air

3. Single zone constant volume or multi zone constant volume?

Single zone constant volume

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3.2 Fire Protection System

In the modern era, it is necessary for the fire protection system to fulfill the requirements of the building codes. However, in this selected building, the poor maintenance on the fire resistance system and inconsistency in code requirements have posed a serious threat to the public.

Figure 3.2.1. The spring loaded door Figure 3.2.2. The components of the door closer had been closer is not attached to the fire destroyed.swing door.

First of all, according to the clause 164(1) of Uniform Building By Law (UBBL) 1984, fire swing door shall be fitted with automatic door closer of the hydraulically spring operated type to ensure the door close automatically and properly in the presence or absence of fire. However, as shown in the Figure 3.2.1, we found that one of the automatic spring loaded door closer at the ground floor level is not connected with the fire swing door. Besides this, some components of the door closer had been destroyed and the door cannot close as normal in the Figure 3.2.2. This will not only break the regulation of UBBL 1984, but also cause the potential risk to the occupants and create noise when the door is slammed by the door closer.

Therefore, the surface mounted door closer ought to be replaced by a new automatic hydraulically spring loaded door closer. The replaced door closer for fire door must be durable and high quality to help to prevent the spread of the smoke and fire. However, if the administration does not change the circumstance, when a fire break out, the flame and smoke will spread through the unclosed fire door to the staircase and exit, and meanwhile the occupants may not survive. Hence, the door closer must be replaced to assist the fire door perform its function effectively and efficiently in the case of fire.

Besides, we realized that the exit doors in every floor level cannot close automatically. This has broken the regulation in UBBL 1984 where clause 173(2) states that exit fire doors shall be close automatically when released and all devices including magnetic door holders, shall release the doors upon the power failure or actuation of fire alarm. However, the actual reason for the unclosed door may be the loss of spring tension of the door closer or the looseness of the speed adjustment valves in the door closer.

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As we know, door closer is a device that used to close the door slowly but firmly to latch by using spring tension modulated by hydraulic fluid. When the door open, the spring tension compresses and the hydraulic fluid moves away from the compressing spring. But, as the spring pushes the door shut, the hydraulic fluid passes back to the reservoir through valves (Tom Rubenoff, 2014). After a period of time, the spring may lose its tension and the door cannot shut automatically.

Furthermore, as shown in the Figure 3.2.3, the back check adjustment is used to control the last few inches of the opening the door to avoid the door from being slammed into an adjacent wall and the latching speed adjustment controls the time consuming for the door shuts at the last few inches. While the swing speed adjustment controls how quick the entryway closes from fully open to within about 5 degrees of closed (Tom Rubenoff, 2014). The valves control these three speed adjustments may be loosened and it is inconvenient for the occupants to open and close the door manually.

Figure 3.2.3. The influence of the common hydraulic adjustment controls available on the spring-loaded door closer.Retrieved June 15, 2015 from http://hubpages.com/hub/Door-Closer-Adjustment#

the spring tension adustment turns round and round with no effect

Hence, the speed adjusting screw and valve should be adjusted to improve the mechanical devices of the fire door that it can close automatically. If the door remains as usual, when the building is on fire, the smoke and fire will spread through the fire door and the occupants may inhale too much smoke, and meanwhile the concentration of oxygen will be decreased that will cause the occupants suffocation. Therefore, to prevent the situation, it is necessary for the door close automatically and consequently the closing device may need adjustment and the management should do the maintenance for 6 months in once as the devices such as door closer are likely wear over time (Fire Safety Advice Centre, n.d.).

Moreover, in the hypermarket, there is no any fire extinguishers in the surrounding kitchen. And we also realized that the wet sprinkler heads installed at the ceiling joists are quite far from

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the floor level as shown in the Figure 3.2.4. Therefore, when the fire is small and not spreading beyond its starting point, the wet sprinkler system may be useless in the case.

Figure 3.2.4. The wet sprinkler heads are installed at the ceiling joists.

Hence, based on the Malaysian Standard MS 1539-1:2002 and MS 1539-3:2003, the installation of portable fire extinguishers are required for the kitchen. To select the most suitable fire extinguishers, the number, size, and limitations of use of fire extinguisher required shall meet the requirement of hazard occupancy under NFPA 10 (2002). In accordance with the Table 3.2.1 and the machines used in the kitchen, only dry powder fire extinguisher and carbon dioxide fire extinguisher can be used in this case.

Table 3.2.1. The comparison of uses between the fire extinguishers

Retrieved June 17, 2015 from http://www.safetystoresdirect.com/4-kilo-powder-extinguisher-eps4-264-p.asp

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Dry powder fire extinguisher is quite useful for either class ABC or class BC while carbon dioxide can only be used for class BC. In spite of this, based on Table 3.2.2, carbon dioxide is more suitable to be used as fire extinguisher that it has long life span and leaves no any residue. Therefore, it is great for use in kitchens as it has less risk of contaminating food preparation areas (London and Home Counties Fire Protection, 2012). However, special consideration ought to be taken before installing in confined spaces that it will cause a person unconscious within minutes as its suffocating properties (London and Home Counties Fire Protection, 2012). Apart from this, it must be careful that the fire may be rekindled due to its limited cooling properties (FIRESURE-ENGINEERED FIRE SAFETY SOLUTIONS, 2011).

Table 3.2.2. Comparison on effect between two fire extinguishers.

Effect Dry Powder Fire Extinguisher Carbon dioxide Fire Extinguisher

Residue remainedYes, a very fine powder residue covered over a wide area must

be cleaned up.No

Corrosion damages to electrical equipment

Yes No

Re-ignitionNo, the particles of powder over fire form a barrier that starves it

of oxygen.

Yes that no protection against reigniting.

May cause asphyxiation NoYes, therefore care should be exercised in confined spaces.

Services life Normally for 5 years.10 years and it acts as the longest service life of most extinguishers.

Nevertheless if the management refused to install the fire extinguisher, when there is a fire caused by circuit breakdown, life of occupants will be threatened and the fire may spread. Consequently, to prevent the spreading of fire, at least two carbon dioxide fire extinguishers shall be installed close to the proximity of fire hazard where the commercial bread electric ovens and distribution panel boxes located.

In addition, the word displayed on one of the fire door has disappeared and it is not compliant with the regulation MS 982:1985 which state the specification for fire safety signs, notices and graphic symbols. Therefore, the administration shall install a new board and fix it to the fire door as quickly as possible. According to the clause, the word

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Figure 3.2.5. This shows the word displayed on the normal fire door, however, at the left side, the word has disappeared.

must be red in colour to be visible from a distance so that people can run in that direction to the final exit (Grainger, n.d.). Furthermore, it must be absolutely unmistakable and understandable to everyone. If the word has disappeared or displayed wrong, it may be a threat to the occupants that the sign board is used to guide people to the final exit in the case of fire or other emergency (Grainger, n.d.). Therefore, the sign board must be replaced that the risk to persons from fire would be considerably reduced.

At last, according to the Draft Malaysian Standard 11M001R1 Annex K, the fire safety signs are required to display in front of the lift. However, in the Giant Kelana Jaya Mall, it was failed to display the sign board for the occupants. Despite of this, it is important to the elders to show the fire safety sign as shown in Figure 3.2.6 to assist the building occupants escape from the building when evacuation. If the notices are not displayed, the people without the knowledge in this aspect may be confused and this will increase the risk of danger to them. Therefore, to protect the occupants, the fire safety notice ‘ In case of fire, DO NOT use the lift and Use the stairs’ should be displayed in front of the lift.

Figure 3.2.6. This sign board shall be installed and displayed in front of the hydraulic lift.Retrieved June 18, 2015 from http://www.sdfirealarms.co.uk/fex18r-in-case-of-fire-do-not-use-lift-150x150-r-p.html

The Table 3.2.3 shows the summary of problem statements and recommendation with solution for this selected building. As a conclusion, the problems in the building should be

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solved and the administration should take a consider to the recommendation to improve the fire protection system in the building.

Table 3.2.3. The problem statements and recommendation with solution.

Problem statements Recommendation and solution

Door closer is not fitted with the fire door.Replacement for the door closer with hydraulically spring operated type.

Fire door cannot close automatically.Fixing and maintaining the speed adjusting screw and valve of door closer.

No fire extinguishers are available in the kitchen.

At least two carbon dioxide fire extinguishers are installed close to the proximity of fire hazard.

The word of the sign board on the fire door has disappeared.

Replacement for the sign board.

No safety sign in front of the hydraulic lift.The sign board ‘In case of fire, do not use lift and must use the stairs’ must be installed in front of the lift.

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3.3: Vertical Transportation

The lift used in Giant Kelana Jaya Mall is hydraulic type. However, there is another type of lift widely used in Malaysia which is electric lift. Electric lift also known as traction elevator. Unlike the hydraulic lift which is using the principles of hydraulic power to pressurize the piston to raise and lower the lift car. The electric lift is using electrical power to motivate the cables to lift the lift car.

Next, except the common components like lift car, cables and landing, the electric lift contains components that are difference from hydraulic lift. These components are controller, electric motor or machine, sheave, and counterweight. The controller is used to control and monitor the operation of the lift. The main function of electric motor or machine is to drive the sheave which the cables are looped around to raise or lower the lift car. The sheave is a pulley that helps to raise and lower the elevator. The function of counterweight is to provide traction and to balance the weight of car about 40% - 50% of the car rated load.

Besides, electric lift is more energy efficient than the hydraulic lift. This is because the electric lift has counterweight to balance the weight of the car and thus less power is needed to lift the car. However, the hydraulic lift does not have the counterweight and its pump need to work against the gravity force and the energy is lost when the lift descend its weight. Therefore, hydraulic lift is less energy efficient compare to traction elevator. (Faulkner, 2014)

Moreover, the hydraulic lift can support heavier load than the electric lift. The hydraulic lift applies hydraulic principle which provides greater lifting force than an electric lift. (Edwards, n.d)

In addition, the hydraulic lift is basically cheaper than the electric lift. This might because of

the traction elevator having more components. According to Jack Edwards stated in “Hydraulic and Traction Elevators- A Comparative Study” A single 3 stop hydraulic passenger elevator having a capacity of 3500 pounds and a speed of 150 feet per minute would cost about $15,000 - $30,000 installed; a comparable traction elevator would cost about $30,000 - $60,000. The yearly maintenance costs would be about $600 - $1200 for hydraulic and $1,200 - $2,400 for traction. Hence, cost of for having a hydraulic lift is cheaper than an electrical lift.

Last but not least, the electric lift is faster than the hydraulic lift.

Page | 43Figure 3.3a: Hydraulic lift in Giant Mall Figure 3.3b: Electric lift

Table 3.3.1: Comparison between Hydraulic Lift and Electric Lift

ITEMS HYDRAULIC LIFT ELECTRIC LIFTPrinciples of function Using hydraulic power to lower

and arise the lift carUsing electrical power to motivate the cables to lift the lift car

Components Piston, pump and tank Electric motor or machine, shave, and counterweight

Energy efficiency Less HigherLoad Capacity More LesserCost Cheaper ExpensiveSpeed Slower Faster

After the comparison between the hydraulic lift and electric lift, we think that the hydraulic lift is more suitable for this building. This is because the cost of hydraulic lift is cheaper. Second, the passenger will take the lift with the shopping carts, thus, the hydraulic lift which can carry more load is more suitable. Third, the electric lift is usually used in high rise building but in this case, the building only contains 3 floors.

The following aspect we notice about the lift is the lift does not have emergency communication system. We found that the emergency communication system is important to the passengers because if an emergency happen, for example, sudden stopping of the lift, the passenger need to inform someone outside the lift to get assistance. Although the lift has the emergency switch, but it can only inform the technician there is a problem with the lift, but the passenger cannot explain the problem and situation in the lift to the technician in details. At the same time, the emergency communication system can also help the passenger remain claim during the emergency. The emergency communication system can be a two-way speaker, telephone or other monitoring system. (Shiells-Jones, M. ,2014)

Figure 3.3c: Example of intercommunication system in a liftRetrieved from http://vignette4.wikia.nocookie.net/elevation/images/7/7b/Kone_elevator_

%28Dewhurst_US91-15%29.jpg/revision/latest?cb=20130317032231

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Except the elevators, Giant Kelana Jaya Mall is also equipped with escalators and moving ramps. Escalators and moving ramps are basically constructed in almost same the way. However, both of them carry some differences. Escalators are used to transport passengers vertically, while moving ramps are used to transport passengers either horizontally or a combination of horizontally and vertically. (Grondzik, W. T., & Kwok, A. G., 2015) Next, instead of using the “step” like the escalators, the moving ramps are using the flatted pallets. In addition, the angle of inclined for a moving ramp is about 5 °¿15 °, while the maximum of angle of inclined for an escalator can up to 30 °∨35 °. However, the moving ramps required a longer length of space to be installed than the escalators. Besides, the moving ramps are more convenient in transporting large, bulky objects like shopping carts and luggage. Moving ramps are more suitable for passenger who is using a wheelchair to use compare to escalator. Therefore, we recommend the escalator used in Giant Mall replaced by the moving ramp. This is because the customers with the shopping carts and disable customers will be more convenient with moving ramp.

Figure 3.3d: Escalator and Moving Ramps in Giant Mall

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Moreover, if the owner retains the escalator, the escalator needs to undergo maintenances. First, we noticed the steps of the escalator are broke. If the steps are not being repaired, it is dangerous to the users. Second, the machine of the escalator and moving ramps sound loudly, it shows that they show need to be lubricated by oil. All these maintenances are listed in the checklist of annual inspection for escalator / moving walkways by the department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH). Next, we noticed that there is a moving ramp break down for few weeks but it was not being repaired. Lastly, according to DOSH directive JPKK IS 127/8/1-Klt.23(21), there shall be deflector device is needed to be installed to avoid the risk of drawing in. Hence, the moving ramps in the Giant Mall which do not have any deflector are recommended to install brush deflector.

Figure 3.3e: The broken step of escalator in Giant Mall

Figure 3.3f: The moving ramps without deflectors

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Figure 3.3g : Brush deflector

On the other hand, the arrangement of escalator and moving ramps are consist of double bank in two travel direction and multi-level parallel arrangement with interrupted traffic in two travel direction arrangement. However, as my opinion, double bank in two travel direction arrangement should change to multi-level parallel arrangement with interrupted traffic in two travel direction arrangement. Compare to double bank in two travel directions, multi-level parallel arrangement with interrupted traffic in two travel direction arrangement is inconvenient to the customers because they need to walk a certain distance to another escalator in order to go up or down. Nevertheless, this benefits to the stalls owners because the passengers will walk pass their stall or shop and this will helps to increase the business of the shops.

Table 3.3.2: Summary table for Vertical Transportation System’s Problems and Recommendations for Giant Kelana Jaya Mall

No. Problem Recommendationi Hydraulic Lift or Electric Lift? Hydraulic lift more suitableii Lift does not have emergency

communication systemInstall communication system like two way speaker

iii Escalator or moving ramp? Replace escalator with moving rampiv The step of escalator broke Repair the stepv Escalator and moving ramps’ machines

sound loudlyLubricated with oil

vi Moving ramp break down for a long time Repair itVii Moving ramps do not have deflectors Install brush deflectors for moving rampsViii

Escalator and moving ramps arrangement

Replace double bank in two travel direction with multi-level parallel arrangement with interrupted traffic in two travel direction arrangement

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4.0 Conclusion

As conclusion, the building systems used in Giant Kelana Jaya Mall are acceptable. However, there are still some improvements needed to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of the systems. Therefore, we wish the owner of the building can take our suggestions in order to provide better building service systems to the users of the buildings.

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5.0 References:

Active / passive fire protection. (n.d.). Retrieved June 23, 2015, from http://www.hse.gov.uk/comah/sragtech/techmeasfire.htm

Department of Safety and Health, (n.d) Annual Checklist of Escalators/Moving Ramps [PDF Document] Available at https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CB0QFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dosh.gov.my%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_docman%26view%3Ddocman%26Itemid%3D1169%26lang%3Den&ei=p4eJVdDpEpO3uQSso44Q&usg=AFQjCNECejvWrZuiWdBawKEKgfjvMeu1IQ (Accessed on 15th June 2015)

BetterBricks, Simultaneous Heating and Cooling. Inhabitat [Online] Available at http://betterbricks.com/sites/default/files/building-operations/tool/files/boptlscmnops1blwversion.pdf (Accessed on 21th June 2015)

Building Services 2 Lecture Note – Mechanical and Air-Conditioning System.

Building Services 2 Lecture Note – Mechanical and Air-Conditioning Systems, The distribution and controls for building

Building Services 2 Lecture Note – Mechanical and Air-Conditioning Systems, Zoning & Ducting

Building Services 2 Lecture Note – Vertical Transportation System.

Building services report. (n.d.). Retrieved June 23, 2015, from http://www.slideshare.net/sohshing/building-services-report

Cooling Technology Institute (2012-2015) What is a wet, atmospheric cooling tower? [Online] Available at http://www.cti.org/whatis/coolingtowerdetail.shtml (Accessed on 22th June 2015)

CVE Shop Limited (2015) 4-Way Ceiling Diffuser [Online] Available at http://www.cveshop.co.uk/cveshophome/cat_473511-4Way-Ceiling-Diffuser.html (Accessed on 22th June 2015)

DEPARTMENT OF STANDARDS MALAYSIA. (2014). Fire safety in the design, management and use of buildings – Code of practice (First revision). p.399 [Website] Retrieved June 22, 2015 from http://www.sirim.my/srmc/documents/Sept-Oct-2014/11M001R1_PC.pdf

DEPARTMENT OF STANDARDS MALAYSIA. (n.d.). MALAYSIAN STANDARD MS 1539: PART 3:2003- Specifications For Portable Fire Extinguishers- Part 3: Selection and Installation- Code of Practice (First Revision). [Website] Retrieved June 22, 2015 from http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?

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q=cache:PvqppCGYV5oJ:www.msonline.gov.my/download_file.php%3Ffile%3D13286%26source%3Dproduction+&cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk

Edwards, J. (n.d.) Hydraulic And Traction Elevators A Comparative Study [PDF document] Available at http://www.elevatorworld.com/Extras/GreenArticles/March%2089.pdf (Accessed on 14th June 2015)

Electrical Knowhow, (2012) Hydraulic Elevators Basic Components. [Online] Available at http://www.electrical-knowhow.com/2012/04/hydraulic-elevators-basic-components.html (Accessed on 14th June 2015)

Faulkner, L. (2014) What Is The Difference Between Hydraulic, Traction And Non-Hydraulic Home Lifts? [Online] Available at http://www.stiltz.co.uk/blog/difference-hydraulic-traction-non-hydraulic-home-lifts/ (Accessed on 14th June 2015)

Fire Products Direct.ie. (n.d.). Pros and cons of fire extinguisher types. [Website] Retrieved June 22, 2015 from https://www.fireproductsdirect.ie/advice-centre/pros-and-cons-of-fire-extinguisher-types/

Fire Safety Advice Centre. (n.d.). Fire Doors. [Website] Retrieved June 22, 2015 from (http://www.firesafe.org.uk/fire-doors/

FIRESURE – ENGINEERED FIRE SAFETY SOLUTIONS. (n.d.). THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS. [Website] Retrieved June 22, 2015 from http://www.firesure.ie/fire_safety_guidance/comparison_of_the_different_types_of_fire_extinguishers.html#Class_of_Fire_&_Suitability_of_Fire_Extinguisher_Type

Grainger (2015) Grilles. Inhabitat [Online] Available at http://www.grainger.com/category/grilles/ventilation/hvac-and-refrigeration/ecatalog/N-jze (Accessed on 19th June 2015)

GRAINGER. (n.d.). Emergency Lighting and Exit Sign Requirements. [Website] Retrieved June 22, 2015 from http://www.grainger.com/content/qt-emergency-lighting-exit-sign-requirements-265\

Greeno, R. (1997) Building Services, Technology and design. Edinburgh Gate, Harlow, England: Pearson Education Limited.

Grondzik, W. T., & Kwok, A. G. (2015). Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley.

Hall, F. (1976) Building Services and Equipment Volume 1, 3rd edition. Edinburgh Gate, Harlow, England: Addison Wesley Longman Limited.

Hall, F. (1977) Building Services & Equipment Volume 2, 2nd Edition. Edinburgh Gate, Harlow, England: Addison Wesley Longman Limited.

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Hamlyn, D., et.al. (2012) Ventilation Approaches For Shopping Mall. Inhabitat [Online] Available at http://www.breathingbuildings.com/media/176910/ashrae-d-ch-12-c074-20120502.pdf (Accessed on 19th June 2015)

Harris, T. (n.d.) How Elevators Work. [Online] Available at http://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/engines-equipment/elevator3.htm (Accessed on 14th June 2015)

Health and Safety Executive, Thermal Comfort. Inhabitat [Online] Available at http://www.hse.gov.uk/temperature/thermal/explained.htm (Accessed on 19th June 2015)

Industry Code Of Practice On Indoor Air Quality 2010

International Building Code (2006) Inhabitat [Online] Available at https://www2.iccsafe.org/states/Virginia/Mechanical/PDFs/Chapter%206_Duct%20Systems.pdf (Accessed on 21th June 2015)

London And Home Counties Fire Protection. (2012, June 22). Co2 Fire Extinguishers. [Website] Retrieved June 22, 2015 from http://www.lhcfp.co.uk/co2_fire_extinguishers.htm

Lougee, M. (2015) What Is an Air Return Duct? [Online] Available at http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-an-air-return-duct.htm (Accessed on 22th June 2015)

Malaysian Fire Protection Association. (n.d.). [Website] Retrieved June 22, 2015 from http://www.mfpa.com.my/

Malaysian Standards Online. (n.d.). Document Catalogue. [Website] Retrieved June 22, 2015 from https://www.msonline.gov.my/catalog.php?score=checked&istc_id=72

National Fire Protection Association. (2004, September 15 & 2006, October 17). NFPA 10 (2002): Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers. [Website] Retrieved June 22, 2015 from https://law.resource.org/pub/us/cfr/ibr/004/nfpa.10.2002.pdf

Rob. T. (2015, May 22). Fire Safety and Fire Extinguishers. [Website] Retrieved June 22, 2015 from http://www.ilpi.com/safety/extinguishers.html#Picking

Shiells-Jones,M. (2014). The Hotel Standards Compendium , 1st Edition.(pp. 76) Retrieved from https://books.google.com.my/books?id=_4N8BgAAQBAJ&lpg=PA76&ots=rxSMeA3A_C&dq=speaker%20to%20communicate%20inside%20and%20outside%20lift&pg=PA76#v=onepage&q=speaker%20to%20communicate%20inside%20and%20outside%20lift&f=false

Tom. R. (2014, February 22). How to Adjust Your Door Closer. [Website] Retrieved June 22, 2015 from http://hubpages.com/hub/Door-Closer-Adjustment

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6.0 Appendix

Project Schedule Proposal

1st April 2015 Approval of Letter of Requisition by school

20th April 2015 Meeting 1- Contact the company by telephone

21st April 2015 Email sent to Management of Giant Kelana Jaya

22nd April 2015Meeting 2- Distribute work scope, Second phone contact for confirmation

4th May 2015 Requisition being rejected by management of Giant Kelana Jaya

5th May 2015 1st Site Visit

13th May 2015 Mid term test

9th June 2015 Meeting 3- Each member report on own progress and problems

12th June 2015 2nd Site Visit

21th June 2015 Meeting 4- Compile, final check up and blinding the report

23th June 2015 Rehearsal

24th June 2015 Presentation & Submission of assignment

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HAPPY SHOPPING ~

Taking Photo for assignment

Member’s Work Scope

- Contact----------Chuu Yee, Kai Sin

- Collect Information/ Site Visit----------Chuu Yee, Chee Ying, Kai Sin, Kha Man, Eley

- Photographer-------------Kha Man, Eley

- Transport----------Chuu Yee, Kai Sin

- Powerpoint ----------Chuu Yee, Chee Ying, Kai Sin, Kha Man, Eley

- Assignment - Part 1----------Chuu Yee, Chee Ying - Part 2----------Chuu Yee, CheeYing - Part 3----------Kai Sin, Kha Man, Eley

- Part 4----------Kai Sin, Kha Man, Eley

- Project Schedule Recorder----------Chee Ying

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Measuring ~