Download - Assessing intercultural capability
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Maximising realistically: Strategies for maximising target
language usein our classes
Miles Turnbull, Ph.D.
[email protected] in Sydney – July 11, 2009
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My Philosophy
• MAXIMIZE TL use! (teachers and students)
• The teacher is the model!• L1 can be useful sometimes!And natural!
• Maximized L2 use is not easy for teachers or students
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More on my philosophy
• Language is an important thinking tool
• To learn language you have to use it
• L1 for L2 learners is a powerful tool to figure things out and to think through difficult content/tasks
• Bilinguals codeswitch naturally!
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I am NOT talking about passing out a license to
use the L1!
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Focus on Teachers: What Does Research Say?
• Studies show that the more students hear and read the TL, the better their TL skills
• When teachers use the TL more, students report being more motivated to continue learning the TL
• When teachers overuse the L1, students report being demotivated
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More Research Findings
• Observation studies have shown that teachers vary in terms of the quantity and quality of TL used
• Context, teachers’ personalities, confidence levels seem to be the factors that influence teachers’ TL use the most
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Why Do Teachers Tend to Use the L1?
• Translation
• Comparing L1 and TL
• Grammar teaching
• Social interactions with students
• Discipline
• Clarifying instructions
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Teachers’ Beliefs About TL and L1 Use
• Teachers agree that TL use is important
• It is tough to use TL all the time
• Past experiences seem to affect teachers’ TL use…especially new teachers
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Focus on Students: What Does the Research Say?
• “Kids’ speak”
• Understand the demands
• Make sense of activity
• Sustain interaction
• Natural phenomenon; however,...
• L1 may diminish in tasks over time
• A necessary evil?
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Maximising TL Use: Teachers
• Start firm and stick to your guns!
• Use examples that relate to students' life experiences and interests….personalize
• Point to or show real objects
• Show or draw pictures
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Sources for Pictures
• Picture files…..students can help!
• Clip art - “www.caslt.org”
• Illustrated vocabulary books
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More Practical Ideas
• Use gestures, mime, facial expressions, demonstrations, models
• Speak clearly and a bit slowly at first, increasing speed gradually to normal
• Use intonation to emphasize key words
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More Ideas
• Repeat more than once...vary repetitions
• Use synonyms, antonyms, paraphrasing and simplification when repeating
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Other Important Strategies
• Help your students understand that it’s ok if they don’t understand EVERY word they hear or read
• Encourage guessing
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When and How to Use the L1 Effectively: For teachers
• Use your students’ voices
• Ask your students' permission to speak the L1 and ask them to ask your permission to do so as well
• Point out cognates
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When Teachers Feel They MUST Switch to the L1
• Do not translate word for word
• Do not switch to L1 immediately
• Wait for at least 30 seconds
• Translate only key words at first….
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More on L1 Use
• Use the L1 when you can see that a student is truly frustrated
• Use the L1 after trying every strategy in the book - Be brief then switch back to the TL
• Use the L1 to make a comparison between L1 and TL
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Other Uses for L1
• Use the L1 for serious or exceptional discipline situations
• Use the L1 in emergencies
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Maximizing TL Use: Students
• Let’s not dream in technicolor! • Provide and practice common
classroom phrases
• Allow multiple opportunities
• Start short, quick, and then build
• Use clear models, especially for pair and group work
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Maximizing Student TL Use
• Provide needed vocabulary and structures for a given task
• Provide clear TASK with an outcome
• Model for students--use video!
• Listen and understand
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Students’ Use of L1
• Acknowledge effort and success!
• Advanced students should be expected to speak TL more, if not always
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Strategies for Maximizing Student L2 Use In Groups
• Concrete and structured activities
• Pre-activity and models
• Give explicit time frame for task, but...
• not too much time!
• Distribution of specific roles
• Recognize and reward use of TL
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Notes and questions
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Notes and questions