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Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering

Bruce Mayer, PELicensed Electrical & Mechanical Engineer

[email protected]

Engineering 10

Engineering

History



American Innovation

American Inventors/Engineers• Samuel Morse TeleGraph• Robert Fulton SteamBoat• Eli Whitney Cotton Gin• Alexander Graham Bell TelePhone• Charles GoodYear Vulcanized Rubber

(“Synthetic” Rubber for Vehicle Tires)• Oroville & Wilbur Wright AirPlane• Thomas Edison Electric Light Bulb



American Innovation American Inventors/Engineers

• Henry Ford Production-Line Manufacturing

• Willis Carrier Air Conditioning• William Shockley Transistor• Jack Kilby Planer-Process

for Transistor Fabrication• Theodore Maiman Laser• Edwin Land Instant Photography• Vinton Cerf InterNet (TCP/IP)



20th Century Engineering Impact1. Electrification

2. Automobile

3. Airplane

4. Water Supply & Distribution

5. Electronics

6. Radio and Television

7. Agricultural Mechanization

8. Computers

9. Telephone

10. Air Conditioning and Refrigeration

11. Highways

12. Spacecraft

13. Internet

14. Med Imaging

15. Household Appliances

16. Health Technologies

17. Petroleum and Petrochemical Technology

18. Laser and Fiber Optics

19. Nuclear Technologies

20. High-performance Materials

National Academy of Engineering http://www.greatachievements.org/ 2009

http://www.greatachievements.org/



ENGR History - BackGround The Earliest “Technical Drawings”, or

“BluePrints”, Date Back to About 4000 B.C. With the Fortress Plans of the Chaldean Engineer Gudea

However, The Engineering Discipline Was Not Formalized Until about the 16th Century; We start There



European Roots

The French Engineering Tradition Resulted From The Strong National Monarchy of the 16th & 17th Centuries. • Tax collection systems made possible an

enlarged and permanent military--the first major employment base for engineers

• First projects:– Fortresses (strong enough to resist artillery)– Road and Bridges (to support movement of

armies)



French Roots cont.

In 1676 the French Minister of War created the CORPS OF ENGINEERS in the French army. • Personnel were recruited from the lower

French nobility and the upper middle class

In 1716 the French Royal Government Created the Corps of Bridges & Roads. • A Network Of Roads Was Created

To Speed the Deployment Of Troops



Early Engineering Schools First Schools Founded in France

• 1747 – école des Ponts et Chausseses (School of Bridges and Roads)

• 1749 – école du Corps Royal du Genie (School for Military Engineers)

• 1778 - école des Mines (School for Mining Engineers)

• 1794 - école PolyTechnique (School for Theoretical and Mathematical Engineering)

By 1800 Engineering was an established profession in France



Father of the Modern “BluePrint” Gaspard Monge, a

French Mathematician and Engineer, developed the modern method of “Orthographic Projection” in the 1760’s.

This was a State Secret until France allowed Monge to publish his work in 1799

Monge’s Method Made Possible Modern CE & ME

http://florence20.typepad.com/.a/6a00d83452a77469e2017c3233e504970b-pi



Engineering in America

The Government remained the primary patron of engineering throughout Europe until Britain's commercial and industrial expansion allowed partnerships and corporations to undertake large and complex projects.

Early American engineering was a blend of French and British engineering traditions.



Engineering in America cont.

The outbreak of the American Revolution created asudden demand forengineers.

In 1775 the 2nd Continental Congress established the Corps Of Engineersin the Continental Army.



Engineering in America cont. Until 1783 the Corps of Engineers was

lead by, and primarily composed of, French engineers. • The Corps was dissolved along with the

Continental army after 1783.

In 1794 Congress authorized the Corps of Artillerists and Engineers and assigned it to the garrison at West Point. • This was the First formalized education

program for engineers in America.



Engineering in America cont.

First major Govt-financed transportation project was the 365-mile-long Erie Canal in 1816.

Many transportationprojects followed,thus increasing the need for professionally trained engineers.



Engineering Workforce Education

Benjamin Wright, Canvass Wright, and James Geddes were hired by the state of New York to oversee the construction of the Erie Canal (1817 to 1820). • They learned engineering by trial-and-error.

Geddes and the Wrights were authorized to hire assistants to help them. • This set the stage for the Engineer

apprenticeship training program.



Engineering Education cont.

America's Mechanical Engineering needs were met by Engineers trained on-the-job • Most starting as machine-shop apprentices

In 1817 superintendent Sylvanus Thayer introduced a standard four-year engineering curriculum at West Point.



Engineering Education cont.

In 1865 the Naval Academy established the Department of Steam Engineering, • One of the First Mechanical Engineering

Programs In America



Civilian Engineering Education 1820 - Norwich University, the first

civilian engineering school, was founded by Alden Partridge. • By 1834 a 3-year program was in place.

1824 - Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) was founded to train teachers to instruct farmers and artisans on the scientific principles of their vocations. • 1835 Started to Award Civil Engineering

degrees• Three-year program in place by 1850



American Engineering Education

The Army Academy at West Point, NY remained the major source of Engineering Educators until the late 1860's.

The Morrill Act of 1862 established the Land Grant institutions to teach Agricultural and the Mechanical arts. • Land Grant Universities significantly

increased the number of Engineering Educational Programs – 70 by 1872 and 85 by 1880



Land Grant Universities



American Engineering Education

Mechanical Engineering programs at Land Grant institutions were bolstered when Congress authorized the Navy to detail (assign) surplus officers to teach Steam Engineering and Iron & Steel Ship Design (1879 to 1896).



Professional Institutions

1818 - Institution of Civil Engineers founded in Britain, the FIRST Professional Society for Engineers

1824 - Franklin Institute of Philadelphia was formed to educate crafts persons in the scientific principles of their work

1867 - The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) was formed.



Professional Institutions

1871 - The American Institute of Mining Engineers was formed when mining engineers split from the ASCE.

1880 - American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) established.

1884 - American Institute of Electrical Engineers founded.

http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/images/5/5d/AIEE_Kite_Badge_0959.jpg



American Style of Engineering

By the end of the 19th Century the style of engineering in America Diverged From The French and British styles. • American Engineering stressed efficient

use of labor, and economy in design– Commercial Focus

• The European Style emphasized strength, safety, permanency, and Style.– Aesthetic Focus



Dawn of the Modern Era

By 1900 • there were 40,000 practitioners in the

engineering profession in America. • Four professional societies had emerged • Nearly 100 educational

programs in Full Operation

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://nina.ecse.rpi.edu/2dfet/RPI_flag.gif&imgrefurl=http://nina.ecse.rpi.edu/2dfet/new_pubs.html&h=375&w=591&sz=10&tbnid=3uCyuNQda9gJ:&tbnh=83&tbnw=130&start=5&prev=/images?q=rpi+flag&hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&sa=N



Growth of Engineering in America

The transportation, communication and manufacturing systems designed by engineers in the 19th Century grew into capital-intensive enterprises. • Large firms sought to

institutionalize and control the inventive process through Industrial Research Laboratories

Bell Labs – NY, NY

Circa 1925



Rapid Expansion in 20th Century

Technology and Practitioners Exploded after about 1900

http://www.creatingtechnology.org/charts/indrev.pdf



American Engineering Growth

Electrification of America (the utility industry) was accomplished by system builders such as Thomas Edison, Samuel Insull, S.Z. Mitchell and George Westinghouse• These and similar systems (e.g. Telephones)

formed the core of engineering employment.

The engineering sciences developed during the late 1800's were now common • Journals & Societies Proliferated



Growth of the USA Profession 1900 40,000 engineers in America (13

engineers per 10,000 workers) 1950 500,000 engineers 1960 128 engineers per 10,000 wrkrs 2006 1.5M-2M engineers By 1950 engineering had become the

largest single occupation pursued by American men • Also The second largest occupation

claiming professional status.



Government Employment

At the turn of the 20th century the Army Corps of Engineers was the major government employer of engineers • few other agencies employed engineers

The Great Depression created new positions for engineers with the birth of public works projects (e.g.; TVA).

During the Civil War, the Army Corp of Engineers were responsible for

building roads and bridges for troop transport. Here the 5th New Hampshire Infantry are building a bridge over the Chickahominy River in Virginia



Government Employment cont.

World War II and the Cold War further increased federal employment of engineers. • 1900 - 15% of engineers

employed by government

• 1945 - 40% of engineers employed directly or indirectly by government



Institutional Development

1907 - The American Society of Agricultural Engineers (ASAE) Founded

1908 - Chem Engrs left the American Chemical Society to form the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE)

1932 - The Society for the Promotion of Engineering Education (SPEE)• Later became the Accreditation Board for

Engineering and Technology (ABET).



Institutional Development

1934 - National Society of Professional Engineers (NSPE) was formed• Focused on

economic issues affecting engineers

• Responsible for passing legislation to require licensing of engineers.

Taken from The Engineer in America: A Historical Anthology from Technology and Culture edited by Terry S. Reynolds. 1991.



Wright Bros. WindTunnel



All Done for Today

ElectrifytheUSA

Edison Jumbo Dynamo No. 1,” 1881



Development of the IEEE

IEEE = Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers

IEEE Facts as of 2009• The World’s Largest Technical Professional

Association.• Over 375,000 members in160 countries.• Produces about 30% of the World’s Literature in

Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering.• Active Portfolio of nearly 1,300 Standards

and Projects Under Development.

• Yearly, over 850 Conferences are held Worldwide.



Development of the IEEE 1884 AIEE American Institute of

Electrical Engineers 1912 IRE Institute of Radio Engineers 1963 AIEE and IRE Merge to

become the IEEE• 150,000 Members - 93% in the USA

1993 IEEE Master Brand Developed 2009 Celebrates125 Years of EE

• 375,000 plus Members - 57% in the USA– A truly INTERNATIONAL Organization



Gaspard Monge – DG Pioneer

Lived 72 Years• Born: 9 May 1746 in

Beaune, Bourgogne, France

• Died: 28 July 1818 in Paris, France

Showed Math Brilliance Early in Life

• Taught a Physics Course at Age 17

http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Monge.html



Gaspard Monge – cont.

Monge attended the Oratorian College in Beaune

• This school was intended for young nobles and was run by priests. The school offered instruction in a variety of sources

– Religion– Humanities – Mathematics– Natural Sciences.




Gaspard Monge – cont.2 After Completing His Studies in 1764,

Monge returned to Beaune where he DREW UP A PLAN OF THE CITY

Officials at École Royale du Génie at Mézières were impressed by Monge's Plan for Beaune

• 1765, Monge was appointed to the École Royale du Génie as a Draftsman

– Monge worked in his own time developing his ideas of Geometry




Gaspard Monge – cont.3

While a Draftsman, Monge was asked to draw up a fortification plan which prevented an enemy from either seeing or firing at a military position no matter what the position of the enemy

• Monge devised his own GRAPHICAL METHOD to construct such a fortification rather than use the complicated methods then available

– Thus Began DESCRIPTIVE Geometryhttp://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Monge.html




In March 1794 Monge was appointed École Centrale des Travaux Publics

• Soon to become the École Polytechnique At Polytechnique he was appointed as

an instructor in Descriptive Geometry on 9 November 1794

• Monge's lectures on infinitesimal geometry were to form the basis of his book Application de l'analyse à la géométrie





Monge's Geometrie descriptive (1799) was the result of his lectures in this area at École Polytechnique.

• He also introduced two planes of projection at right angles to each other for graphical description of solid objects.

– He generalized these techniques into a system called Geometrie descriptive, which is now known as ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION, the graphical method used in modern mechanical drawing.



Gaspard Monge – PostScript

Monge was also VERY accomplished Mathematician• The basic philosophy behind Monge's

approach to Mathematics – Geometrization of Mathematics based on:

(a) The analogy or correspondence of operations in analysis with geometric transformations

(b) The genetic classification and parametrization of surfaces through analysis of the movement of generating lines.

Download - Bruce Mayer, PE Licensed Electrical & Mechanical Engineer BMayer@ChabotCollege

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