Transcript

Lexee Shapiros APUSH Midterm Review Sheet 2014-2015:

Lexee Shapiros APUSH Midterm Review Sheet 2014-2015:

Period 1: (1491-1607):

Columbian Exchange (pg 7-8):

a transfer of plants, animals, and germs from one side of the Atlantic to the other for the first time Indians introduced Europeans to beans, corn, potatoes, tomatoes, tobacco, and syphilis Europeans introduced Native Americans to sugarcane, livestock, iron, guns, germs and diseases (which resulted in the death of millions of Native Americans)Spanish Colonization (pg 8):

Spain sent explorers and conquistadors to the Americas They conquered the Aztecs in Mexico and the Incas in Peru Sent silver and gold back to Spain Enslaved the Indians under the Encomienda System and spread CatholicismFrench Colonization (pg 10):

Mostly settled in Canada First permanent French settlement was Quebec founded by Samuel de Champlain in 1608 Explored Mississippi and claimed Louisiana English Colonization (pg 9):

John Cabot explored Newfoundland After the defeat of the Spanish Armada in the late 1500s, England became more serious about exploration Sir Walter Raleigh established the failed Roanoke colony in North Carolina in 1587Period 2: (1607-1754):

Jamestown (pg 25): First permanent English colony in America Founded in 1607 by a joint stock company The colony almost failed because of swamp land, poor leadership, lazy settlers Indians helped, but then they started fighting the settlers John Rolfe began cultivating tobacco, which became a profitable cash cropHouse of Burgesses (pg 27):

Founded in 1619, the first representative assembly in America, and an early example of self governmentThe Maryland Toleration Act (pg 27):

Passed in 1649, was first colonial law granting religious freedom to all Christians (Catholics and Protestants) But, the law sentenced to death anybody who didnt believe in Jesus (for ex: Jews, Atheists, Muslims)Bacons Rebellion (pg 29): A rebellion of poor frontier (western) farmers who led a rebellion against the governor of Virginia, William Berkley Nathaniel Bacon was upset that Virginias government was not protecting western farmers against Indian attacks Although Bacons Rebellion was eventually defeated, it highlighted class differences between wealthy planters and poor farmers and demonstrated colonial resistance to royal control The end of Bacons Rebellion contributed to the transition of slaveryGrowth of Slavery (pg 37):

Slavery became increasingly important because of the reduced migration of indentured servants to America, the need for a stable labor force, (especially after Bacons Rebellion), and the need for cheap labor to grow cash crops, such as tobacco, rice, and indigoStono Rebellion (quizlet):

The most serious slave rebellion in the the colonial period which occurred in 1739 in South Carolina 100 African Americans rose up, got weapons and killed several whites then tried to escape to S. Florida The uprising was crushed and the participants executed The main form of rebellion was running away, though there was no where to goMayflower Compact (pg 27):

In 1620, pilgrims aboard the Mayflower wrote and signed a document pledging to make decisions based on the will of the majority This was an early form of self governmentCity on a Hill (pg 25-26):

Speech given by John Winthrop, first governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, that argued the colonists had a covenant with God and must set and example for others to follow Basic Ideas/Beliefs of the Puritans (pg 26):

Church of England (Anglican Church) was too similar to the Catholic Church Puritans followed the teachings of John Calvin and the Doctrine of Predestination Left England in search of religious freedomCreation of Rhode Island (pg 29):

After being banished from Massachusetts, Roger Williams founded Rhode Island as a safe haven for all religions Rhode Island recognized rights of Native Americans Allowed Catholics, Quakers, and Jews to worship freely Accepted Anne Hutchinson when she was banished from Massachusetts for antinomianism (the idea that faith alone, not deeds, is necessary for salvation)Congregationalists (pg 49):

The successors to the PuritansNew England Town Meetings (pg 55):

Local meetings where residents could debate and vote on local issues These were an early example of democracy in AmericaGeorge Whitfield (pg 50):

Influential minister from England Spread the Great Awakening throughout the colonies He gave emotional sermons, attracted huge audiences, and taught that anybody could understand the BibleJonathan Edwards (pg 49):

Influential Reverend in New England Preached that God was angry with human sin and that individuals should express remorse for their sins Most famous sermon: Sinners in the Hands of an Angry GodFirst Great Awakening (pg 49-50):

A mass religious reform movement during the 1730s and 1740s Resulted in more emotional preaching and caused divisions within churches For the first time, the colonists shared a common experience as Americans Had a democratizing affect by changing the way people viewed authorityMercantilism (pg 35):

Economic system in which a country accumulated wealth by using colonies for raw materials and as marketsNavigation Acts (pg 35):

Trade to and from the colonies could be carried only by English or colonial built ships All goods imported into the colonies had to pass through England Certain goods, such as tobacco, could be exported only to EnglandSalutary Neglect (pg 36):

Britains policy of ignoring the colonies as long as England continued to make money This allowed colonies to develop their own economic and political systems Albany Plan of Union (pg 70):

Benjamin Franklins Plan for establishing an intercolonial government to raise troops and collect taxes for a common defense Although it failed, it set the precedent for future, more revolutionary congressesSlavery in Colonial America (pg 37):

Colonies passed slave codes saying that slave status would be inherited & blacks would be held in bondage for life Slave trade was apart of larger Triangular TradePeriod 3: (1754-1800):

French And Indian War Results (pg 71):

Britain and the Colonists defeat the French and their Native American allies Britain becomes dominant power in North America The Era of Salutary Neglect comes to an end as Britain takes a more active role in colonial affairsProclamation of 1763 (pg 72):

To avoid conflict with Native Americans in the Ohio River Valley, the British prohibited colonists from settling West of the Appalachian MountainsVirtual Representation (pg 73):

In response to cries of taxation without representation, Britain defended themselves by saying that the colonistss interests were being represented even without colonists physically in ParliamentStamp Act (pg 72):

Passed by Parliament in 1765 to raise revenue to pay for Bristish troops in the colonies First direct tax on the colonies Colonists were outraged and organized the Stamp Act Congress to protestTownshend Acts (pg 73):

Taxes passed by Parliament on colonial imports of tea, glass, and paper Also allowed for search of private homes for smuggled goods Sons of Liberty (pg 73):

A revolutionary society organized to intimidate tax agents, organize boycotts, and rebel against EnglandCommittee of Correspondence (pg 74):

Initiated by Samuel Adams in 1772 Committees would exchange letters about suspicious or potentially threatening British activitiesDeclaration of Independence (pg 88):

The second Continental Congress formally separated from England Jefferson drew on the Enlightenment ideas by John Locke It listed specific grievances against King George IIIBattle of Saratoga (pg 90):

Turning point in Revolutionary War Resulted in a treaty of alliance with FranceArticles of Confederation (pg 92-93):

First form of government in the U.S. Accomplishments: winning Revolutionary War, Treaty of Paris (1783), Land Ordinance (1785), Northwest Ordinance (1787) Weaknesses: war debt, no power to tax, no foreign policy, weak central government, strong state governmentsShays Rebellion (pg 93):

Revolutionary War veterans and farmers rebelled in Massachusetts against high taxes, imprisonment for debt, and worthless paper money After the rebellion was stopped, colonial leaders met to write the ConstitutionNorthwest Ordinance of 1787 (pg 93):

Congress, (under the Articles of Confederation), set rules for creating new states Prohibited slavery in Northwest territoryGreat Compromise (pg 105):

Major issue was representation in Congress: large states wanted proportional representation based on population and smaller states wanted fixed representation (each state same # of representatives) Provided for a bicameral (2 house) legislature The Senate would have equal representation (2 per state) and the House of Representatives would be based on populationFederalists (pg 107):

Argued in favor of the Constitution because they believed in stronger central government Leaders: Washington, Madison, HamiltonAnti-Federalists (pg 107):

Argued against new Constitution because they believed strong central government would limit democracy and would restrict state rights Also argued in favor of Bill of Rights to protect civil rights Federalist Papers (pg 106):

Series of essays written by Madison, Hamilton, John Jay arguing in favor of Constitution Bill of Rights (pg 108-109):

First 10 amendments to Constitution Supported by Anti-Federalists, who believed U.S. needed protection against a strong central government Examples: 1st Amendment was protection of speech, religion, press, assembly, petitionHamiltons Financial Plan (pg 110-111):

Plan to pay off nations debt from Revolutionary War Included 4 main aspects: assumption of state debts (federal government took over state debts), creation of tariff (tax on imports), excise tax (non-essential goods tax to raise revenue for government, ex: whiskey tax), creation of National BankWhiskey Rebellion (pg 113):

1794 rebellion of farmers in western Pennsylvania protesting Whiskey Tax Washington sent troops to stop the rebellion (wanted to demonstrate strength of new federal government)Strict Interpretation (pg 116):

Follow exactly whats written in Constitution & limit power of federal governmentLoose Interpretation (pg 116):

Believe one can do more than what is written in Constitution (Constitution is flexible document) Wouldve allowed for a stronger federal governmentJefferson v. Hamilton (pg 116):

Jefferson: Democratic Republican, strict constructionist, states rights advocate, pro-French, favored agriculture over industry, believed in weak central government Hamilton: Federalist, loose constructionist, supported strong central government, pro-British, supported business and industry over agricultureJays Treaty (pg 111):

1794, in response to Britains seizure of American ships and impressment of American sailors, Washington sent Jay to Britain Jay returned with a treaty that opened up trade but did nothing about impressment & Americans were upsetWashingtons Farewell Address (pg 115):

He warned against political parties and alliances with foreign countriesAlien & Sedition Acts (pg 117):

Passed in 1798 by John Adams and Federalists in Congress during the Quasi War with France (after XYZ Affair) Increased citizenship requirements and authorized president to deport immigrants Made it illegal for newspapers to criticize government Mostly used to target Democratic RepublicansKentucky & Virginia Revolutions (pg 117):

In response to the Alien & Sedition Acts, Jefferson & Madison introduced the statess rights doctrine of nullification Election of 1800 (pg 117-118):

After a bitter campaign, Jefferson defeated Adams in what was a peaceful transition from one political party to another (sometimes called Revolution of 1800)Period 4: (1800-1848):

Marbury v. Madison (pg 134):

Before Adams left office, he made a number of judicial appointments (Midnight Judges) When Jefferson became President, he tried to withhold one of the appointments (Marbury) When Chief Justice John Marshall ruled this action unconstitutional, it established the doctrine of judicial review, which allowed the Supreme Court to decide whether acts of Congress or the President were constitutionalMcCulloch v. Maryland (pg 154):

Maryland attempted to tax bank of U.S., but Supreme Court ruled this action unconstitutional This case limited statess rights and declared Bank of U.S. constitutional Supreme Court, under Chief Justice John Marshall, expanded power of federal governmentSamuel Chase (pg 135):

Federalist Justice on Supreme Court that was impeached by House of Representatives but acquitted by the SenateLouisiana Purchase (pg 132):

Jefferson went to France to purchase Port of New Orleans Napoleon, after losing Haiti to a rebellion, decided he no longer needed territory in North America and offered all of Louisiana for $15 million Although it violated his strict interpretation of the Constitution, the purchase allowed Jefferson to double size of U.S. and opened the West for settlement and exploration Embargo Act (pg 136):

In response to France and Britain seizing American ships and impressing American sailors, Jefferson prohibited all American merchant ships from sailing to any foreign port The Embargo (halt of trading) was a failure and it hurt American economyWar of 1812 (pg 138-141):

Causes: British impressment of American sailors, Britain was arming Indians on the frontier, & war hawks in Congress were pushing for war Impact: U.S. gained respect of other nations & recognized Canada as part of British EmpireHartford Convention (pg 141):

In 1814, New England Federalists met to voice their opposition to the War of 1812 They proposed changes to Constitution & the radical Federalists threatened secession After the war, the Federalist party declined because they were viewed as unpatriotic Era of Good Feelings (pg 150):

Nickname for the Monroe Presidency that was marked by nationalism, optimism, & one party rule Many debates about National Bank, tariffs, and internal improvements Sectionalism over slavery Economic downturn with Panic of 1819Clays American System (pg 152):

His plan for economic growth that included protective tariffs, a National Bank, and internal improvementsMonroe Doctrine (pg 158-159): A policy towards Europe that declared American neutrality Monroe warned Europe not to colonize or recolonize any part of the Western HemisphereDoctrine of Nullification (pg 196-197):

The theory that a state had a right to declare a federal law null and void if it was believed to be unconstitutional Missouri Compromise (pg 155-157):

A compromise by Henry Clay Missouri would enter the Union as slave state, Maine entered as free state, & it prohibited slavery in the rest of Louisiana territory North of the 36/30 latitude Eli Whitney (pg 161-162):

Responsible for invention of cotton gin, which allowed planters to clean cotton more efficiently, which increased slavery Invented interchangeable parts, which was the basis for mass productionTariff of Abominations (pg 196-197):

A high tax on imported goods that many southerners objected to South Carolina threatened to nullify it Eventually a compromise was passedJacksonian Democracy (pg 191-193):

A term used for the expansion of democracy in 1820s and 1830s Universal white male suffrage Nominating conventions for choosing candidates for public officesGag Rule (Dennis definition):

An agreement in Congress not to bring up legislation dealing with slavery (1830s-40s)Common Man (pg 192-193):

See Jacksonian Democracy Candidates tried to appeal to ordinary Americans because more people could voteWorcester v. Georgia (pg 196):

Supreme Court ruled that Georgia could not forcibly remove Indians Jackson ignored this decisionSpoils System (pg 193):

Awarded government jobs to loyal supporters Also known as the Rotation of Officeholders or Patronage SystemBank Rechartering (pg 197):

Henry Clay attempted to recharter the National Bank in 1832 Jackson vetoed the bank recharter because he believed it was a monopoly, he believed it was unconstitutional, & he believed it benefited wealthy at expense of common peopleIndian Removal (pg 196):

Jackson forced Native Americans on a Trail of Tears to settle on Indian territory west of Mississippi RiverTranscendentalism (pg 209):

New England intellectual and spiritual movement that emphasized self reliance, civil disobedience, individualism, & artistic expressionRalph Waldo Emerson (pg 209):

Transcendentalist who argued for self reliance & independent thinking Critic of slaveryHenry David Thoreau (pg 209):

Wrote the book Walden using observations of nature to discover truths about life and the universe Wrote essay Civil Disobedience about nonviolent protestSecond Great Awakening (pg 207):

Religious revival during early decades of the 19th century The movement believed that people were naturally good and preached perfectionism Spoke about opportunity and salvation for all, which had democratizing effect on American societyHorace Mann (pg 213):

Leading advocate of public school movement Worked for compulsory education, longer school years, and teacher educationDorothea Dix (pg 212):

Led movement for prison reform and separate institutions for mentally illTemperance Movement (pg 212):

Reformers targeted alcohol as cause of social ills & called for its prohibitionBrook Farm (pg 209):

Transcendentalist community in Massachusetts Promoted artistic creativity and innovationSeneca Falls Convention (pg 214):

1st womens rights convention in U.S. history Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Susan B. Anthony led campaign for equal voting, legal, & property rights for womenDeclaration of Sentiments (pg 214):

Written at Seneca Falls Convention to address discrimination against women in society Modeled after Declaration of IndependenceCult of Domesticity (pg 214):

The idealized view of women as moral leaders in the householdAlexis de Tocqueville (Dennis Definition):

Frenchman who visited U.S. in 1830s Wrote a book called Democracy in America about general condition of democracy & equality in the U.S. in comparison to European countriesNat Turners Revolt (pg 215):

Violent slave rebellion in 1831 in which 55 whites were killed Led to more restrictive slave codes for fear of future uprisingsAmerican Colonization Society (pg 215):

The idea of transporting freed slaves to an African colony Established the colony of Liberia Abolitionism (pg 214-215):

The movement to end slaveryWilliam Lloyd Garrison (pg 215):

Leader of American antislavery society and publisher of The Liberator, an abolitionist paperThe Liberator (pg 215):

The antislavery newspaper started by William Lloyd GarrisonMarket Revolution (pg 164):

During the early 1800s, it was marked by the growth of cities, industrialization, and development of modern capitalism Meant the end of self-sufficient households and a growing interdependence among peopleLowell System (pg 163):

A textile factory in Massachusetts that recruited young women from farms and housed them in company dormitories Toward the middle of the 19th century, they were replaced by immigrantsTransportation Revolution (pg 161):

During early 1800s, this was the development of an efficient network of interconnecting roads, canals, and railroads for moving people, raw materials, & manufactured goodsCotton Gin (pg 178):

Made it easier to clean cotton which made cotton more affordable Made cotton king in the south & led to expansion of slaveryWho Owned Slaves? (pg 178):

Most southerners didnt own any slaves Members of a small southern elite of wealthy plant owners owned at least 100 slaves and at least 100 acres of land Majority of slaveholders were farmers who owned fewer than 20 slavesSouthern Justification of Slavery (Dennis Definition):

Argument that slavery was a positive good and that blacks were better off as slaves because they were well treated Southerners argued slaves were better off than northern workers Yeoman Farmers (pg 180):

Average farmer who owned a modest amount of land and perhaps some slaves Made up majority of southern populationPeriod 5: (1848-1877):

Mexican War (pg 233-234):

An example of Manifest Destiny The American war with Mexico was started over border dispute with Texas (Rio Grande)James K. Polk (pg 233):

A proponent of Manifest Destiny Responsible for annexation of Texas & negotiating a border for Oregon with Britain Sent troops to disputed territory in Texas, which started Mexican WarRepublic of Texas (pg 231):

After winning independence from Mexico, Texas functioned as an independent republic before annexed by U.S. in 1845Guadalupe Hidalgo Treaty (pg 234):

Ended Mexican War Mexico recognized Rio Grande as southern border of Texas U.S. took possession of former Mexican provinces of California and New Mexico, became known as Mexican cessionWilmot Proviso (pg 234):

A proposal to ban slavery in all new territories acquired from MexicoFree Soil Party (pg 247):

Northerners who opposed allowing slavery in new western territoriesCompromise of 1850 (pg 248):

Admitted California as free state Decided status of slavery in Utah and New Mexico by popular sovereignty Banned slave trade, but not slavery, in D.C. Adopted new, stricter Fugitive Slave LawPopular Sovereignty (pg 249):

Allowing settlers in the territory to vote on whether to allow slavery or notNativism (pg 176):

Discrimination against immigrantsKnow Nothing Party (pg 176):

A political party formed in 1850s to target Irish Catholic & German immigrants in U.S. Protestants who distrusted Roman CatholicsKansas Nebraska Act (pg 252):

Law proposed by Steven Douglas to organize territories of Kansas & Nebraska & allowed them to decide on issue of slavery with popular sovereignty Repealed Missouri Compromise because those 2 territories were North of 36/30 line and shouldve been freed from slaveryLincoln Douglas Debates (pg 256):

In race for an Illinois senate seat, the 2 men engaged in a series of debates that centered on issue of slaveryFreeport Doctrine (pg 257):

In aftermath of Dred Scott Decision, Lincoln challenged Douglass views on popular sovereignty Douglas responded that slavery couldnt exist in a territory that didnt pass slave codes & this angered southern democratsRepublican Platform on Slavery (pg 255):

Wanted to stop spread of slavery into Western territoriesFugitive Slave Laws (pg 250):

Part of Compromise of 1850 Purpose was to track down runaway slaves to return them to their southern owners New law would have strict federal enforcementUncle Toms Cabin (pg 250):

A novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe that became most influential book of the 19th century Depicted the horrors of slavery & convinced many people that slavery was wrongHarriet Beecher Stowe (pg 250):

Author of Uncle Toms Cabin Critic of Fugitive Slave LawSumner/Brooks (pg 254):

After Senator Charles Sumner gave speech attacking slavery & South Carolina, congressman Preston Brooks beat Sumner with his cane It demonstrated how sectionalism was becoming violentBleeding Kansas (pg 253):

A violent conflict between pro-slavery advocates from Missouri & anti-slavery settlers in Kansas Most famous episode was John Brown & his sons killing pro-slavery advocates at Pottawatomie CreekDred Scott Decision (pg 255-256):

After his owner brought him to free territory, Dred Scott sued for his freedom & Supreme Court decided the following: Dred Scott was not a citizen & therefore couldnt sue, Congress didnt have power to ban slavery in any territory, Missouri Compromise was unconstitutionalResults of 1860 Election (pg 258):

With a split in the democratic party, republican Abe Lincoln won election without any electoral votes from south In response, South started to secede from UnionWar Aims of North & South (pg 268-269):

North: preserve Union, keep border states from seceding South: declare independence and form new country, Confederate States of AmericaAdvantages of North/South (pg 270):

North: more $, more railroads, more industry, larger population, navy South: fighting defensive war, more experienced generals, high troop moraleLincolns Actions During Civil War (Dennis Definition):

Pledge to preserve Union Emancipation Proclamation Suspended writ of Habeas Corpus temporarily Instituted martial (military) law in certain border statesEmancipation Proclamation (pg 275):

Lincoln freed slaves in states that were still in rebellion on January 1st, 1863Homestead Act (pg 281):

Promoted westward settlement by offering 160 acres of land to any person or family who agreed to farm it for 5 yearsPacific Railway Act (pg 281):

Authorized building of Transcontinental RailroadTen Percent Plan (pg 292):

Lincolns plan for reconstruction that said a state government that rebelled against a union could be accepted back into the U.S. as soon as 10% of the voters took a loyalty oath Radical Reconstruction (pg 295-296):

Congresss plan to reconstruct the Union by punishing the south and protecting rights of African Americans Included Civil Rights Act of 1866, 14th and 15th amendments, and Military Reconstruction Act of 186713th, 14th, 15th Amendments (Dennis Definition):

13th: ended slavery 14th: redefined citizenship to include anyone born or naturalized (legal immigrant) in U.S. and guaranteed equal protection under the law for all citizens 15th: right to vote for black malesFreedmans Bureau (pg 292):

Provided food, shelter, medical aid, & education for former slavesSharecropping (pg 300):

Former slaves rented land from former owners & paid with a share of their crop Kept southern blacks in a cycle of debtBlack Codes (pg 294):

Laws passed by southern states to limit the rights of black freedmen Prohibited blacks from borrowing $ to buy land, forced them to sign labor contracts, prohibited them from testifying against whites in court (To keep them in condition of servitude essentially)Ku Klux Klan (pg 302):

Organization that terrorized & murdered blacks in the southRedeemers (pg 302):

Southern conservatives, usually members of democratic party, took control of south after reconstruction endedCompromise of 1877 (pg 303):

A deal between democratic and republican candidates for president that resulted in republican candidate, Hayes, winning against Tilden, & promising to withdraw northern troops from the southPeriod 6: (1865-1898):

Gilded Age (Dennis Definition):

Term used to describe the late 19th century industrialization of American when some people benefitted, but many did not (false gold coating)Political Machines (pg 364):

Political parties in major cities came under control of tightly organized groups of politicians known as political machines Each machine had a boss who gave jobs to loyal supportersCorporations (pg 162):

Made it easier for people to from businesses because they could sell shares of their company to raise capital Also limited risk and liability of business ownersNew Immigration (pg 361):

During the Gilded Age, immigrants started coming over from eastern & southern Europe, as well as East AsiaMonopolies (Dennis Definition):

One company controlled an entire industryCaptains of Industry vs. Robber Barons (Dennis Definition):

Terms to describe industrialists of late 19th century who made great strides in innovation & business & philanthropy, but often used illegal tactics to consolidate their business and eliminate competitionKnights of Labor/American Confederation of Labor (Dennis Definition):

KOL: organized skilled & unskilled laborers to fight for hours, conditions, wages, & social justice, they became associated with violence after the Haymarket Affair AFL: organized skilled workers to fight for hours, wages, & conditionsSherman Act (Dennis Definition):

Aimed to break up trusts and restore competition, but was used against unions in the early yearsSocial Darwinism (Dennis Definition):

Belief in survival of the fittest applied to societyMONDAY PERIOD 3 FIRST DAY IN FEB MELIS AUDITORIUM

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