Boeing 747-8 1

Boeing 747-8

Boeing 747-8

The Boeing 747-8F during the 747-8's maiden flight on February 8, 2010

Role Wide-body jet airliner

National origin United States

Manufacturer Boeing Commercial Airplanes

First flight 747-8F: February 8, 2010747-8I: March 20, 2011

Status Testing/early production[1]

Number built 7[2] [3]

Unit cost 747-8F: US$301.5–304.5 million[4]

747-8I: US$293–308 million[4]

Developed from Boeing 747-400

The Boeing 747-8 is a wide-body jet airliner being developed by Boeing Commercial Airplanes. Officiallyannounced in 2005, the 747-8 is the fourth-generation Boeing 747 version, with lengthened fuselage, redesignedwings and improved efficiency. The 747-8 is the largest 747 version, the largest commercial aircraft built in theUnited States, and the longest passenger aircraft in the world.[5]

The 747-8 is offered in two main variants: the 747-8 Intercontinental (747-8I) for passengers and the 747-8 Freighter(747-8F) for cargo. The first 747-8F performed the model's maiden flight on February 8, 2010 with the 747-8Intercontinental following on March 20, 2011. Delivery of the first freighter aircraft has been postponed multipletimes and is now expected in mid-2011; passenger model deliveries are to begin in late 2011 or early 2012. InFebruary 2011, confirmed orders for the 747-8 totaled 107, including 74 of the freighter version, and 33 of thepassenger version.[6]

Boeing 747-8 2

Development

Background

Boeing's Everett Facility at Paine Field, originallybuilt for the 747 program, would also become the

site of 747-8 assembly.

Boeing had considered larger-capacity versions of the 747 severaltimes during the 1990s and 2000s.[7] The 747-500X and -600X,proposed at the 1996 Farnborough Airshow, would have stretched the747 and used a 777-derived wing,[7] but did not attract enough interestto enter development. In 2000, Boeing offered the 747X and 747XStretch derivatives as alternatives to the Airbus A3XX. This was amore modest proposal than the previous -500X and -600X. The 747Xwould increase the 747's wingspan to 229 ft (69.8 m) by adding asegment at the root.[8] The 747X was to carry 430 passengers up to8700 nmi (16100 km). The 747X Stretch would be extended to 263 ft(80.2 m) long, allowing it to carry 500 passengers up to 7800 nmi(14400 km).[8] However, the 747X family was unable to attract enoughinterest to enter production. Some of the ideas developed for the 747X were used on the 747-400ER.[9]

After the 747X program, Boeing continued to study improvements to the 747. The 747-400XQLR (Quiet LongRange) was meant to have an increased range of 7980 nmi (14780 km), with better fuel efficiency and reducednoise.[10] Changes studied included raked wingtips similar to those used on the 767-400ER and a sawtooth enginenacelle for noise reduction.[11] Although the 747-400XQLR did not move to production, many of its features wereused for the 747 Advanced.

In early 2004, Boeing announced tentative plans for the 747 Advanced that were eventually adopted. Similar innature to the 747X, the stretched 747 Advanced used technology from the Boeing 787 Dreamliner to modernize thedesign and its systems.[12] On November 14, 2005, Boeing announced that it was launching the 747 Advanced as the"Boeing 747-8".[13]

Design effortThe 747-8 was designed to be the first lengthened 747 to go in to production. The 747-8 and 747SP are the only 747variants with a fuselage of modified length. The 747-8 was intended to use the same engine and cockpit technologyas that of the 787, including the General Electric GEnx turbofan and partial fly-by-wire.[14] Boeing said that the newdesign would be quieter, more economical, and more environmentally friendly than previous versions of the 747. Asa derivative of the already-common 747-400, the 747-8 has the economic benefit of similar training andinterchangeable parts. Boeing firmed the 747-8 Freighter's configuration in October 2006.[15]

Artist's rendering of an early version of thepassenger 747-8, then known as the 747

Advanced. This had a shorter stretch of 140 in(360 cm), rather than the final 220 in (560 cm).

The 747-8, as the current new development of Boeing's largest airliner,is notably in direct competition on long-haul routes with the AirbusA380, a full-length double-deck aircraft now in service. For airlinesseeking very large passenger airliners, the two have been pitched ascompetitors on various occasions. Boeing claims that the 747-8 is morethan 10 percent lighter per seat and will consume 11 percent less fuelper passenger than the A380, translating into a trip-cost reduction of 21percent and a seat-mile cost reduction of over 6 percent.[16]

Production of the first 747-8 Freighter began in Everett in early August 2008.[1] [17] On November 14, 2008, Boeing announced a delay to the 747-8 program, citing limited availability of engineering resources within Boeing, design changes, and the recent strike by factory workers.[18] [19] [20] On July 21, 2009, Boeing released a photograph of the

Boeing 747-8 3

first cargo airplane, its fuselage and main wing assembled.[21]

In February 2009, only one airline customer (Lufthansa) had ordered the 747-8I passenger model, and Boeingannounced it was reassessing the 747-8 project. Chief executive Jim McNerney stated that continuation of the projectwas not a foregone conclusion. The company was assessing various options.[22] [23]

In October 2009, Boeing announced that it had delayed the first flight on the 747-8 until first quarter 2010 anddelayed 747-8I delivery. The company took a US$1-billion charge against its earnings for this delay.[24] [25] [26] Inresponse, launch customer Cargolux stated it still intended to take delivery of the thirteen freighters it had ordered;Lufthansa confirmed its commitment to the passenger version.[27] On November 12, 2009, Boeing announced thatCargolux's first airplane was fully assembled and entering the Everett plant's paint shop. It will undergo flight testingprior to delivery.[28]

On December 4, 2009, Korean Air became the second airline customer for the -8I passenger model, with an order forfive airliners.[29] [30] On January 8, 2010, Guggenheim Aviation Partners (GAP) announced the reduction of its -8Forder from four to two aircraft.[31] In March 2011, Korean Air converted options into a firm order for two additional-8 freighters.[32] [33]

Flight testing

Cargolux's first Boeing 747-8F in flight overFresno, California

The 747-8's first engine runs were completed in December 2009.[34]

Boeing announced the new model had successfully completedhigh-speed taxi tests on February 7, 2010.[35] On February 8, 2010,after a 2.5-hour weather delay, the 747-8 Freighter made its maidenflight, taking off from Paine Field, Washington at 12:39 PST,[36] andlanded at 4:18 pm PST.[37] Boeing estimates that more than 1,600flight hours will be needed in order to certify the 747-8.[38] The secondtest flight in late February, a ferry flight to Moses Lake, Washington,tested new navigation equipment.[39] Further flight testing will takeplace in Moses Lake, conducting initial airworthiness and flutter tests,before moving to Palmdale, California for the majority of flight tests,so as to not interfere with 787 flight tests based out of Boeing Field in Seattle.[40]

By March 11, 2010, the 747-8F had flown thirteen flights for a total of 33 hours of flying time.[41] On March 15,2010, the second 747-8F first flew from Paine Field to Boeing Field, where it will be based for a short time beforemoving to Palmdale to continue flight testing with the first -8F.[42] On March 17 the third -8F made its first flightand joined the test program.[43] Boeing plans to display the 747-8F at the 2010 Farnborough Airshow, along with the787, although appearances by both aircraft are contingent on flight testing remaining on schedule.[44]

The prototype Boeing 747-8F during flighttesting.

During the flight tests, Boeing discovered a buffet problem with theaircraft, involving turbulence coming off the landing gear doorsinterfering with the inboard flaps. Boeing undertook an evaluation ofthe issue, which included devoting the third test aircraft toinvestigating the problem.[45] The issue was resolved by a designchange to the outboard main landing gear doors.[46] In early April2010, Boeing identified a possible defect in a part at the top of thefuselage called a longeron. According to Boeing, the parts,manufactured by subcontractor Vought Aircraft Industries, are, undercertain loads, susceptible to cracking. Boeing said that the issue would

Boeing 747-8 4

not affect flight testing, but other sources stated that the problem could impact the operating envelope of the aircraftuntil it is fully repaired.[47] Two other problems have been found, with oscillation in the inboard aileron, and astructural flutter, and have not yet been resolved. Combined, these problems have slowed flight testing and used upalmost all the margin in Boeing's development schedule.[48]

On April 19, 2010, the second flight-test aircraft was moved from Moses Lake to Palmdale to conduct tests on theaircraft's engines in preparation for obtaining a type certification for the aircraft. The remaining aircraft in the testfleet are scheduled to be moved to Palmdale during May.[49] It was reported on June 3, 2010 that an engine on thesecond 747-8F was struck by a tug during a ground move. The engine cowling was damaged, but there was nodamage to the engine itself. After repairs the aircraft is to perform fuel efficiency testing.[50] It was announced onJune 14, 2010 that the 747-8 had completed the initial phase of flight-worthiness testing and that the FAA had givenBoeing an expanded type inspection authorization for the aircraft.[51]

Flight testing of the first Boeing 747-8Intercontinental destined for launch customer

Lufthansa

By the end of June 2010, the three 747-8Fs that composed theflight-test program had flown a total of over 500 hours and hadcompleted hot-weather testing in Arizona.[52] In June 2010, Boeingdetermined that a fourth -8F aircraft was needed to help complete flighttesting. It was decided to use the second production aircraft, RC503, toconduct the non-instrumented or minimally-instrumented tests, such asHIRF and Water Spray Certifications.[53] [54] The aircraft, painted indelivery customer Cargolux's new livery, first flew on July 23,2010.[55]

On April 21, 2010, Boeing chief executive officer Jim McNerneyannounced that the company would be accelerating the production of both the Boeing 747 and 777 to supportincreasing customer demand.[56] On August 21, 2010, the 747-8F proved its capability by taking off from theVictorville, California runway weighing 1,005,000 pounds (455,860 kg). Its design maximum take-off weight(MTOW) is 975,000 pounds (442,253 kg). The fifth 747-8F joined the flight-test effort with its first flight onFebruary 3, 2011.[2] On September 30, 2010 Boeing announced a further postponement, with the delivery of the firstfreighter to Cargolux expected in mid-2011.[57] [58]

The 747-8I passenger variant took to the skies over Everett, Washington for the first time on March 20, 2011.[59] Thesecond 747-8I flew on April 26, 2011.[3] Two 747-8I aircraft are to take part in the 747-8I flight test program.

Boeing 747-8 5

Design

A size comparison of the 747-8 with other large aircraft;Spruce Goose (gold), Antonov An-225 (green), Airbus

A380 (pink), and Boeing 747-8 (blue).

The 747-8 is a development of the Boeing 747, which takesadvantage of improvements in technology and aerodynamics.The two variants of the 747-8 were launched in 2005. Bothfeature a fuselage stretch of 18.3 ft (5.6 m) over the 747-400,bringing the total length to 250 ft 2 in (76.25 m). The 747-8 isthe world's longest passenger airliner, surpassing the AirbusA340-600 by approximately 3 ft (0.91 m).[5] [60] With amaximum take-off weight of 975000 lb ( kg),[61] the 747-8 isthe heaviest aircraft, commercial or military, manufactured inthe United States.[60]

Compared to the 747-400, the main technical changes havebeen on the wings, which have undergone a complete designoverhaul. The sweep and basic structure has been kept tocontain costs, but the wing is thicker and deeper, with theaerodynamics recalculated. The pressure distribution andbending moments are different, with the new wing for thepassenger version holding 64225 US gal ( L) of jet fuel, andthe cargo aircraft 60925 US gal ( L).[61] The new wing willhave single-slotted outboard flaps and double-slotted inboardflaps.[62]

Raked wingtips, similar to the ones used on the 777-200LR,777-300ER, and 787 aircraft, are used on the new 747 variant instead of winglets used on the 747-400.[63] [64] Thesewingtip structures help reduce the wingtip vortices at the lateral edges of the wings, decreasing wake turbulence anddrag, and thereby increasing fuel efficiency. Another effort to reduce weight is the introduction of fly-by-wiretechnology for the majority of the lateral controls.[14]

The General Electric GEnx engine for the747-8/787 on display at the 2009 Paris Air Show

The extra fuel capacity in the redesigned wing compared to the747-400 obviates the need to radically change the horizontal tail unit toaccommodate auxiliary tanks, further saving costs.[65] The -8's verticaltail unit is largely unchanged with a height of 63 feet 6 inches(19.35 m).[61] Some carbon fiber-reinforced plastic will be part of the747-8's airframe to reduce weight. However, structural changes aremostly evolutionary, rather than revolutionary with respect to the747-400.

The General Electric GEnx, which is one of the two powerplantchoices currently offered for the Boeing 787, is to be the only engine

available for the 747-8. However, the 747 variant has been adapted to provide bleed air for conventional aircraftsystems and feature a smaller diameter to fit on the 747 wing. The flight tests of the GEnx 2b engine fitted to aBoeing 747-100 aircraft at the left inner engine began in March 2009.[66]

Boeing 747-8 6

Variants

747-8 Freighter

The Boeing 747-8F during flight testing atEverett, Washington

The 747 has proven to be a very popular freighter, carrying around halfof the world's air freight as of 2007.[67] In an effort to maintain thisdominant position, Boeing designed a freight variant of the 747-8,named the 747-8 Freighter or 747-8F, which was launched onNovember 14, 2005.[68] The 747-8F will be the initial model to seeentry into service (EIS). As on the 747-400F, the upper deck is shorterthan passenger models; the 18 feet 31⁄2 inches (5.575 m) stretch is justbefore and just aft of the wing. With a 975000 lb ( kg) maximumtake-off weight, it will have a total payload capability of 308000 lb (kg) and a range of 4390 nmi (8130 km).[69] Four extra pallet spaceswill be created on the main deck, with either two extra containers and two extra pallets, or three extra pallets, on thelower deck.[21] The 747-8F is expected to achieve a 16% lower ton-mile operating cost than the 747-400F and offer aslightly greater range.[70]

The first 747-8 Freighter at the fuel dock ofBoeing's Everett Plant

The 747-8F will have more payload capacity but less range than thecurrent 747-400ERF. When Boeing launched the -400ERF, all of the35000 lb (16000 kg) increase in MTOW over the 747-400F875000–910000 lb (– kg) allowed airlines to take off with more fuel,burn it during flight, and land at the same weight as the regular747-400F. This increased the range of the 747-400ERF compared tothe 747-400F. Cargo carriers often move machinery or indivisibleloads that require a plane with a higher payload and landing capability.As is common with cargo planes, range is given with maximumpayload, not fuel. The 747-8's 65000 lb (29000 kg) MTOW increasehas been directed exclusively to its Zero-Fuel weight or payload

capacity. If taking off at maximum payload, the 747-8 takes off with its tanks not full. On trips where the payload isnot at maximum, the plane can take on more fuel and extend its range.

Cargolux and Nippon Cargo Airlines were the first customers for the 747-8, placing orders for the freighter variant inNovember 2005.[6] The firm configuration of the aircraft was finalized in October 2006.[71] Major assembly of theaircraft began on August 8, 2008,[17] and the aircraft first left Boeing's Everett factory on November 12, 2009.[72]

747-8 Intercontinental

The prototype Boeing 747-8 Intercontinental on atest flight.

The passenger version, named 747-8 Intercontinental or 747-8I waslaunched on November 14, 2005.[73] The aircraft will be capable ofcarrying up to 467 passengers in a 3-class configuration over 8000 nmi(15000 km) at Mach 0.855. The 747-8I will carry 51 more passengersand two more freight pallets with 26% more cargo volume than the747-400.[70] Despite initial plans for a shorter stretch than the freightermodel, the two variants will be the same length, increasing passengercapacity and allowing easier modification of the 747-8I to freighteruse.[74] The upper deck will be lengthened on the -8I.[75] New engine

Boeing 747-8 7

technology and aerodynamic modifications will allow longer range. Boeing has stated that compared to the 747-400,the -8I will be 30% quieter, 16% more fuel-efficient, and have 13% lower seat-mile costs with nearly the same costper trip.[76]

Main deck seating on the 747-8 Intercontinental

For the 747-8, Boeing has proposed some changes to the interior layoutof the aircraft. Most noticeable will be the curved stairway to the upperdeck and a more spacious main passenger entrance.[77] The 747-8'smain cabin uses an interior similar to that of the 787. Overhead binsare curved, and the center row is designed to look as though it isattached to the curved ceiling, rather than integrated into the ceiling'scurve like on the 777. The windows will also be of similar size to thetype used on the 777, which are 8% larger than those on the current747-400s. The 747-8 will feature a new solid-state light-emitting diode(LED) lighting system, which can create mood lighting.[75] LED

technology also offers improved reliability and lower maintenance costs.

Further down the aircraft, it has been proposed to place cabin-accessible facilities in the "crown" area, the spaceabove the passenger cabin, currently used for air-conditioning ducts and wiring. The wiring and ducts will be movedto the side to create extra space; as a consequence, this area will not have windows. The added space can be used forgalleys and crew rest areas, freeing up main deck space for additional passenger seating.

Boeing 747-8 Intercontinental upperdeck staircase and skylight

During the initial 747-8 marketing phase, Boeing also proposed creating arevenue-generating "SkyLoft" passenger facility in the crown space. Thisfacility would include "SkySuites", small individual compartments with slidingdoors or curtains, featuring beds, seating, and entertainment or businessequipment. A common lounge area could also be provided. Boeing alsoproposed smaller, more modest "SkyBunks". Access to the crown area wouldbe via a separate stairway at the rear of the aircraft. Passengers using theSkySuites, sold at a premium price, would sit in regular economy class seatsfor take-off and landing, and move to the crown area during flight. However,pricing feasibility studies found the SkyLoft concept difficult to justify. In2007, Boeing dropped the SkyLoft concept in favor of upper-deck galleystorage options, which were favored by the airlines.[78] Outfitting the crownspace for sleeping remains an option on VIP aircraft.[79]

The first order for the 747-8 Intercontinental was placed by an undisclosed VIPcustomer in May 2006, widely believed to be a Middle Eastern head of state.[80] [81] Lufthansa became the firstairline to order the 747-8 Intercontinental on December 6, 2006.[82] In December 2009, Korean Air announced theorder of five 747-8Is.[29] [30] Boeing stated firm configuration for the -8I was reached in November 2007.[83]

Major assembly of the 747-8I began on May 8, 2010.[76] The final body join occurred on October 15, 2010, slightlyahead of the projected schedule.[84] Assembly of first 747-8I was completed in February 2011, before being unveiledat a rollout ceremony in Everett, Washington on February 13, 2011.[85] [86] Deliveries are to begin in late 2011.[87]

On March 7, 2011, it was announced that Air China had agreed to purchase five 747-8Is, subject to governmentapproval,[88] at a price of $1.54 billion.[89] Air China said it would use the aircraft to increase internationalservice.[88]

Gauntlet ground testing of the -8I, which tests systems by simulating flight conditions, took place on March 12 and13, 2011.[87] The 747-8I's first flight occurred on March 20, 2011 from Paine Field in Everett, Washington.[90] Thesecond 747-8I first flew the following month.[3]

Boeing 747-8 8

Presidential aircraft replacementThe U.S. Air Force is seeking to upgrade Air Force One by replacing the Boeing VC-25 (two heavily modified747-200Bs).[91] Boeing is reported to be exploring a 747-8 proposal, along with a Boeing 787 Dreamliner variant.[92]

In 2010, South Korea government sources indicated that the country was considering purchasing the 747-8 to serveas the country's presidential aircraft.[93]

Orders

Boeing 747-8 Firm Orders

Date ofInitial Order

Flag Customer 747‑8I 747‑8F Total

15 Nov 2005 Cargolux Airlines 13 13

15 Nov 2005 Nippon Cargo Airlines 14 14

30 May 2006 Boeing Business Jet 8 8

11 Sep 2006 Atlas Air 12 12

30 Sep 2006 Dubai Aerospace Enterprise 15 15

30 Nov 2006 Volga-Dnepr Airlines 5 5

06 Dec 2006 Lufthansa 20 20

28 Dec 2006 Korean Air 7 7

08 Nov 2007 Cathay Pacific 10 10

07 Dec 2009 Korean Air 5 5

15 Jun 2011 Undisclosed 2[94] 2

Total firm orders 35 76 113

Source: Boeing orders and deliveries pages[6] [95]

Sales and marketingThe freighter version of the 747-8 has attracted orders from several cargo airlines; the plane has the benefit of similartraining and interchangeable parts with the Boeing 747-400F. In addition, the 747 has a long history as a successfulcargo aircraft, and despite its age is still popular among operators, as it has a larger cargo capacity and a longer rangethan other freight aircraft.[96]

Compared to the freighter version, the passenger version of the 747-8 has not seen as much success, with far fewerorders. Airlines including Emirates and British Airways considered ordering the 747-8 Intercontinental, but opted topurchase the Airbus A380 instead.[97] [98] In addition, there are 8 VIP orders for the 747-8I by various customers.Boeing Chairman and Chief Executive Jim McNerney acknowledged in a conference call to Boeing's investors inApril 2008 that he would like to see more orders for the passenger version of the 747-8.[99]

On March 7, 2011, it was announced that Air China had agreed to purchase five 747-8Is,[89] pending approval by theChinese government.[88] On June 20, 2011 at the Paris Air Show, Boeing announced that it had received two ordersand 15 commitments from two different undisclosed users for the -8I.[94] Then GE Capital Aviation Services(GECAS) agreed to buy two freighters the next day.[100] [101]

Boeing 747-8 9

Specifications

747-8I 747-8F

Cockpit crew Two

Seating capacity 467 (3-class) N/A

Overall length 250 ft 2 in (76.25 m)

Wingspan 224 ft 7 in (68.45 m)

Height 63 ft 6 in (19.35 m)

Cabin width 20.1 ft (6.1 m)

Maximum take-off weight 975000 lb ( kg)

Maximum landing weight 682000 lb ( kg) 757000 lb ( kg)

Maximum zero fuel weight 642000 lb ( kg) 717000 lb ( kg)

Operating empty weight 470100 lb ( kg) 421200 lb ( kg)

Maximum structural payload 171900 lb (78000 kg) 295800 lb ( kg)

Maximum fuel capacity 64055 US gallons ( l) 60755 US gallons ( l)

Cruising speedat 35,000 feet

Mach 0.855(570 mph, 495 kn, 917 km/h)

Mach 0.845(564 mph, 490 kn, 908 km/h)

Maximum speedat 35,000 ft

Mach 0.92 (614 mph, 533 kn, 988 km/h)

Range (at MTOW) 8000 nmi(15000 km)

with 467 passengers and baggage

(full load) 4475 nmi(8288 km)

with 295800 lb ( kg) payload

Cargo capacity 5705 cu ft (161.5 m3) 30177 cu ft (854.5 m3)

Service ceiling 43000 ft (13000 m)

Engines (4x) GEnx-2B67

Thrust (4x) 66500 lbf (296 kN)

Sources: 747 specifications,[102] 747-8 Specifications,[61] 747-8 Airport Compatibility Brochure,[103] FlightGlobal[104]

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External links• Boeing 747-8 on Boeing.com (http:/ / www. boeing. com/ commercial/ 747family/ 747-8_background. html)• Boeing 747-8, The Shape of the Future on NewAirplane.com (http:/ / www. newairplane. com/ 747/ )• Boeing 747-8 Intercontinental Airliner on Aerospace-Technology.com (http:/ / www. aerospace-technology. com/

projects/ boeing-747-8/ )

Article Sources and Contributors 14

Article Sources and ContributorsBoeing 747-8  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=440923221  Contributors: 58snow, Adamop, Adenosine Triphosphate, Aesopos, Airplaneman, Akhristov, Akradecki, Akula83,Alansohn, Alatar144, Alexmcfire, Aliziaee, Anais1983, Andros 1337, Andy Marchbanks, Andycjp, Angusmclellan, Axelll84, Axeman, B767-500, Bangabalunga, BazookaJoe, Bdodo1992,Benny45boy, BilCat, BlackLukes, Blackeagle, Blau, Bobrayner, Bovineone, Bradleystetz, Butterfly0fdoom, C628, CJCJCJ1, CPColin, Canterbury Tail, CarloPlyr440, Carrionluggage, Causantin,Chaimklein, ChrisfromHouston, Cirrocumulus, CommonsDelinker, Compdude123, Crum375, Ctillier, Ctrl build, Da man times 2, DabMachine, Dan100, Darklilac, Dawnseeker2000, Dcirovic,DeAceShooter, DeadEyeArrow, Delirium, Denniss, Djmckee1, Dk16, DocWatson42, Driftwood87, Drphilharmonic, Druid.raul, ESkog, Earendil11, Earthquake2012, Eddie Wong, Edward,Edwardlay, Eetvartti, Eqdoktor, Ericg, FT2, Fan Railer, Fangfufu, Farhandanialzahidi, Fnlayson, GabrielF, Galar71, Gerbilface, Gfoley4, GoldDragon, Gulfstream86, Gurch, Gwdr500,HamburgerRadio, Hammersfan, Heinovh, Hellbus, Henrickson, Hereford, Hiberniantears, Holden yo, Howardchu, Hu12, Hughes-MDflyer4, Hydrargyrum, Isaacu, J04n, JHP, JWTH583, Jake43,JamesBWatson, Jdoniach, Jeff.solomon, Jeff3000, Jefford717, JetBlast, JhanJensen, Jhz94, Joseph Solis in Australia, Josullivan6, Jploc3000, Jtimotiwu2, Judgesurreal777, KJ4EPE, Kai,Keeper76, Kevin23, Kiskaloo, Kukanotas, Kyteto, LCmucky, Laurent Simon, Lecapeletto, Lepetitvagabond, Lester, Ligulem, LrdChaos, MBK004, MECU, Magioladitis, Malshayef,Marcusaffleck, Marianocecowski, Mark83, MarkWales, Matt7272727272, Mayakowsky, Mcarling, Memphisto, Mgw89, Miacsin, Michael Daly, Michael Hardy, MilborneOne, Mild Bill Hiccup,Minna Sora no Shita, Mmachuca, Mnw2000, Mohammed Hasanie, Morcus, Mostergr, MrDolomite, Mtaylor848, Muhends, N328KF, N419BH, NW036, NawlinWiki, Nick, Nick Moss,NicoBolso, NicolasJz, Nivals, Nslsmith, Nukes4Tots, OVERMIND, Ogigacz, Olyus, One Salient Oversight, Oneiros, Otsego, Pajag0912, Parnell88, Pcpirate16, Pepsi132, Persuede, Piano nontroppo, Pishi212, Planenut, PolarYukon, Polly, Printpost, ProhibitOnions, Pys482, Quantpole, Quityergreeting, R rogel, R. S. Shaw, Radoslaw Ziomber, Raryel, RaseaC, Ravendrop, Reedy,Rehnn83, RenniePet, Rich Farmbrough, RightSideNov, RobbWiki, Rockford1963, Rossheth, Sacxpert, Sardanaphalus, Sarranduin, Sasha Chhh, Schalkcity, SempreVolando, Serranocalvinjed,Sherool, Siddiqui, Signaleer, SimmonsL, Simplifier, Sketch051, Skyring, Skyskraper, Sladen, Smitty, Soumyasch, Sp33dyphil, Speedyprimus, StephenML, StuffOfInterest, SuperJumbo, SylvainMielot, SynergyStar, TAG.Odessa, TB115, Tabletop, Tech77jp, TexXxan91, The Bushranger, TheUltimateHistorian, Thunderbird2, ThundertamerS, Timothyzoelman, Tomh009, Transity,Transylvanus, Travelbird, Trevor MacInnis, Trident13, Unamed102, Uris, Uwe W., Vedant, Vinceouca, ViperSnake151, Voyagerfan5761, WhisperToMe, WikiLaurent, Wikiliki,WillMak050389, Wispanow, Wizardman, Wtmitchell, Xmas1973, Yasobara, Yasser96, Yoganate79, Yousaf465, Zackp, Zalnas, Zanudaaa, Zaps93, Zeltar, Zeus1234, Zweef, 575 anonymousedits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Boeing 747-8 N747EX First Flight.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Boeing_747-8_N747EX_First_Flight.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike2.0  Contributors: Boeing_747-8_N747EX_First_Flight_2-8-2010.jpg: moonm derivative work: Altair78 (talk)File:Boeing Everett Plant.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Boeing_Everett_Plant.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: Maurice KingFile:Boeing 747-8I Large.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Boeing_747-8I_Large.jpg  License: Fair use  Contributors: Eqdoktor, IronGargoyle, Mailer diablo,N328KF, Thryduulf, 2 anonymous editsFile:Cargolux 747-8F N5573S over Fresno.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cargolux_747-8F_N5573S_over_Fresno.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors: Dusty_73File:Boeing 747-8 first flight Everett, WA.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Boeing_747-8_first_flight_Everett,_WA.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors: Boeing DreamscapeFile:Boeing 747-8I N6067U KSBD arrival.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Boeing_747-8I_N6067U_KSBD_arrival.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors: hrosas2115@sbcglobal.netFile:Giant planes comparison.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Giant_planes_comparison.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors:Clem Tillier (clem AT tillier.net)File:Salon du Bourget 20090619 254.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Salon_du_Bourget_20090619_254.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0  Contributors: Georges Seguin (Okki)File:Boeing 747-8F N5017Q in-flight.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Boeing_747-8F_N5017Q_in-flight.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors: Boeing_747-8F_N5017Q_inflight.jpg: Pat Bell derivative work: Altair78 (talk)File:747-8F at Boeing Everett Plant fuel dock.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:747-8F_at_Boeing_Everett_Plant_fuel_dock.JPG  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: YasobaraFile:747-8I (N6067E) wide angle.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:747-8I_(N6067E)_wide_angle.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors: Dave Subelack from YYC, CanadaFile:Interior Boeing 747-8 Intercontinental main deck.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Interior_Boeing_747-8_Intercontinental_main_deck.jpg  License: CreativeCommons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors: Interior_Boeing_747-8I_main_deck.jpg: Chung Webster derivative work: Altair78 (talk)File:Interior Boeing 747-8I staircase.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Interior_Boeing_747-8I_staircase.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors: Chung WebsterFile:Flag of Luxembourg.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:SKoppFile:Flag of Japan.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Japan.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: VariousFile:Flag of the United States.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Dbenbenn, Zscout370,Jacobolus, Indolences, Technion.File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AnimeAddict AA, Avala, Dbenbenn, Duduziq, F l a n k e r, Fry1989, Fukaumi, Gryffindor, Guanaco, Homo lupus, Kacir, Klemen Kocjancic, Krun, Madden, Neq00, Nightstallion, Piccadilly Circus,Pmsyyz, RamzyAbueita, 4 anonymous editsFile:Flag of Russia.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Russia.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Zscout370File:Flag of Germany.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Germany.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:Madden, User:Pumbaa80, User:SKoppFile:Flag of South Korea.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_South_Korea.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: VariousFile:Flag of Hong Kong.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Designed by

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