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2) Briefly explain the development history of fiber optic technology in Malaysia

and the advantage and disadvantage of the fiber optic technology in the

telecommunication system.

Introduction

Fiber optic is a medium for carrying information from one point to another in the form of light.

Not as the copper form of transmission, fiber optic is not electrical in nature. A basic fiber optic

systems consists of a transmitting device that converts an electrical signal into a light signal, an

optical fiber cable that carry the light and receiver that accepts the light signal and converts it

back into an electrical signal. The following are the basic fiber optic communication systems

diagram ;

Diagram 1.1 .basic fiber optic communication systems

History of fiber optic technology in Malaysia.

Malaysia's fixed line, mobile and satellite communications infrastructure provided by its five

telco's and other network facilities providers support a full range of domestic and international

services encompassing data and other advanced communications services.

According to the source, Telekom plans to start the fiber-optics broadband service in the 3rd

quarter of 2008. The initial connection speed will be 10Mbps. TM Malaysia Business CEO said it

may take 2 to 3 years before the service becomes widely available.

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The telecommunications infrastructure provides the full range of audio, data and video services

with modern and fully digitalised networks deploying fibre optics, SDH, ATM, ADSL and other

extended wireless bandwidth to provide high capacity and speed for voice and data

transmission. At the domestic level, the country is currently being served by an infrastructure of

more than 40GB. In MSC Malaysia, bandwidths capacity of up to 10 GB are provided.

Malaysia is connect to the rest of the world through different types of fibre optics and satellite

consortia such as FLAG, SE-MA-WE, APCN, China-US, Japanese-US, Measat and Intelsat. To

support the increasing demand for bandwidth, medium and high-end technologies such as

ADSL, IP, VPN and ATM are being extensively deployed throughout the country.

Benefit/advantages of fiber optic

1) Long distance signal transmissionThe low attenuation and superior signal integrity found in optical systems allow much longer

interval of signal transmission than metallic based systems.Compare to the copper systems the

distance for signal transmission is 1.2 miles while for optic systems can go over 100 kilometres

or about 62 miles with no active processing.

2) Large bandwidth, light weight and small diameterNowadays application require an ever increasing amount of bandwidth. Hence, it is important

to consider the space constraint of many end users. It is common place to install new cabling

within existing duct or conduit systems. The relative small diameter and light weight of optic

cable made such installation easy and practical.

3) SecurityCompare to metallic based systems , the dielectric nature of optical fibre make it easy toremotely detect the signal being transmittes within the cable. The only way to do is accessing

the optical fiber. These circumstances make fiber extremely attractive to government bodies,

banks and others with major security concern.

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4) Design for future application needsFiber optic is available todays, as electronics prices fall and optical cable pricing remains low. In

some many cases, fiber solution is cheaper than copper. As bandwidth demands increasingquickly with the technology advances, fiber will continue to play a main role in the long term

success of telecommunication.

5) NonconductivityAnother benefit of using optical fiber is their dielectric nature. As optical fiber has no metallic

component , it can be placed or installed in the areas with electromagnetic interference

including radio interference. All dielectric cables are also suitable for areas of high lightning

strike incidence.