APUSH 1 st Semester Exam Study Guide Chapters 2-22

Format80 Multiple Choice Questions

2 Free Response Essays

Chapter 2

Sea Dogs and Sir Francis Drake - set out by Queen Elizabeth, to steal treasure and plunder from Spanish settlements and ships in new colonizations. The king knighted Drake

Roanoke Colony - island in Virginia, 1st attempt at English colonization, completely disappeared, embarrassing failure

1588- Spanish Armada - Spain was large, united, powerful country but after England basically defeated them in the Spanish Armada England became this powerful united country. After the war, England swarmed to America to take over the colonies and gain colonization power. Signed peace treaty in 1604.

Reasons for English Exploration/Emigration – o defeated Spain- now powerful o their population was growing rapidly o farmers were enclosing their land for farmingo Puritanism was taking a strong hold in woolen districts of western and eastern Englando laws of premogentoture- young sons of the rich couldn't inherit money so they tried their luck

with fortune in other places like Americao joint stock companies were being perfected

Virginia Company of London - a joint-stock company in England that received a charter from King James to settle land in America, were planning on going- making quick profit and coming right back

The Charter - the charter of the VA Company, stated that settlers were guaranteed the same rights there as in England

May 24, 1607 - 100 English settlers, mostly male, founded Jamestown, 40 died during voyage, the three ships originally landed in Chesapeake Bay

Jamestown - mosquito infested, diseases, great game and fish but "gentlemen" too focused on profit and don't want to/know how to work, many die during starvation, founded by English colonists

Captain John Smith - 1605, took over Jamestown and whipped the colonists into discipline, saved them from dying like Roanoke, forced colonists to work in order to eat

Powhatan - Indians near Jamestown, fake kidnapped John Smith (to show peace), eventually would have many problems with colonists, Chief Powhatan dominated many tribes in James River area, English called all Indians in the are Powhatans, saw English as allies until they raided them and stole their food

Pocahontas - "saved" John Smith as a sign of peace between the two groups

"Starving Time" - winter of 1609-1610, very high mortality rate, life expectancy- 40 years, death of children before age 5- 80%, harsh winters and starvation killed many

Lord De La Warr - English leader at the time (Delaware), given orders by Virginia Company to start war (First Powhatan War), used "Irish Tactics"

"Irish Tactics" - De La Warr raided villages, burned houses and fields, used in First Powhatan War First Powhatan War - (1614), led by De La Warr using Irish tactics, ended in 1614 with peace

settlement and marriage between John Rolfe and Pocohontas/1614-1622 peace with Powhatans and English/1622-1644 periodic attacks with English and settlers, 1622- Indians attack English, kill 347 including John Rolfe, VA company orders "perpetual warfare"- killed many and forced westward

Second Powhatan War - (1644), last effort of natives to defeat England, get defeated again, peace treaty of 1646- removed Powhatans from original land, formally separated the two groups- banished completely when learned about food and land and no longer needed

John Rolfe - married Pocahontas, killed by Indians, finally made colonies prosper with tobacco, father of tobacco

1619 - such a pivotal year for the colonists because it was when the House of Burgesses was formed and the colonists began to feel more independent and make laws, slavery was also born in this year

House of Burgesses - founded in 1619, assumed the role of the House of Commons in England (took control of finances and militia), initiated legislation, James I did not approve- called "seminary of sedition", made the colonists feel more independent and separate from England

Royal Colony - King James I revoked the charter of Virginia and bankrupt the VA Company, making Virginia a royal colony under the king's direct control, James hated House of Burgesses and tobacco

Lord Baltimore - a royal charter was given to him to create Maryland in 1632, became proprietary colony in 1634, wanted to be a leader that was never there, healthier location than Jamestown, tobacco was the main crop, indentured servants, gave huge tracts of land to Catholic relatives, persecuted Catholics found refuge, Catholics given MUCH religious freedom and all Christians, rest of Protestants didn't like that Catholics got so much religious freedom, atheist did not have freedom

Act of Toleration (1649) - supported by the Catholics in Maryland, guaranteed toleration to ALL CHRISTIANS, decreed death to those who denied the divinity of Jesus (Jews, atheist),

Economic Importance of West Indies – as British were colonizing in Virginia, they were also settling in West Indies (Spain's declining power

opened the door) England had secured claim to several islands including Jamaica grew lots of sugar- tobacco of the Caribbean- much more difficult than tobacco Thousands of African slaves were needed to operate sugar plantations and these weren't for the poor

either- Africans had skill in sugar, more blacks than whites; would then sell to colonies and all over world and Europe and back to England, made a lot of money

Connection between Barbados and the Carolina Colony - Carolinas flourished by developing close economic ties with the West Indies, many original Carolina settlers had come from Barbados (they brought slaves and slave system with them),

Gold - the main attraction to colonization and all that the settlers were concerned with and talked about

Barbados Slave Code - 1661, a law in North America that gave masters complete and total control of slaves

British Political Role in the Founding of Carolina - King Charles had been beheaded and eventually Charles II was at the throne, it was now the restoration period and they were building their empire with great force, a group of small English farmers from West Indies arrived in Carolina (discovered but not granted to), brought black slaves and Barbados slave code with them, named for King Charles II, King granted Carolina to 8 supporters (Lord Proprietors)- hoped to use Carolina to supply their

plantations in Barbados with food and export wine, silk, and olive oil to Europe (seen as secondary colony), close economic ties with West Indies, Indian slaves Carolina was named after Charles II and was formally created in 1670

Principal Crop in Carolina - Rice and Indigo Role of Slaves in Carolina Agriculture - African slaves were hired to work on the rice fields, due to

their immunity to malaria and their familiarity with rice Charles Town - AKA Charleston, busiest southern seaport, still a busy seaport, very aristocratic North Carolina Settlers - Conflict- many newcomers to Carolina were "squatters", people who owned

no land, (basically created North Carolina), North Carolina developed a strong resistant to authority, due to geographic isolation from neighbors, looked at as irreligious and supporters of pirates by their snobby neighbors (South Carolina), different than Virginia and South Carolina, In 1712 North and South Carolina were officially separated

Tuscaroras - In 1711, the Tuscaro Indians attacked North Carolinas, the Carolinians responded by crushing the opposition, selling hundreds to slavery and leaving the rest to wander north, eventually becoming the Sixth Nation of the Iroquois

Sir Humphrey Gilbert - The original promoter of the colonization of Americas Sir Walter Raleigh - The man who took over after Sir Humphrey Gilbert died and settled Roanoke as

well as named Virginia Original Purpose for the Founding of Georgia/ Georgia in General - Georgia was intended to be a

buffer between the British colonies and the hostile Spanish settlements in Florida and the enemy French in Louisiana, also meant to be a haven for the wretched souls in debt, founded in 1733 (by high-minded group of philanthropists) it was the last colony founded, named after King George II of England, received financial aide from England during a big war with the French and Spanish, exported silk and wine, determined to keep slavery out (found GA in 1750 for cash crops)

James Oglethorpe - the ablest of the founders and a dynamic soldier-statesman, repelled Spanish attacks, he saved the "Charity Colony" by his energetic leadership and using his own fortune to help with the colony

John Wesley - All Christians except Catholics enjoyed religious toleration, and many missionaries including John Wesley came to try to convert the Indians, he later returned to England and founded Methodism

Characteristics/Compare and Contrast Southern Plantation Colonies – o slavery was founded in all the plantation colonies,o growth of cities was often stunted by forestso establishment of schools and churches were often difficulto In the south, the crops were tobacco and riceo All the plantation colonies permitted some religious toleration o Confrontations with Native Americans was ofteno few powerful people had much lando tobacco ruined the soil so they were forced to go westwardo depended on a staple crop

Five Tribes of the Iroquois Confederation - the Mohawks, the Oneidas, the Onondagas, the Deganawidah, and the Hiawatha

Location of Iroquois - now New York State Longhouses - the building block of Iroquois society, only 25 feet wide but over 200 feet long,

longhouses were typically occupied by a few blood-related families (on the mother's side) Role of Women in the Iroquois - everything was on the mother’s side of the family and mothers were

the head

Handsome Lake - An Iroquois named Handsome Lake arose to warn his tribe’s people to mend their ways; his teachings live today in the form of the longhouse religion

Quiz Questions o English efforts in the 1500s to compete with the Spanish empire were ___________ - indifferento Spain's dreams of empire began to fade with the _______ - defeat in the Spanish Armadao The biggest disrupter of Native American life was ________ - diseaseo Jamestown Economy - was not diversifiedo Sugar- the rich man's crop- because.. - had to be planted extensively, required clearing of much

land, required an elaborate refining process, was a capital-intensive businesso Slavery began in ________ - Virginiao West Indies - stopping point on way to America- trade, slaves, etc.o Fundamental Constitution of Carolina - like Mayflower compact- gave freedoms- written by

Ashley Coopero In the early 1600s, where were the first Spanish, British, and French settlements? - Santa Fe,

Jamestown, and Quebeco "Virgin Queen" - Queen Elizabeth I because she never got marriedo Broad Acre Plantation System - plantations were spread out large amounts of land because

tobacco ruined the soilo Yamasee Wars - early 1700s, Carolinians defeated most remaining Indians in southern and

Appalachian region

Chapter 3

John Calvin and Institutes of the Christian Religion - John Calvin preached Calvinism, basic doctrines were stated in the 1536 document entitled the Institutes of the Christian Religion, all humans are weak and wicked, only predestined could go to heaven, no matter what

Predestination - good works could not save those predestined for hell, no one could be certain of their spiritual status, gnawing doubts led to constantly seeking signs of "conversion", in Calvinism

Puritans - Want to totally reform (purify) the Church of England, grew impatient with the slow process of Protestant Reformation back in England, purify but not totally leave

"Visible Saints" - All Puritans believed that only "visible saints" (those who could demonstrate in front of their fellow Puritans their elect status) should be admitted to church membership,

Separatists - vowed to break away from the Church of England because the "saints" would have to sit with the "damned", King Charles mocked them out of England because they disliked him religiously and he was afraid it would turn politically

The Mayflower - a group of 102 (half separatists), negotiated with the VA Company to settle in its jurisdiction, non-separatists included Captain Myles Standish, Plymouth Bay was outside the domain of the VA Comp., had no right to settle in land or set up government, landed in New England in 1620- not on Plymouth Rock like originally expected

Captain Myles Standish - a non-separatist on the Mayflower, proved to be a great Indian fighter and negotiator

Mayflower Compact - written and signed before the Pilgrims disembarked from the ship, not a constitution, but an agreement to form a crude government and submit to majority rule, signed by 41 adult males, led to meeting assemblies to make laws, kept community together,

William Bradford - chosen governor of Plymouth 30 times in annual elections, was a great leader, and helped Plymouth survive and trade fur, fish, and number, self-taught scholar, worried about settlements of non-Puritans spring up nearby and corrupting Puritan society

Massachusetts Bay Colony - In 1629- non-Separatists got a royal charter to form the MA Bay Colony, wanted to escape attacks by conservatives in the Church of England, they didn't want to leave the church, just its "impurities", in 1630 11 well stocked ships sent of and established Boston as its hub

"Great Migration" - 1630s, turmoil in England (leading to the English civil war), sent about 70,000 Puritans to America, Not all puritans 20,000 came to MA, many also went to Barbados

John Winthrop - well-off attorney and manor lord in England, became 1st governor of Massachusetts, believed he had a calling from God to lead there, and served in government for 19 years,

John Cotton - a prominent clergy member, was educated at Cambridge and had immigrated to Massachusetts to avoid persecution from his criticism of the Church of England

Michael Wigglesworth and the "Day of Doom" - written in 1662, sol one copy for every 20 people, showed that the Puritan concept of hell was very serious and scary

Characteristics of New England Settlements -low morality- average life expectancy was 70 years of age, many extended families, average of 6 children per family, married at older age, took care of each other, held them accountable, spied

Anne Hutchinson - Puritan women had no rights, intelligent, strong-willed, well-spoken women, threatened patriarchal control, 1638- she confounded the Puritan leaders for days, eventually bragged that she had received her beliefs directly from God, direct revelation was even more serious than the heresy of antinomianism because she is a woman and only men could talk to God according to Puritans, Puritan leaders banished her she and her family went to Rhode Island and later to New York, she and all by one member of her family were killed in an Indian attack, John Winthrop saw that this was God's hand punishing her

Antinomianism - means "against the law", carried to logical extremes Puritan doctrine of predestination, Holy life was no sure sign of salvation, truly saved men didn't need to obey the law of God or man, thought that priests not needed- anyone can talk to God

Roger Williams - a radical idealist hounded his fellow clergymen to make a clean and complete break with the Church of England, he went on to deny that civil government could and should govern religious behavior, he was banished in 1635 (because found guilty of preaching new and dangerous ideas) and flew to the Rhode Island area

Rhode Island - founded by Roger Williams when he fled there in 1636, remarkable political freedom in Providence, RI, universal manhood suffrage- later restricted by a property qualification, opposed to special privilege of any kind, freedom of opportunity to all, became known as the "sewer" because it is seen by the Puritans as a dumping ground for unbelievers and religious dissenters- more liberal than any other colony!, religious toleration for everyone, no taxes to church, people in RI weren't similar, just different from everyone else, finally secured a charter in 1644

Covenant Theology - Covenant of Grace and Social Covenant Covenant of Grace - Between Puritan communities and God Social Covenant - Between the members of the puritans. Required mutual watchfulness (spying on

each other). Patriarchy - male controlled church and government, and household, women were to be seen not

heard Thomas Hooker/Connecticut - In 1635, Hartford, Connecticut was founded, Rev. Thomas Hooker led

an energetic group of Puritans west, in 1638 New Haven was founded and eventually merged into Connecticut,

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut - settlers of the new Connecticut River colony drafted in open meeting a trailblazing document called the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, it was basically a modern constitution

Squanto - A Wampanoag Indian helped keep relative peace between Indians and settlers (Thanksgiving)

Wampanoags - near Plymouth, befriended the settlers Massasoit - Chief Massasoit signed treaty with the settlers, autumn 1621- both groups celebrated the

First Thanksgiving Pequot War - 1637, Pequots- very powerful tribe in CT river valley, tensions exploded, whites, with

Narragansett Indian allies, attacked Pequot village on Mystic River, whites set fire to homes and shot fleeing survivors, Pequot tribes virtually annihilated- an uneasy peace lasted for 40 years, tried to convert some remaining Indians after criticism from England

Metacom (King Philip) - Metacom- called king Philip by the English united neighboring Indians in a last-ditch attack that failed, 1675

King Philip's War - 1675-1676- Indian's unite at final chance to beat British, war ended in failure for Indians, Metacom was beheaded and drawn and quartered, his son and wife were sold into slavery, never a serious threat in New England again

Blue Laws - In Massachusetts Bay colonies, no stage plays, cards, dice, or excessive hilarity New England Confederation (1643-1686) - In 1643 four colonies banded together to form it,

Massachusetts Bay Colony, Plymouth, New Haven, and Connecticut, almost all Puritan, it was weak but still a notable milestone toward American unity, colonies were basically allowed to be semiautonomous commonwealths, Charles II wanted tighter reign on colonies and was surprised how much orders were ignored by Massachusetts- as punishment a sea-to-sea charter was given to rival Connecticut and a charter was given to Rhode Island, in 1684- Massachusetts' charter was revoked

Dominion of New England ( 1686-1688) - created to bolster the colonial defense against the Indians and tying the colonies closer to Britain by enforcing the hated Navigation Acts, made by England

Navigation Acts - enforced to get closer to Britain by Dominion of New England, forbid American trade with countries other than Britain, smuggling became common

Sir Edmund Andros - head of the Dominion, established HQ in Boston, he openly showed his association with the locally hated Church of England, his soldiers were vile mouthed, responded to opposition by curbing town meetings, restricting the courts and the press, and revoking all land titles, he taxed the people without their consent

Glorious Revolution - at the same time the people of England staged the Glorious Revolution instating William and Mary to the crown- result the Dominion of New England collapsed

Henry Hudson - in 1609 he ventured into Delaware and New York Bay and claimed the area for the Netherlands

Dutch East and West India Companies - after the Netherlands revoked against Spain and gained their independence the Dutch East India Company was established, with an army of 10,000 men and a fleet of 190 ships, the Dutch West India Company often raided rather than traded, It was the Dutch West India company that that bought Manhattan Island for some worthless trinkets (22,000 acres of the most valuable land in the world today)

New Amsterdam (Manhattan) - purchased by Dutch East and West India Companies, was a company town, run by and for the Dutch company in the interests of stockholders, attracted people of all types and races, did not care about religion, aristocratic, Cosmopolitan, profit centered

Patroonships - large areas of land given by the Dutch to promoters who agreed to settle at least 50 people on them

Wall Street - an Indian attack once got so bad that the Dutch erected a wall in New Amsterdam for which Wall Street is named today

Peter Stuyvesant - 1655, one legged, sent by Dutch to besiege the main Swedish fort, and he won, ending Swedish colonial rule and leaving only Swedish log cabins and place names as evidence that the Swedes were everywhere in Delaware

How did the English come to control the Netherlands? - In 1664, Charles II granted New Netherland's land to his brother, the Duke of York (before he even controlled the area), 1664- English soldiers

arrive, Dutch had to surrender without firing a shot, England now controlled New York and the whole Atlantic Coast

New Netherlands - founded in the Hudson River area (1623-1624), established Dutch West India Company for quick profit in fur trade, would not pay much attention to the colony

What was the origin of the name New York? - King Charles II granted the land to his brother, DUKE OF YORK, who renamed it New York

William Penn and Pennsylvania - aristocratic Englishmen, 1660- attracted to the Quaker faith, embraced Quakerism after military service, 1681- he received a grant from the king to establish a colony- this settled the debt the king owed his father, named Pennsylvania, he sent out paid agents and advertised for settlers- his pamphlets were honest

The Quakers - called Quakers because they "quaked" during intense religious practices, they offended religious and secular leaders in England- refused to pay taxes in support of the Church of England, they met without paid clergy, believed all were children of God- refused to treat the upper classes with difference

Pennsylvania - bought did not steal from Indians, great relationship with Indians, BUT non-Quaker Europeans flooded PA- they treated natives poorly which undermined the actions of the Quakers, Gov.- representative assembly elected by landowners, no tax supported church, freedom of worship to all, forced to deny right to vote and hold office to Catholics and Jews by English government, death penalty for only treason and murder (200 capital crimes in England), Society- attracted many different people, religious misfits, many ethnic groups, no provision for military defense, no immigration laws, no slavery, BLUE LAWS

Boston - heart of revolution New Jersey - 1664- split into east and west New Jersey and aristocratic proprietors received the area

from the Duke of York, many New Englanders because of worn out soil, moved to NJ, 1674- west NJ sold to Quakers, East NJ eventually acquired by Quakers, 1702- E and W NJ combined into NJ and created one colony, heavily influenced by Quakers

Delaware - Named after Lord De La Warr (harsh military governor of VA in 1610), closely associated with Penn's colony, 1703- granted its own assembly, remained under control of PA until the American Revolution, not royal

Characteristics and Advantages of the Middle Colonies – o all had fertile soil and broad expanse of lando all except Delaware exported lots of graino The Susquehanna River tapped the fur trade of the interior, and the rivers were gentle, with

little cascading waterfallso the middle colonies were the middle way between New England and the southern plantation

stateso landholdings were generally intermediate in sizeo the middle colonies were more ethnically mixed than other colonieso considerable amount of economic and social democracy prevailedo Benjamin Franklin, born in Boston, entered Philadelphia as a seventeen year old in 1720 with

a loaf of bread under each arm and immediately found a congenial home in the urbane, open atmosphere of the city

o Americans began to realize that not only were they surviving, but also thriving Most English came to the Chesapeake on what terms? - they were indentured servants What were "freedom dues"? - the dues (work) that indentured servants had to pay in order to work

off their travels and become free How did the Chesapeake Colonies differ from the New England settlers in the 1600's? – see DBQ

"City Upon a Hill" - Winthrop said they should be a "city upon a hill" and they had a covenant with God to make a holy society that would be a model for all mankind

Maine/NH - founded by a explorer and bought by Massachusetts, New Hampshire also absorbed by Massachusetts

"Salutary Neglect" - when the colonists were ignored by the British and could do as they pleased, caused by distance, etc. 1714-1760, when there were wars and economic problems back home in England

Member of the Massachusetts Bay Colony with the most political power- - "visible saint" who could join the church because they were the only freemen who could vote and make decisions

Chapter 4

What was the principal crop in the Chesapeake region? - most planters grew tobacco because it was easy to grow and profitable- but it seriously depleted the soil

Unhealthy Chesapeake - life in the American wilderness was harsh, disease killed many, few died to live to 40 or 50 years, women were very scarce, and few people knew grandparents

Indentured Servants - could come to the New World for free and then usually worked 7 years to pay off travel debt, life for them was hard, freedom after 7 years, harsh awful conditions

Headright System - Virginia and Maryland used this to encourage workers- whoever paid the passage of a laborer received the rights to 50 acres of land, benefited master not servant

Freedom Dues - the work that indentured servants had to pay in order to become free of debt and reap the benefits of freedom

Governor William Berkeley - gave tax free land grants to himself and to his friends, royal governor, began going against his own people and helped Indians so he could make personal profit, hated by people

Nathaniel Bacon - member of the governing council, protested and killed some peaceful Indians, arrested by Berkeley

Bacon's Rebellion (1676) - When Bacon was arrested, Bacon's men threatened to use force to get him out, Berkeley gave landless freemen a vote to maintain peace, Bacon's men still burned Jamestown and issued a "Manifesto and Declaration of the People" to end the rule of the wealthy, rebellion eventually lowered taxes and took Indian land, accelerated interest in African slaves as alternate labor force, against government now

Why did the Chesapeake farmers switch from indentured servants to slaves in the 1660s? - indentured servants were too much work and could think for themselves and start revolt (Bacon), indentured servants were also running low,

Middle Passage - Slaves would go from Africa to West Indies to America, trade would also occur along this passage

From what part of Africa did most North American slaves come? - most of the slaves were from West Africa from places like Senegal and Angola

Slave Codes - Laws that clarified the social places of slaves, started and brought to America from Barbados, slaves became property with no rights or education and were hereditary

What were the principle crops in the South Carolina colony? - rice and indigo Stono Rebellion - 1739, South Carolina blacks along the Stono River revolted and tried to march to

Spanish Florida but failed FFVs - In Virginia, a clutch of extended family clans owned tracts and tracts of real estate and

dominated the House of Burgesses, they were known as the First Families of Virginia Why did so few large cities develop in the South? - the majority of the population was farmers

Royal African Company - originally had a crown-granted monopoly on carrying slaves to colonies, lost it in 1698 causing others to rush to Africa for slave trade and the number of slaves rose drastically

1619 - slavery and House of Burgesses started Gullah - language of blacks on South Carolina coast Ringshout - a dance, music thing that developed into jazz 5 Levels of Society in Southern Colonies –

1) planters2) small farmers 3) landless whites4) persons serving out the term of their indenture5) oppressed black slaves

What were the natural advantages of the New England colonies? - clean water and cooler temperatures

Jeremaid - a new form of sermon, preachers scolded parishioners for waning piety The Halfway Covenant - to grow church popularity because members were decreasing, modified the

"covenant" or the agreement between the church and its adherents to admit to baptism- but not "full communion"- the unconverted children of existing members. By conferring partial membership rights in the once exclusive Puritan congretions, the Half-Way covenant weakened the distinction between the "elect" and others, eventually anyone was let in Puritan congregations

Salem Witch Hunts - 1692, a group of young girls in Salem, Massachusetts claimed that they were bewitched by an older group of women, this caused witch hunts to go on all over legally killing more than 20 women and 2 dogs, the girls most likely lied due to social, economic, and religious differences

How did New England settlers differ from the Indians in the way they viewed how land should be used? - the settlers thought that it is good to own land and do as you please to make a profit, the Indians thought it was Gods land that he gave to everyone and that no one can own

"Worth a candle" - things that can only be performed at night "Dukes don't emigrate" - if people are enjoying wealth and security they are not likely to risk it in the

wilderness Leisler's Rebellion - A rebellion in New York between lordly landholders and aspiring merchants, an

ill-starred and bloody insurgence that rocked NYC from 1689-1691 What farming techniques did Africans bring to the Carolinas? - rice farming How were slaves able to form a common culture in spite of their own diversity? - they were now all

slaves together working and living together all the time How did the Christianity of the slaves come to reflect African heritage? - Christian songs could be

code for announcement of the arrival of a guide to freedom

Chapter 5

What is meant by "conquest the cradle"? - an explosive population growth Pennsylvania Dutch - Germans who came to America fleeing religious persecution, economic

oppression, and the ravages of war, and who belonged to several different Protestant sects (primarily Lutheran), who settled chiefly in Philadelphia

Scot-Irish - not Irish at all but turbulent Scots Lowlanders who were transplanted to northern Ireland before coming to America

"Great Wagon Road" - a chain of Scot-Irish settlements lay scattered along this road from the eastern Appalachian foothills from Pennsylvania to Georgia

Paxton Boys - Scot-Irish who led a march on Philadelphia in 1764 protesting the Quaker oligarchy's lenient policy towards the Indians

Regulators - in North Carolina, a small but nasty insurrection against eastern domination of the colony's affairs

Which colonial regions showed the least diversity and why? - New England- because most staked out by the original Puritan migrants

Be able to describe the colonial social pyramid - there were now many more classes and one could move up or down, equality, no titled nobility, no pauperized underclass, most were small farmers, small class of skilled artisans, shopkeepers, trades people, unskilled day laborers

What was the most distinguished profession in colonial America? - in the Christian ministry- ministers

How were physicians regarded and why? What was the status of lawyers? - most physicians were poorly trained and not highly esteemed/ lawyers were not favorly regarded, it required honest, manual labor

What was the leading industry? - agriculture with 90% of people involved in it Triangular Trade - ran on rum, very profitable- take rum from New England and sail to Gold Coast of

Africa, bartering the liquor for African slaves, the go to west indies and trade slaves for molasses which would then go to NE to make rum- cycle

What was the most important singular manufacturing activity? - lumbering What were "naval shores"? - tar, pitch, rosin, and turpentine, etc. highly valued for Britain Molasses Act - colonists were not allowed to get molasses from West Indies, squelching trade with

the French West Indies- defied British government Samuel Adams and the Green Dragon Tavern - politicians like him was often a man who had a large

alehouse fraternity in places like this tavern, taverns were important in crystallizing public opinion and proved to be hotbeds of agitation as the revolutionary movement gathered momentum

What were the two established churches in colonial America? - The Anglican and the Congregational What does "established" mean? - tax-supported What church grew out of the old Puritan church? - The Congregational Church What were the two problems with the old Puritan church? - the elaborate theological doctrines and

their compromising efforts to liberalize membership requirements The Great Awakening (1730s and 1740s) - a rousing religious revival led started in Northampton,

Massachusetts started by Jonathan Edwards, away from strict church based on grace of God Jonathan Edwards - led the Great Awakening, proclaimed the folly of believing in salvation through

good works and affirmed the need for complete dependence on God's grace, warned of hell and the internal torments of the damned

"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" - the title of one of his most famous sermons, he believed that hell was "paved with the skulls of unbaptized children"

George Whitefield - loosed a different style of evangelical preaching on America and touched off a conflagration of religious ardor that revolutionized the spiritual life of the colonies, an orator of rare gifts, his voice boomed sonorously through thousands of listeners in an open field, he preached human helplessness and divine omnipotence

"Old Lights" and "New Lights" - Old lights were orthodox clergymen who were deeply skeptical of the emotionalism and theatrical antics of the revivalists. New light ministers on the other hand defended the awakening for its role in revitalizing American religion.

"New Light" Universities - Princeton, Brown, Rutgers, Dartmouth What were the primary goals of most colonial schools and universities? - to make good Christians

rather than good citizens What made the University of Pennsylvania unique among colonial universities? - it was the first

American college free from denominational control

Why was there so little done in the fields of art and architecture in colonial America? - they were just starting a colony and trying to survive

John Trumbull - 1756-1843, aspiring painter, Connecticut, discouraged at youth by father, had to travel to London to pursue ambitions

Charles Wilson Peale - 1741-1843, best known for his portraits of George Washington, ran a museum, stuffed birds, and practiced dentistry

Benjamin West - 1738-1815, had to go to London to become famous painter John Singleon Copley - 1738-1815, had to go to England to become a famous painter Phylis Wheatley - 1753-1784, poet, slave girl, brought to Boston then to England and became a

famous poet and overcame her troubled start Benjamin Franklin - known as "first civilized American", literature, famous autobiography, wrote Poor

Richards almanac Poor Richard's Almanac - written by Benjamin Franklin, famous publication, many pithy sayings,

thrift, industry, morality and common sense, well known in Europe and America, witty advice, shaped Americans characters

John Peter Zenger and the Zenger Case - 1734-1735, printed the truth in NY about corrupt royal governor, dragged into court, against judges will he was proven not guilty, big step in freedom of press and democracy

How were colonial governors chosen? - royal governors- appointed by the king, proprietors- themselves chose the governor, others elected own governors under self governing charters

Lord Cornbury - new governor of New York, cousin of Queen Anne, drunkard, stupid, spendthrift, religious bigot, vein fool

What were the powers of the colonial assemblies? - assert authority and independence, withheld salary of Lord Cornbury for years so he would comply with requests

How did local governments differ in NE, middle, and south colonies? - south- county government, NE- town meeting government, middle- combo of the two

What restrictions were put on voting in all colonies? - Religious or property

Chapter 6

Huguenots- France was a latecomer in the scramble for the New World real-estate. Part of the reasoning for this was because of the foreign wars and domestic strife including the frightful clashes between Roman Catholics and Protestant Huguenots. On St. Bartholomew’s Day, 1572, over ten thousand Huguenots- men, women, and children- were butchered in cold blood.

Edict of Nantes- dawned a new era in 1598 when the Edict of Nantes, issued by the crown, granted limited toleration to the French Protestants. Religious wars ceased, and in the new century France blossomed into the mightiest, most feared nation in Europe, led by a serious of brilliant ministers and King Louis XIV.

King Louis XIV- vainglorious King of France creating it into a greatly feared, strong empire. Enthroned as a five year old, reigned for seventy two years (1643-1715), surrounded by glittering court and scheming ministers and mistresses. Took a deep interests into over seas colonies.

Quebec- after many rocky beginnings, France finally found success in the New World. In 1608 (year after the founding of Jamestown), the permanent colonization of Quebec was founded- a granite sentinel commanding the St. Lawrence River.

Samuel de Champlain- leading figure in the founding of Quebec, intrepid soldier and explorer, “Father of New France,” entered into strong friendship with Huron Indian tribes.

Huron Indian Tribes- fateful friends of Samuel de Champlain, requested that Samuel help them fight the Iroquois, this made the Iroquois hate the French and would often attack them form allies against them and help the British attack them.

New France (Canada)- finally fell under direct control of the king after many different commercial companies had faltered or failed, nearly completely autocratic, the people elected not representative assembly, nor did they have a right to a trial with a jury (unlike English colonies), Caribbean colonies favored of Canada, no motive or momentum once got there, did contain one valuable resource: the beaver. European fashion settlers valued beaver-pelt hats for warmth and appearance, good fur trading

Coureurs de Bois- “runners of the woods,” fur trappers who went all over to find beavers, also runners of risks- two fisted drinkers, free splendors, free livers and lovers, littered, hunted fur

Fur Hunting- French “voyageurs” also recruited Indians into the fur business, the Indian fur flotilla in Montreal in 1693 numbered some four hundred canoes, drawbacks- Indians recruited infected by white man’s disease and debauched by his alcohol, slaughtering boatloads of beavers against their religion, went all over- mainly in the heart of the continent and nearly caused the beavers to become extinct in some areas.

Jesuits- group of French Catholic missionaries, labored zealously to save the Indians for Christ and from the fur-tappers, some missionaries suffered torture from Indians, played a vital role in geographers and explorers.

Robert de la Salle- floated down the Mississippi in 1682 to the point where it mingles with the gulf, named the great interior basin “Louisiana,” returned to Gulf to colonize area with four ships but failed to find the Mississippi Delta, he landed in Spanish Texan and was murdered

Louisiana- discovered by Robert de la Salle, named after Louis XIV, failed colonization attempt by Robert de la Salle, the French then took the opportunity planted several forts in Louisiana and Mississippi

New Orleans- most important post set up by French (1718), commanded the mouth of the Mississippi River, also tapped the fur trade of the huge interior valley

King William’s War- one of the earliest contests among European powers for control of North America, 1689-1697, against the French coureurs de bois, used Indian allies (did not want to waste real troops on), somewhat of a guerilla warfare, French-Indian allies torched and ravaged Schenectady, New York and Deerfield, French allied with Spanish Florida, and England tried to capture Quebec and Montreal and captured Port Royal for a short time, finally signed peace treaty in 1713

Queen Anne’s War- one of the earliest contests among European powers for control of North America, 1702-1713, against the French coureurs de bois, used Indian allies (did not want to waste real troops on), somewhat of a guerilla warfare, French-Indian allies torched and ravaged Schenectady, New York and Deerfield, French allied with Spanish Florida, and England tried to capture Quebec and Montreal and captured Port Royal for a short time, finally signed peace treaty in 1713

Deerfield Massacre- one of NE frontiers bloodiest confrontations, invaders killed fifty inhabitants and sent over a hundred others fleeing for their lives into the winter wilderness. Also took over 100 Deerfield citizens.

Treaty of Utrect- 1713, French and Spanish beaten badly, Britain rewarded Acadia (Nova Scotia/ New Scotland), Newfoundland, and Hudson Bay, foreshadowing independence, British limited trading rights in Spanish America

“Salutary Neglect” - decades of salutary neglect given to colonists by England, laying rots for independence and revolution, reasons- distance, domestic distractions- civil war, no complaints from colonists, ended by French Indian War

War of Jenkins’ Ear- An English captain named Jenkins’ had his ear cut off by a Spanish commander, who had sneered at him to go home crying, 1739, English vs. Spaniards, confined to the Caribbean

Sea and to the colony of Georgia, James Oglethorpe fought them off, combined with War of Austrian succession in Europe to be called King George’s War in America

King George’s War- combination of the two wars listed above, France allied with Spain, once again New Englanders invaded New France, British sent recruits, captured French fortress of Louisburg, on Cape Breton Island and commanded the approaches to St. Lawrence River, peace treaty of 1748 handed Louisburg back to French the New Englanders were outraged, leaving France with vast holdings in North America

Ohio River Valley- became chief bone of contention between the French and British, critical area into which westward pushing British colonists would penetrate, for France it was the key to the continent that the French had to retain, rivalry for this land brought tensions to the snapping point

George Washington- governor of Virginia ushered him, a 21 ear old surveyor and fellow Virginian, onto the stage of history, he was sent to the Ohio county as a lieutenant colonel in command of about 150 militiamen, started war, killed leader, French forced to retreat

Fort Duquesne- George Washington defeated the French forty miles from this French fort (Delaware and Shawnee Indians)

Fort Necessity- French surrounded Washington at this hastily constructed fort, made him surrender July 4, 1754

Cajuns- unhappy French deportees scattered South in Louisiana, nearly a million, own language, food, culture, life, etc. still today

French and Indian War- AKA 7 Years War, began with Washington’s battle with French, not only fought in America, but in Europe, West Indies, Philippines, Africa, ocean (seven-seas war), In England- British general Frederick the Great defended many times when out numbered, but England could not give him more troops- French won but wasted a lot of power in Europe, Americans were unified in this war, 1754- intercolonial congress held in Albany, NY- kept alliance with Britain and form unity, Benjamin Franklin helped unity

Benjamin Franklin- published “Join or Die” colonial snake in pieces, helped unite colonies, head of Albany Congress.

Albany Congress- representatives from NE, NY, MD, PA, failed Iroquois broke off relations with Britain and threatened to trade with the French

Albany Plan of Union- colonists- not enough freedom, England- too much freedom, both agreed on union but could not find a happy medium

“Bulldog” Braddock- 60 year old general, bullheaded, haughty, poorly disciplined minutemen, going to take fort Duquesne with George Washington, defeated easily against smaller, weaker army, embarrassing, died, got colonists fired up, still failed

William Pitt- strong leader brought in to save colonists, first attacked Louisburg (1758), fell after siege, first successful British attack all war, next chose Quebec to attack and got James Wolfe to help

James Wolfe- chosen by Pitt to lead British into Quebec, 22 years old, still experienced, both leaders died, French leader- Marquis de Montcalm, British won, 1759, one of the most successful battles EVER

Plans of Abraham- where Quebec battle was fought, outskirts of Quebec Marquis de Montcalm- French leader, died during Quebec battle Peace Treaty at Paris- 1763, French power was thrown completely off North America, leaving behind

fertile French population, still relevant in Canada, French could keep some sugar islands in West Indies, Gulf of St. Lawrence fishing islands- Great Britain NORTH AMERICAN POWER

Militia- the colonists felt great an proud about their military victories but the British mocked them and refused to give them credit or honors.

Pontiac’s Rebellion- Ottawa chief Pontiac in 1763, led several tribes to besiege British out of Ohio County, besieged Detroit in the spring of 1763, over ran all but 3 British posts west of Apps. Killing 2000 settlers, retaliated with spreading smallpox on blankets and giving to Indians to kill them

Proclamation of 1763- England would not let settlers settle beyond Apps. To avoid more Indian conflicts, colonists took wrong way, road to independence

Chapter 7

Mercantilism- British economic policy to protect the mother country, colonies provide a market and raw materials, Americans couldn’t buy, sell, ship, or manufacture under the most favorable conditions for them, the South was preferred because they grew crops that the North and that Britain couldn’t

Navigation Laws- anti-Dutch, all colonial imports and exports must be on English ships, certain items could be shipped through British ports, to enforce mercantilism, forced the colonies to only do business with England, not strictly enforced which led to smuggling

Enumerated Products- laws that British set that stipulated that American merchants must sell these products, notably tobacco, only to Britain even if they can get better prices from someone else

Monetary Deflation- colonies printed too much money because they had a currency shortage because they had bought more than they sold

“Royal Veto”- the British had the right to nullify and legislation passed by the colonial assemblies if such laws worked mischief with mercantilist system

“Salutary Neglect”- Navigation laws were not enforced so it was not a big deal John Hancock- was amassed by wholesale smuggling Merits/problems of mercantilism for both the British and the colonies?- British paid dearly for

colonial products, imposed a dependence on Britain for the Americans Desire for revolution in different areas of the colonies?- the south had great relations with British

due to economic reasons, middle and NE colonies were beginning to have feelings of revolution due to taxes, heart of revolution in Boston and up north

George Grenville- the prime minister who first aroused the resentment of the colonists in 1763 by making the British navy enforce the Navigation Laws, believed all laws were just and the colonies should pay for their own defense

Sugar Act of 1765- increased duty on foreign sugar imported from the West Indies, after protests the duties were reduced, first law to raise taxes for England

Quartering Act of 1765- required certain colonies to provide food and boarding to British soldiers Stamp Act of 1765- to raise revenue for the new military force, mandated the use of stamped paper

required for commercial and legal documents (playing cards, pamphlets, newspapers, diplomas, marriage licenses)

Admiralty Courts- In sugar and stamp act, trying offenders had to go to these courts where no juries were allowed, assumed guilty unless they could prove themselves innocent, “innocent until proven guilty”= ancient British and colonist right- now taken away from colonists

“No Taxation Without Representation”- Americans were okay with Parliament to legislate matters that affected the whole empire including the regulation of trade, but denied the right of parliament in which no Americans were seated, to impose taxes on Americans. They only wanted American legislature to tax them, not Parliament. Famous saying during revolution and still used today.

“Virtual Representation”- Grenville claimed that every member of Parliament represented all British (including Americans) who voted for them, the didn’t truly want representation anymore because they would easily be outnumbered and powered

Stamp Act Congress of 1765- assemblage against the stamp act tax, in NYC, 25 delegates from 9 colonies, came up with statement of rights and grievances and sent letter to king to repeal the legislature, largely ignored in England, step toward colonial unity

Non-Importation Agreements- more effective than Stamp Act Congress, against British goods, consumer boycotts against British goods, colonial unity

Sons and Daughters of Liberty- groups of ardent spirits, took the law into their own hands, cried “Liberty, Property, and No Stamps”, enforced non importation agreements, ransacked houses of unpopular officials, hanged effigies of stamp agents, Boston Tea Party instigators

Declaratory Act- anti-self government, after stamp act was repealed- passed Declaratory Act- British government had sovereign power in North America and it would not yield that power, colonists tasted victory and believed that they had the right to their own sovereignty

“Champagne Charley” Townshend- took control of British ministry, delivered great speeches, even while drunk, persuasively convinced Parliament to pass Townshend Acts

Townshend Acts- passed by Charles Townshend, taxed glass, paper, paint, and tea amongst other things, Townshend argued that his new legislation made any payment an indirect customs tax since it was payable at the ports, another tax on colonial imports, resorted in smuggling

Red Coats- British sent regiments to Massachusetts to help restore order and catch smugglers, not well liked, rude and drunk, “lobster backs”

Boston Massacre- March 5, 1770, colonial crowd began taunting and mocking 10 red coats, the crowd was upset that the Redcoats had killed a young boy the day before, the soldiers got nervous and freaked out and shot and wounded or killed 11 people

Crispus Attucks- one of the first to die in the Boston Massacre, powerful runaway and leader of the mob

John Adams- defended the redcoats, future president King George III- trying to assert the power of the British monarchy, good man but bad ruler,

industrious, stubborn, and lustful for power Lord North- the corpulent prime minister of King George III, repealed Townshend revenue duties, but

still taxed tea Samuel Adams- kindled resistance, master or propaganda, engineer in rebellion, from Boston, cousin

of John Adams, politics, colonists rights, created committees of correspondence Committees of Correspondence- created by Samuel Adams, created to keep other colonies informed

about the affairs in Massachusetts, quickly these committees popped up all over, 1773- every colony had a comity, became powerful weapons in spreading ideals of rebellion and keeping anti-British ideals alive

British East India Company- was facing bankruptcy because of millions of pounds of unsold tea, it this happened the British would lose heavily in tax revenue, so England gave them a monopoly on tea, this would mean that they could sell the tea for very cheap but there would still be taxed, colonists upset still over tax even though the tea is cheaper

Annapolis Tea Party- In Annapolis, Marylanders burned both cargo and vessel while chanting in order to protests tax on tea

Boston Tea Party- In Boston, the royal governor, Thomas Hutchinson was determined not to submit to mob rule, refused to let ships leave without unloading their cargo, on December 6,1773 a group of colonials disguised as Indians boarded the ship and threw the tea into the harbor, not everyone approved, British determined to make the colonists pay

Intolerable Acts/Coercive Acts- in response to the Boston Tea Party especially Massachusetts, restrictions placed on town meetings, unfair judgment- must go to England for trial,

Boston Port Act- punishment act towards colonies, closed the port until someone paid for the tea lost in the Boston Tea Party, killed the economy in NE

Quebec Party- passed during same time as Intolerable Acts, set border to Ohio River, limiting colonial expansion/land, really trying to pacify the new French in Canada not punish colonists but they were suspicious

Continental Congress- 1774, in response to Intolerable Acts, met in Philadelphia, intended on settling/compromising with Britain, 12 colonies (excluding GA) met for 7 weeks to discuss, John Adams wanted a more rebellious approach, created Declaration of Rights, made appeal to king, boycotted British goods, meet in 1 year if nothing changes, created “the Association”

The Association- the group created by the representatives in the Continental Congress in an attempt to appeal the king

Minutemen- colonists who defended against British Lexington- British attacked and minutemen refused to disperse and they stood their ground Concord- start of revolution, after Lexington, British had more people, colonists better at guerilla

warfare, lacked unity

Chapter 8

“Minute Men”- 20,000 swarmed around Boston to coop up the out numbered British Second Continental Congress- met in Philadelphia in May 10, 1775, all 13 colonies represented, still

not exactly wanting revolution but expecting it and preparing for it, in rebuttal to appeals to Parliament, raised money for army and navy, appointed George Washington to command army

George Washington- appointed to command the army, he had never risen above the rank of colonel, largest command was 1200 men, tall and looked like a leader moral boosts to troops, patience, courage, self-discipline, justice, worked without pay

Mount Vernon- the home of George Washington in Virginia Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold- May 1775, led a small American force and surprisingly captured the

British garrisons at Ticonderoga and Crown Point, on the lakes of upper New York Bunker Hill- June 1775, colonials seized this hill (formerly known as Breed’s Hill), instead of flanking

them, the Redcoats launched a frontal attack, and the heavily entrenched colonial sharpshooters mowed them down until meager gunpowder supplies ran out and they were forced to retreat, soon the British would have no armies left in America

Olive Branch Petition- July 1775, Continental Congress adopted this, professing American loyalty to the crown and begging the king to prevent further hostiles

King George III-After Bunker Hill, he slammed the door on all hopes of reconciliation, considered the colonies to be in open rebellion

Hessians- the British hired German soldiers (mercenaries) to go to America, called hessians, good soldiers but no true reason and more interested in booty

Canadian Expedition- In October 1775, the British burned Portland, Maine, the colonies decided to invade Canada, wanted another colony and take away English resources, the French-Canadians would support the Americans

Richard Montgomery- general who captured Montreal Quebec- Montgomery was met here by General Benedict Arnold and his army, last day of 1775, in the

assault of Quebec, Montgomery was killed and Benedict was wounded in one leg, the whole campaign collapsed, and men retreated up the St. Lawrence River, reversing the way Montgomery had come

Evacuation Day- January of 1776- the British burned Virginia town of Norfolk, in March forced to evacuate Boston, taking with them friends of the king, still celebrated in Boston today

Moore’s Creek Bridge- rebellious southerners, February 1776, beat 1500 loyalists in North Carolina Charleston- defeated British fleet in harbor in June 1776

Thomas Paine- radical, once an impoverished corset makers apprentice, came from Britain two years earlier, author of Common Sense

Common Sense- written by Thomas Paine, encouraged colonials to stop this war of inconsistency, stop pretending loyalty and just fight, America is too good for British control, best seller

Republic- where senators, governors, and judges should have their power from the consent of the people, NE already did this in town meetings

Rights of Man/Natural Rights- the true natural rights, not the ones considered by the British, the fact that Britain denied these rights gave the colonists a sense of justification

Natural Aristocracy- some Patriots wanted this, end to hereditary aristocracy, but not to end all social hierarchy, feared fervor of liberty would overwhelm the stability of the social order.

Richard Henry Lee- supported that the states should be a free and independent nation, one of the instigators

Thomas Jefferson- tall, freckled, Virginia lawyer or 33, chosen to write the Declaration of Independence, brilliant writer

Declaration of Independence- written by Thomas Jefferson, formal statement of separation from Britain, formally approved by Congress on July 4, 1776,

Loyalists (Tories)- supported the King and often wanted to fight fellow Americans, the only areas that British could control were Tory areas, generally conservatives but the war divided families, numerous where the Anglican Church was strongest, less numerous in New England

Patriots (Whigs)- supported rebellion, militias constantly harassed small British detachments, generally younger generation

Patrick Henry- a strong patriot Battle of Long Island- After the evacuation of Boston, the British focused on NY as a HQ for

operations, large armed force came off coast in July 1776, Washington only had 18,000 men, routed at this battle, Washington escaped to Manhattan Island crossed the Hudson River to NJ reaching the Delaware river with British on heels

Delaware River- Crossing the Delaware River at Trenton on a cold December 26, 1776, and surprised and captured thousands of Hessians who were sleeping off a Christmas Day celebration, secretly slipped away and inflicted a sharp defeat on a smaller British detachment at Princeton, showing his military genius (BATTLE OF TRENTON)

William Howe- odd that he did not crush Washington when he was at Delaware Burgoyne- had a plan to capture the vital Hudson River Valley in 1777, would push down the Lake

Champlain route from Canada, could be assisted with General Howe’s troops in New York if needed, had a great number of troops

St. Leger- commanded a much smaller force that would come in from the west by way of Lake Ontario and the Mohawk Valley,

Benedict Arnold after failure at Quebec, retreated slowly along the St. Lawrence back to Lake Champlain, where the British would have to win control of the lake before proceeding, the Brits stopped to build a force, Arnold assembled a “navy” which was destroyed but gained them valuable time, Howe , should have gone up Hudson river but attacked Philadelphia,

Brandywine Creek and Germantown- Washington was defeated here when he transferred his troops to Philly, Howe settled in Philly and left Burgoyne to the dogs

Valley Forge- Washington finally retired for the winter here, troops froze in the cold, Baron von Steuben- Prussian drillmaster whipped the cold troops into shape Oriskany- St. Legers pushed back to here by rebels Saratoga- Burgoyne surrendered his entire force here on October 17, 1777, one of the most decisive

battles in British and American history Rousseau- _______________

Louis XVI- that that it was a great time to act, if they won, then they could capture French West Indies in repayment for war,

Monmouth- ____________________ French Aid in the War- _________________ Rochambeau- __________________ King’s Mountain- ___________________ Cowpens- ___________________ Nathaniel Green- _________________ Charles Cornwallis- _____________________ Iroquois- ______________________ Joseph Brant- -____________________ John Paul Jones- _____________________ Privateers- ____________________ Yorktown- -_____________________ De Grasse- _________________ “the world turned upside down”- ________________ Treaty of Paris- 1783, _____________

Chapter 9

Society of the Cincinnati- the lordly pretensions of the Continental Army officers who formed an exclusive hereditary order, mocked by people

Virginia Statue for Religious Freedom- 1786, created by Thomas Jefferson and his co-reformers; stated that religion should not be imposed on anyone and that each person decided his/her faith

State Constitutions- much stronger than the Articles of Confederation, had a good legislative branch but an intentionally weak judicial and executive branch, much more control than federal government, could tax and form army, agreed to fight together but not rule together, helped eventually lead to the US Constitution

Roger Morris- a victim of being wealth with a lot of land and the government confiscated it; his land was split up into 250 parcels, accelerating the speed of economic democracy

Articles of Confederation- written shortly after the Declaration if Independence, was necessary to show France that the US had a government, not ratified until 1781, very weak- no provisions for raising taxes, no provisions for regulating foreign trade, no executive or judicial branches, no provisions to set up an army

Western Lands- the British refused to move from Western Lands and because of the weakness of the Articles of Confederation, the Americans could do nothing to stop them, the took over Canada and made allies with Native Americans, the Americans were helpless due to the lack of unity and organization

“firm league of friendship”- due to the weak Articles of Confederation and central government- 13 individual nations rather than 1 united nation

Land Ordinance of 1785- provided the acreage of the Old Northwest- should be divided and sold and that the proceeds be used to pay off national debt, very beneficial and noteworthy, organized

Northwest Ordinance of 1787- made admission into the union a two-stage affair (first two evolutionary territorial stages- when area would be subordinate to the federal government)- when territory had 60,000 inhabitants- Congress, as a state, might admit it, greatest accomplishment of Articles of Confederation and federal government

Dey of Alglers- pirate of North Africa who was ravaging Mediterranean commerce and enslaving Yankee sailors

John Jay- secretary of foreign affairs, hoped that these attacks leaving the Americans helpless- would show them that they needed a new government

Debt Problems- some states refused to pay taxes, the ones that did complained, there was individual dept and national debt

“rag money”- the depreciated paper currency that the states were creating, a few had laws sanctioning the semi-worthless currency

Shay’s Rebellion- 1786, Western Massachusetts, back country farmers were in desperate financial straits, losing farms to back taxes and deliquescent mortgages, pushed for cheap paper money, lighter taxes, and no foreclosures, rebellion- led by Daniel Shays (former colonial officer), rebellion crushed but created fear of more revolts.

Annapolis Convention- 1786, VA took lead and called for convention in Annapolis, Maryland, 9 states had delegates, only 5 showed up (not Maryland), nothing could be accomplished due to the lack of representation, Alexander Hamilton called upon congress for a convention in Philadelphia to amend the articles.

Constitutional Convention- delegates from every state but Rhode Island was there on May 25, 1787, goal was to fix articles, attempt to rekindle the revolutionary spirit, George Washington was elected as the convention leader, he was chosen because he was a hero and he was the one person that everyone liked- great charisma, tall, serious- credited with winning the Revolutionary War-not from North or South- from Virginia- large, popular, and wealthy

Virginia/Large State Plan - written by James Madison, representation in Congress would be based on state population, favored by the large states

New Jersey/ Small State Plan- founded by William Patterson, representation in Congress would be equal among all states, regardless of population, favored by the smaller states

Connecticut/Great Compromise- authored by Roger Sherman, would consist of a bicameral legislature- house of representatives would be based on population, senate would have two members from each state, plan would eventually create an executive branch, creating checks and balances between multiple branches, southern states felt slighted by the plan

3/5 Compromise- southerners insisted that slaves count as part of their population, NE objected, southern states threatened to leave the union, 3/5 compromise created, each slave counted as 3/5 of a person, slave trade was to end by 1807, all states but GA forbid overseas slave trade, south wanted this in order to gain political power by getting more votes in congress

Federalists- Washington, Hamilton, and Franklin, lived along the eastern seaboard, were typically richer and better educated than they opponents, controlled the press- propaganda

Anti-Federalists- Sam Adams, Patrick Henry, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, states rights followers, generally poorer and less educated, feared strong central government would hinder individual rights, created the failed Articles of Confederation

Ratification- Nine of the thirteen states immediately ratified the Constitution- it went into effect quickly, four states that were undecided- New York, North Carolina, Rhode Island, and Virginia- wanted all states to support so the nation would be united, NY and VA strong, populated, rich, powerful states- needed support, RI and NC- rebellious states

Bill of Rights- Anti-Federalists refused to consent the constitution without an assurance of individual rights, Bill of Rights was created- 1st 10 amendments to the Constitution, 1-8 were guarantees or individual rights, were reaction to laws placed upon them by British

Patrick Henry- an Anti-Federalist, professed to see in the fearsome document the death warrant of liberty

Alexander Hamilton- at heart favored a much stronger central government than under debate, but he contributed his sparkling personality and persuasive eloquence to whipping up support for federalism as framed

James Madison- Federalist, wrote The Federalist with John Jay and Alexander Hamilton, commentary on the constitution, wrote Federalist No. 10, which brilliantly refuted the conventional wisdom of the day that it was impossible to extend a republican form of government over a large territory.

Chapter 10

George Washington- unanimously drafted for president by Electoral College in 1789, imposing presence, took oath of office on April 30, 1789 to become the first president of the United States.

Cabinet- established by Washington, group of people to help him in certain areas and give him advice Thomas Jefferson- secretary of state

o Under the executive branch of the new constitution, Thomas Jefferson was the Secretary of State. When Alexander Hamilton wanted to create a new national bank, Jefferson adamantly spoke against it. He felt it would violate states rights by causing a huge competitor for the state banks, then causing a federal monopoly. Jefferson's argument was that since the Constitution did not say Congress could create a bank they should not be given that power. This is the philosophy of strict construction. Thomas Jefferson's beliefs led to the creation of the political party, Democratic Republicans.

Alexander Hamilton- secretary of the treasury, many financial ideaso Great political leader; youngest and brightest of Federalists; "father of the National Debt";

from New York; became a major general; military genius; Secretary of Treasury; lived from 1755-1804; became Secretary of the Treasury under George Washington in 1789; established plan for economy that went in to affect in 1790 including a tariff that passed in 1789, the assumption of state debts which went into affect in 1790, an excise on different products (including whiskey) in 1791, and a plan for a national bank which was approved in 1791; plan to take care of the national debt--a

Henry Knox- secretary of war Amendments- many states ratified the Constitution knowing that changes would take place to secure

natural rights, amendments were the changes made to the Constitution when ideas were added Bill of Rights- 1791, first 10 amendments to the Constitution, safeguard some of the most important

American principles, freedom of religion, speech, press, right to bear arms, etc.o 9th Amendment- written by Madison, certain rights “shall not be construed to deny or

disparage others retained by the people.”o 10th Amendment- written by Madison, reserves all rights not explicitly delegated or prohibited

by the federal Constitution to the states or to the people Judiciary Act of 1789- created effective federal courts, organized the supreme court with chief justice

and five associates, and with a federal district and circuit courts, and established office of attorney general

John Jay- New Yorker, young Republican, helped Madison write The Federalist papers, became 1st chief justice

Assumption of State Debt- one of Hamilton’s financial schemes, urged congress to “fund” the entire national debt “at par” and to assume completely the depts. Incurred by the states during the recent war. “Funding at par” meant that the federal government would pay off its debt at face value, plus interest- $54 million- huge at that time, also wanted to assume debts of states $21.5 million, states with big debt liked but VA with little debt did not, “funding at par” would gain the support of the rich to the federal government, not the states thus strengthening his political strategy of a stronger national government.

Government Bonds- At this time so many people believed that the infant treasury was incapable of meeting those obligations that government bonds had depreciated to ten or fifteen cents on the dollar. Yet speculators had tons of them.

District of Columbia- was built in VA, this gave them prestige, in return for letting the government assume all the states’ debts

“national blessing”- Hamilton considered the debt a national blessing, a union adhesive, the more people who the government owed money, the more people there would be with a personal state in the success of his ambitious enterprise

Tariffs- tariffs on foreign goods were used to gain revenue for the national debt, Congress quickly passed the first tariff law placing a small 8 percent tax on the value of dutiable imports

Whiskey Tax- to gain more money, a tax on domestic items, most notably whiskey, seven cents a gallon, borne chiefly by the distillers who lived in the backcountry, aka excise tax

Bank of the United States- proposed by Hamilton, modeled after the Bank of England, proposed a powerful, private institution of which the government would be the major stockholder, where the federal Treasury would deposit its surplus monies, federal funds would stimulate businesses by remaining in circulation, could print urgently needed paper money providing a sound and stable national currency, created in 1791, chartered for 20 years in Philadelphia

Strict vs. Loose Construction- o Strict- Jefferson believed that the Constitution should be interpreted literally and strictlyo Loose- believed that what the Constitution did not forbid it permitted, completely opposite of

Jefferson, believed in a loose or broad interpretation of the Constitution Necessary and Proper Clause- a clause in the Constitution that said Congress may pass any laws

“necessary and proper” to carry out the powers vested in the various government agencies, Hamilton believed that a national bank would be proper and necessary for trade and taxes

Whiskey Rebellion- 1794 in western Pennsylvania, rebellion flared up when fed-up farmers revolted against Hamilton’s excise tax, they said that they’d been unfairly singled out to be taxed, they also cried “taxation without representation” since some were being taxed but not yet legal states with representation in Congress.

Federalists- Hamilton, most were federalists before the Constitution, they wanted a strong government rule by the educated aristocrats, the “best people”, most were the merchants, manufacturers, and shippers along the Atlantic seaboard, thy were mostly pro-British and recognized that foreign trade was key in the US, did not want universal suffrage

Democratic Republicans- Anti-Federalists, Jeffersonians, led by Thomas Jefferson (poor speaker but great leader and appealed to the common people), desired rule by informed classes and a weaker central government that would preserve the sovereignty of the states, mostly pro-French, Jefferson was rich and owned slaves, but sympathized with the common people, emphasized that the national debt had to be paid off, mostly agrarians (farmers), did not want privileges for the upper class, saw farming as a noble profession, advocated rule by people, but not all people (just those who weren’t ignorant), did not believe in universal suffrage

French Revolution- greatly affected America, Americans were thrilled when the French were using them as a model in overthrowing a despot and sought to establish a republic, the revolution turned bloody during “the reign of terror”, at this the Federalists rapidly changed their opinions where the Jeffersonians felt that it was just a little blood, but neither group completely approved, America would eventually be sucked into the war when France declared war on Great Britain, French looked to American help

Mareillaise- a French revolutionary song that they sang when they overtook Austria Guillotine- a weapon used in beheadings in the “reign of terror” during the French Revolution

Franco-American Alliance- because of this treaty the French expected the US to help them in their war

Neutrality Proclamation of 1793- issued by George Washington, established isolationist policy, proclaimed government's official neutrality in widening European conflicts also warned American citizens about intervening on either side of conflict, both sides irked by this controversial statement, created conflicts with France because the US was not helping them

Citizen Genet- He was a representative of the French Republic who came to America in order to recruit Americans to help fight in the French Revolution. He landed in Charleston SC around 1793 after the outbreak of war between France and Britain. Was greeted by Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans who supported France, so Genet thought that the neutrality act did not truly reflect Americans feelings. Tried to recruit Americans to fight for French. Washington asked him to leave the country.

General Mad Anthony Wayne- Beat Northwest Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timbers on August 20, 1794. Left British made arms on the fields of battle.

Battle of Fallen Timbers- General Mad Anthony Wayne defeated the Indians here which paved the way for American settlement in the Ohio River Valley

Jay’s Treaty- a treaty that offered little concessions from Britain to the U.S. and greatly disturbed the Jeffersonians. Jay was able to get Britain to say they would evacuate the chain of posts on U.S. soil and pay damages for recent seizures of American ships. The British, however, would not promise to leave American ships alone in the future, and they decided that the Americans still owed British merchants for pre-Revolutionary war debts. Because of this, many Southerners especially, were angry because they were paying the British while the northern shippers were being paid. Burned Jay’s effigies in the streets.

Two Term Washington- George Washington served for two terms and refused to return for a third term

Washington’s Farewell Address- The Farewell Address was a document by George Washington in 1796, when he retired from office. It wasn't given orally, but was printed in newspapers. It did not concern foreign affairs; most of it was devoted to domestic problems. He stressed that we should stay away from permanent alliances with foreign countries; temporary alliances wouldn't be quite as dangerous, but they should be made only in "extraordinary emergencies". He also spoke against partisan bitterness (warned against political parties). The document was rejected by the Jeffersonians, who favored the alliance with France.

Pinckney’s Treaty- Gave America what they demanded from the Spanish. Free navigation of the Mississippi, large area of north Florida. (helped America to have unexpected diplomatic success) Jay Treaty-helped prompt the Spanish to deal with the port of New Orleans. Was seen by many as proof that they Democratic-Republicans were stronger than the Federalists.

Election of 1796- first election without George Washington, Hamilton was the logical choice for the next president but his financial plan made him very unpopular, John Adams won 71 to 68 against Thomas Jefferson who became the next vice president, Adams had a hated rival and opponent in Hamilton, who plotted with Adams’ cabinet against the president, and a political rival in his vice president, he also had a volatile situation with France that could explode into war.

John Adams- A Federalist who was Vice President under Washington in 1789, and later became President by three votes in 1796. Known for his quarrel with France, and was involved in the xyz Affair, Quasi War, and the Convention of 1800. Later though he was also known for his belated push for peace w/ France in 1800. Regarding his personality he was a "respectful irritation".

French Seizure of American Ships- France was incensed by Jay’s Treaty and thought that it was a flagrant violation of the Franco-American treaty and began seizing defenseless, American merchant ships.

XYZ Affair- John Adams sent three envoys (including John Marshall) to France, where they were approached by three agents (X,Y, and Z), who demanded a large bribe just to talk to Talleyrand, returned to America and known as heroes for doing the right thing

“Millions for defense but not one cent in tribute”- response from Americans about not paying to talk to the French

Impressment- British navy would take American ships and force the people to work for them John Marshall- The strong-willed chief of justice and cousin of Jefferson. He dominated the Supreme

Court with his commanding personality and powerful intellect. He shaped the American legal tradition more profoundly than any other single figure. Also his decision regarding the Marbury vs. Madison affair spurred the Jeffersonians to fight back. Also went to France during XYZ affair.

Talleyrand- foreign minister; in 1797, Adams sent a diplomatic commission to France to settle matters about the upset of the Jay Treaty of 1794. The French thought that America was siding with the English violating the Franco-American Treaty of 1778. The commission was sent to talk to Talleyrand about the seizing of American ships by the French. Communication between the commission and Talleyrand existed between three go betweeners (XYZ) because talking to Talleyrand in person would cost a quarter of a million dollars. Americans soon negotiated and this act subtly started an undeclared war with France.

Convention of 1800- signed in Paris that ended France's peacetime military alliance with America. Napoleon was eager to sign this treaty so he could focus his attention on conquering Europe and perhaps create a New World empire in Louisiana. This ended the "quasi-war" between France and America.

Alien and Sedition Laws- Contains four parts: 1. Raised the residence requirement for American citizenship from 5 to 14 years. 2. Alien Act-gave the President the power in peacetime to order any alien out of the country. 3. Alien Enemies Act-permitted the President in wartime to jail aliens when he wanted to.-No arrests made under the Alien Act or the Alien Enemies Act. 4. The Sedition Act-key clause provided fines and jail penalties for anyone guilty of sedition. Was to remain in effect until the next Presidential inauguration. Federalists move.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolution- The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions were put into practice in 1798 by Jefferson and James Madison. These resolutions were secretly made to get the rights back taken away by the Alien and Sedition Acts. These laws took away freedom of speech and press guaranteed by the Bill of Rights. These resolutions also brought about the later compact theory, which gave the states more power than the federal government. Nullified Alien and Sedition Laws.

Nullification- The Federalist Party had passed the alien and sedition acts to regulate the strong opinions of the republicans. These laws violated the freedoms of the first amendment granted to the

people, and prosecuted them for speaking out. Thomas Jefferson and James Madison protested the laws by writing the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, which asked the states to declare the laws null. They thought that "nullification was the rightful remedy". Virginia and Kentucky were the only states that voted for this nullification, which is to make a law invalid.

Quiz Questions o Which of the following pairs of items are not directly related to each other?

Implied powers-- “necessary and proper” clause Strict construction—Tenth Amendment Loose Construction—Elastic Clause States’ rights—loose construction “necessary and proper clause”—vested powers

o The ____________ Amendment might rightly be called the states’ rights amendment. Tenth

o All of the following are accurate descriptions of the young American life except… Its population was still about 90% rural, despite the flourishing cities The first official census of 1790 recorded almost 4 million people All but 5% of the people lived east of the Appalachian mountains Most of the population lived in the eastern seaboard cities Foreign visitors looked down at the roughness and crudity of pioneering life

o Match the individual with his office in the government Thomas Jefferson- secretary of state Alexander Hamilton- secretary of treasury Henry Knox- secretary of war John Jay- chief justice of the Supreme Court

o According to the compact theory advocated by Jefferson and Madison… The national government was the creation of the thirteen sovereign states

o In Jay’s Treaty, the British… Promised to evacuate the chain of forts in the Old Northwest

o Federalists strongly supported… Law and order

o Despite the flourishing cities, America’s population was still about ______ percent rural. 90

o One of George Washington’s major contributions as president was… Keeping the nation out of foreign wars

o Federalists advocated rule by… The best people

o Alexander Hamilton’s financial program for the economic development of the United States favored…

The wealthier classo When the new government was launched in 1789…

The nation’s population was doubling about every 25 years

o During its first quarter century as a nation, one of the major problems facing America was… the rivalry and warfare between France and Britain

o Foreign relations between the United States and France deteriorated in the late 1790s over… French seizure of American merchant ships

o All of the following were true of Alexander Hamilton were true except His intelligence was constantly under question, but his loyalty to the republican

experiment never wavered

Chapter 11

Election of 1800- Jefferson won the election by a majority of 73 electoral votes to 65, and even though Adams got more popular votes, Jefferson got New York, but even though he triumphed, but a technicality, he had tied with his opponent Aaron Burr. The vote went to the Federalist dominated House of Representatives. Hamilton hated Burr so voted for Jefferson.

Aaron Burr- opponent to Jefferson in election of 1800, hated by Hamilton (thought that he would destroy the Federalist party)

“Revolution of 1800”- the election of 1800 solidified the unique status of the new country, the country was able to make a smooth transition from one party to another, the Democratic-Republicans were seen as more of the “People’s Party” than were the Federalists, this election was about the people exercising their right to adopt new philosophies about how they would be governed.

Thomas Jefferson- was different from Washington and Adams, he was simple and frugal, held no formal dinners, wore casual clothing, sent informal messages to Congress that were read to the body by a clerk, was torn by the contradictions that he faced in office, he had his own philosophies, but then with experience realized that they were naïve and unrealistic, he did not fire the Federalist government officials, repealed Alien and Sedition Acts, did away with excise tax, left Hamilton’s financial plan in tact, was changing to Federalism

Jefferson Inaugural- On March 4, 1801, Jefferson was inaugurated president in the new capital of Washington D.C. he stated that all Americans were both Federalists and Democratic- Republicans, promised no foreign wars and honest friendship with all nations

Patronage- Patronage is like the "spoils system." When an elected official fills appointed positions with friends that helped him/her get elected, it is considered patronage. Thomas Jefferson did not change many of the appointed positions in the government when he was elected in 1801.

Albert Gallatin- secretary of the treasury, reduced the national debt and the federal budget was balanced

Judiciary Act of 1801- passed by the Federalists in their last days of Congress domination, packed newly created judgeships with Federalist-backing men, to prolong their legacy

John Marshall- a cousin of Jefferson, had served at Valley Forge during the War, and he had been impressed with the drawbacks of no central authority, and thus, he became a lifelong Federalist, committed to strengthening the power of the federal government

Midnight Judges- judges appointed to the Supreme Court by Adams in the last days of his presidency to force them upon Jefferson, not approved by any other officials, just to have his “voice” still in government; Marshall upon these

Marbury vs. Madison- decision reached by Chief Justice John Marshall, gave the supreme court the power of judicial review

Samuel Chase- Jefferson disliked him and attempted to have him impeached by the Senate, but this was unsuccessful

Barbary States- The Barbary states of North Africa sponsored acts of piracy against U.S. ships, Jefferson had a problem (while he was being commander and chief), he desired to not go to war, by the could not let this continue, sent the navy to Tripoli, fought for 4 years, paid $60,000 for a treaty

Algiers- some of the most harsh pirates were from Algiers “Shores of Tripoli”- where Jefferson sent the navy, were fighting continued for 4 years “mosquito fleet”- Jefferson ordered a small fleet of gunboats that received this nickname, he did not

believe in a large standing army so thought that he was making the navy but the idea was very weak. Louisiana- land that Spain had from France that was between the US states and the west coast. Napoleon- he secretly induced the king of Spain to cede the Louisiana territory back to France,

Spaniards took away American rights to use the Mississippi River, looking to sell Louisiana James Monroe and Robert Livingston- were sent by Jefferson to buy New Orleans from Napoleon

and as much land to the east for a total of $10 million Toussaint L’Ouverture- led a rebellion in Haiti which had been unsuccessful and killed lots of French

troops due to yellow fever, led to necessity for Napoleon to sell land Santo Domingo- Napoleon failed to reconquer this sugar-rich island which was supposed to work

with Louisiana and slaves there, so one of the reasons why he wanted to sell Louisiana Louisiana Purchase- Napoleon offered to sell New Orleans and the land west of it, Louisiana, for $15

million, the US could not refuse this offer even though this went against Jefferson’s beliefs of “strict constitution”

Lewis and Clark- sent by Jefferson in the spring of 1804 to explore the new territory, with Sacajawea they spent 2.5 years exploring the land and the nature

Zebulon Pike- another explorer trekked to the headwaters of the Mississippi River in 1805-1806 and ventured to southern portion of Louisiana

Burr-Hamilton Duel- The Federalists sank lower than ever, they tried to scheme with Burr to make New England and New York secede from the union, in the process, Burr killed Hamilton in a duel

Election of 1804- Jefferson won with a margin of 162 Electoral votes to 14 for his opponent, but his happiness was nonexistent because in 1803, Napoleon had deliberately provoked Britain into renewing its war with France

Trafalgar- England owned the seas because of this Austerlitz- France owned the land because of this Orders of Council- issued by London in 1806, closed ports under French continental control to foreign

shipping, including American, unless they stopped at a British port first Impressments- illegal seizure of men and forcing of them to serve on ships, of American seamen also

incensed the US, some 6000 Americans were impressed from 1808-1811, angering US people Chesapeake- 1807, was overhauled by a royal frigate, the Chesapeake was about 10 miles off the

coast of VA, the British captain ordered the seizure of four alleged deserters. When the American commanders refused, the US ship received three devastating broadsides that killed 3 Americans and wounded 18.

Embargo Act (1807)- late 1807, forbade the export of all goods from the United States to any foreign nations, deserted docks, rotting ships, ruined economies, NE merchants who Jefferson intended to help were hurt the most, US economy hurt more than British, smuggling grew

Nonintercourse Act- reopened trade with all nations except France and Britain, had the same effect as Jefferson’s embargo, economy continued to suffer until war in 1812

Macon’s Bill No. 2- permitted American trade with all nations, promised to restore normal trade relations with France and England if either dropped their commercial restrictions against the US, France accepted, but it was a lie and US drawn into European affairs

War Hawks- when the twelfth congress met in 1811; the “war hawks” wanted to go to war with the British and wanted to eliminate the Indian threats to pioneers, what Henry Clay and other politicians

were known as for their aggressive stance on Indian affairs and how to handle them (eventually created War of 1812)

Henry Clay- 1811, 34 years old, new speaker of the house, represented a new brand, was aggressive and not willing to simply submit to the majority

Tecumseh- Shawnee, along with his brother, unified many Indian tribes in a last ditch battle with the settlers; allied with the British, encouraged Indians to not acknowledge the White Man’s “ownership” of land

Prophet- Tenskwatawa (real name), Shawnee, along with his brother, unified many Indian tribes in a last ditch battle with the settlers; allied with the British, encouraged Indians to not acknowledge the White Man’s “ownership” of land

William Henry Harrison- American general, was given orders to attack and kill Tecumseh and the Prophet, raided the camp and killed the two, later war hero of War of 1812, elected president in 1840, but died of pneumonia a month later

Andrew Jackson- ______________________

Quiz Questions o As chief justice, John Marshall was known for his…

Strong will and brilliant mindo Of the following, the only argument not put forward by the war hawks as justification for a

declaration of war against Britain was that… Britain’s commercial restrictions had come close to destroying America’s profitable

New England shipping businesso Thomas Jefferson’s “Revolution of 1800” was remarkable in that…

It marked the peaceful and orderly transfer of power on the basis of election results accepted by all parties

o By 1810, the most insistent demand for a declaration of war against Britain came from… The west and south

o The legal precedent for judicial review was established when… President Adams appointed several midnight judges to the federal courts

o The difference in price between what Jefferson had authorized his negotiators to pay for New Orleans and West Florida and what they actually paid for all of Louisiana was…

$5 milliono Federalists opposed the acquisition of Canada because

It was too agrarian and would give more votes to the Democratic-Republicanso Lewis and Clark demonstrated the viability of…

An overland trail to the Pacifico After killing Alexander Hamilton in a duel, Aaron Burr…

Plotted to divide the United Stateso Thomas Jefferson’s embargo failed for all of the following reasons except that…

He underestimated Britain’s dependence on American tradeo In the election of 1800, the Federalists accused Thomas Jefferson of all of the following

except… Secretly encouraging Aaron Burr to assassinate Alexander Hamilton

o One of the greatest problems that John Adams and the Federalists faced in the election of 1800 was…

Adam’s refusal to take the country to war against Franceo In the 1800 election, Thomas Jefferson won the state of New York because

Aaron Burr used his influence to turn the state to Jeffersono To guard American shores, Thomas Jefferson…

Constructed two hundred tiny gunboatso Thomas Jefferson had strong misgivings about the wisdom of…

Maintaining a large standing armyo Thomas Jefferson sent two envoys to France in 1803 with the essential goal of…

Purchasing New Orleans to make it secure for American shipperso President James Madison made a major foreign-policy mistake when he…

Accepted Napoleon’s promise to repeal its trade restrictionso As chief justice of the United States, John Marshall helped to ensure that…

The political and economic systems were based on a strong central governmento Thomas Jefferson and his followers opposed John Adams’s last-minute appointment of new

federal judges mainly because… It was an attempt by a defeated party to entrench itself in the government

o Thomas Jefferson distrusted large standing armies because they… Could be used to establish a dictatorship

Chapter 12

Invasion of Canada- The Federalists did not support the invasion of Canada because that would give the Jeffersonian Republicans more votes. Canada became an important battleground in the War of 1812 because British forces were weakest there. If America would have had a successful attack against Montreal they could have easily been successful. Instead they made a three-pronged invasion that set out from Detroit, Niagara, and Lake Champlain.

Oliver Hazard Perry- American naval officer who managed to build a fleet of green-timbered ships on the shores of Lake Erie. He captured a British fleet and infused new life in the American cause and causing the redcoats to retreat.

Battle of Thames- the retreating redcoats were beaten by General Harrison’s army in this battle in October 1813.

Thomas Macdonough- 30 year old commander of a weak American fleet in the battle at Plattsburgh Plattsburgh- a battle where a strong British force was defeated by a weaker American force on

September 11, 1814. The invading British army was forced to retreat. Macdonough saved at least upper New York from the Union from possible dissolution.

Attack on Washington- A second, large British force landed in Chesapeake Bay area in August 1814 advancing quickly to Washington. When they got to Washington they set fire to most of the public buildings (capital, Whitehouse, etc.),

Fort McHenry- while Washington burned the Americans at Baltimore held firm. The British hammered Forth McHenry with their cannon but could not capture the city.

Francis Scott Key- a detained American anxiously watching the bombardment from a British ship was inspired by the doughty defenders to write the words of “The Star-Spangled Banner.”

Andrew Jackson- He was the commander of the American force in New Orleans. Also known as a great Indian fighter. New Orleans was a great victory for him and his men. He became a national hero and some thought that he ended and won the War of 1812.

Battle of New Orleans- a third British blow in 1814 was towards New Orleans. Andrew Jackson (fresh from crushing Indians at Horseshoe Bend) was placed in command. His force consisted of many different people (pirates, soldiers, regulars, etc.) The over confident British made the mistake of launching a frontal assault and suffered the most devastating defeat of the entire war. It was an astonishing victory for Jackson and his men. It ended up that the war was already over when the war was fought but the battle restored American honor and created a lot of nationalism.

Treaty of Ghent- an agreement signed by the Americans and the British on December 24, 1814, an armistice that agreed to stop fighting and ignoring any other demands of either side, which potentially led to the end of the War of 1812. It was signed before the Battle of New Orleans, but Americans did not learn of the treaty until after the victory at New Orleans. Americans assumed the "victory" for the war. The British signed quickly because they were more concerned with European affairs.

Constitution- an American warship, nicknamed "Old Ironsides," in 1812 the Americans created the super frigate which had thicker sides, heavier fire power, and a larger crew than the original British frigate, was a notable ship in the war of 1812 against the British Navy

John Quincy Adams- son of John Adams who headed the Treaty of Ghent Henry Clay- colleague of John Adams who also went to discuss the Treaty of Ghent “Blue Light Federalists”- treacherous New Englanders who supposedly flashed lanterns on the shore

so that blockading British cruisers would be alerted to the attempted escape of American ships. Hartford Convention- late in 1814, some states secretly met in Hartford, Connecticut to discuss their

grievances and to seek redress for their wrongs, actually less radical than the alarmists supposed, few talked about secession, but most wanted financial assistance from Washington to compensate for lost trade, and an amendment requiring 2/3 majority for all declarations of embargos, except during invasion. Proved to be the death of the Federalist Party, as their last presidential nomination was trounced by James Monroe in 1816.

Second War for Independence- The War of 1812 was a small war but other countries now respected America. There was sectional disunity. War heroes emerged (Jackson and Harrison). Made many treaties with Indians. Manufacturing prospered behind the wall of the British blockade. The war of 1812 gave America greater independence. America was less dependent on European goods. Canadians also felt nationalism. Americans and British engaged in a floating arms race on the great lakes.

Rush-Bagot Agreement- 1817, severely limited American and British naval armament on the lakes. Better relations brought the last border fortifications down in the 1870’s, with the happy result the US and Canada came to share the world’s longest unfortified boundary.

Washington Irving- great American author who attained national recognition after the war (Rumpelstilskin and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow)

James Fennimore Cooper- great American author who attained national recognition after the war (The Last of the Mohicans)

North American Review- debuted in 1815, a new intellectual magazine Bank of the United States- a revived Bank of the United States was voted by Congress in 1816, better

national capital began to arise from the ashes of Washington Stephen Decatur- naval hero in the War of 1812 and of the Barbary Coast expeditions captured the

country’s nationalist mood in a famous speech made on his return from the Mediterranean campaigns.

Nationalism- there was much nationalism in America after the war of 1812, the Bank was formed, there was culture, the nation was more independent, took part in manufacturing and factories too.

Tariff of 1816- after the war, British competitors dumped their goods onto America at cheap prices, so this is how the US responded. The first in US history designed for protection, which pit a 20-25% tariff on dutiable imports.

Henry Clay- created the American system in hopes of developing a profitable home market. American System- advocated a strong banking system, a high protective tariff that would allow

eastern manufacturing to flourish, included a network of roads and canals to be funded through the tariffs, would send raw materials from the south and west to the north and east, Congress also sought to distribute 1.5 million dollars to the states to address poor roads (but Madison vetoed the bill), system was to improve America’s infrastructure and link the country together.

Election of 1812- ************** Election of 1816- James Monroe nominated by the Republicans, defeated the weak Federalist

candidate 183 to 34 electoral votes, last of the Federalists James Monroe- six feet tall, somewhat stooped, courtly, mild-mannered, won the election of 1816,

went on a good will tour deep into New England and was warmly welcomed, Boston newspaper called it “the era of good feelings”

Era of Good Feelings- troubled period but also prosperity- growing, flourishing, good capital and economy, new states, victorious, optimism, cultural advances, etc.

Panic of 1819- paralyzed the economy of the US, caused primarily by over-speculation in land prices, Bank of the US fell heavily into debt, started chain of recessions occurring roughly every 20 years, west was hit particularly hard by the recession, Bank of US was seen by many to be the cause of the problems, lower class hit hard

Wildcat Banks- western banks forced by the US Bank to foreclose mortgages on countless farms, technically legal but politically unwise

Cumberland Road- America’s first superhighway that would run from Maryland to Illinois Land Act of 1820- authorized a buyer to purchase 80 acres of land for a minimum of $1.25 an acre in

cash, would help lead to cheaper transportation costs as well Missouri and Slavery- Missouri wanted to enter the union as a slave state raising the sectional

tensions over slavery, met all requirements until Tallmadge amendment was created Tallmadge Amendment- provided that no more slaves be brought into Missouri and also provided for

the gradual emancipation of children born to slave parents already in Missouri (shot down by Senate) Missouri Compromise- Missouri would be admitted as a slave state while Maine would be admitted

as a free state, thus maintaing the balance, all new states north of 36o30o line would be free, both the north and the south gained something, but neither was completely happy

Election of 1820- The panic of 1819 should have doomed the reelection of Monroe, but they Federalist party was so weak that they could not take advantage of the crisis, Monroe was so popular he received all but one electoral vote.

McCullough vs. Maryland- involved the state of Maryland taxing the currency notes of the National Bank, Marshall invoked the Hamilton principle of implied rights to ban the practice, big boost to loose constructionist using the elastic clause, Marshall said the Constitution must be loosely interpreted if the country wants to grow and change.

Cohens vs. Virginia- Cohen’s found guilty of illegally selling lottery tickets, case appealed to US Supreme Court where they lost again, Marshall stated that the Supreme Court could review the decisions of state supreme courts involving the powers of the federal governments, further increased the power of the federal government and loss of the states, should never had been a federal issue

Gibbons vs. Ogden- John Marshall- US Chief Justice, continued the process of bolstering the power of the Federal

government at the expense of the states, series of three cases decided by Marshall’s court help precedents for the future

Fletcher vs. Peck- Georgia legislature attempted to invalidate a contract that the public objected to, Marshall ruled that the contract was not valid and that states could not act to impair or change a legal contract

Dartmouth vs. Woodward- Dartmouth College had been granted a charter by King George III, state of NH attempted to change the charter, Marshall ruled that the state of NH could not alter the contract, it was a valid contract

Daniel Webster- Dartmouth appealed using alumni Daniel Webster to work as lawyer, Marshall ruled that the original charter must stand. It was a contract and the Constitution protected those.

Treaty of 1818- put the Northern boundary of the Louisiana Purchase at the 49th Parallel and provided for a 10-year joint occupation of the Oregon territory with Britain, without surrender of rights and claims by neither Britain nor America.

Jackson in Florida- When revolutions broke out in South and Central America, Spanish troops in Florida were withdrawn to put down the rebellions, and Indian attacks ravaged American land while the Indians would then retreat back to Spanish territory. Andrew Jackson swept across the Florida border, hanged two Indian chiefs without ceremony, executed two British subjects for assisting Indians, and seized St. Marks and Pensacola.

Florida Purchase Treaty of 1819- had Spain cede Florida and shadowy claims to Oregon in exchange for Texas

Alaska- Russo-American treaty of 1824, the Russian tsar fixed the southern boundary of his Alaskan territory to 54o40’ and stayed at that.

Monroe Doctrine- Issued in late 1823, Monroe stated that there should be no further colonization in the Americas, there should be no intervention by European countries in the affairs of the Americas, the US would stay out of the affairs of Europe

Chapter 13

********************

Chapter 14

Ralph Waldo Emerson- wrote a popular lecture-essay called “Self Reliance” about Frontier life. James Fennimore Cooper- heroic Frontiersman in literature Herman Melville- restless business person in Frontier literature Rendezvous system- the fur trapping business was based on this system, each summer traders would

go to a Rocky Mountain Valley and wait for trappers and Indians to arrive with beaver pelts to trade for manufactured goods from the East

Ecological imperialism- the aggressive and often heedless exploitation of the West’s natural bounty, ex. Beaver, buffalo, etc., even during these times Americans still revered nature and had a spirit of nationalism

George Catlin- painter, student and advocate of Native American life, was one of the first to advocate for the preservation of a park, his ideas eventually created national parks, Yellowstone being the first

Urbanization/associated problems- Americans were multiplying at an amazing rate, population doubling every 25 years, thirty three states now, fourth most populous country in the western world, New York and Philadelphia had 20,000+ people, brought problems, smelly slums, feeble street lighting, inadequate sewage, rats, improper garbage disposal, etc.

Immigration issue- Most of the high population can from a high birthrate, but there were also many immigrants, over a million and a half German and Irish immigrants came from Europe to America, partly because they were running out of room in Europe

Irish- Irish potato famine in mid 1840s led to death of 2 million and many fled to the US, “Black Forties”- mainly came to big cities (Boston, New York), illiterate, discriminated against, received low paying/class jobs, hated by Protestants because they were Catholic, competition with blacks for jobs, began to own property (they thought this would make them successful), education of children cut short so families could buy land, attracted to politics, filled police department

NINA- “No Irish Need Apply”, signs often posted on factory gates German- 1 million Germans poured in America because of crop failures, Americas gain, had much

more money than the Irish, bought a lot of Western land, especially in Wisconsin, votes crucial in American politics but spread out, contributed to US culture (beer, Christmas tree, kindergarten), public education and freedom, opposed slavery

Carl Schurz- German who contributed to the richly elevated American political life, foe of slavery and political corruption

“Nativists”- the so called natives in America, prejudiced newcomers in jobs, politics and religion, against Catholics

Order of the Star-Bangled Banner (Know-Nothing Party)- American nativists, secret party, wanted more restrictions on immigration and naturalization and for laws authorizing the deportation of aliens

Industrial Revolution- spread to the Us and the US was destined to be a giant because: land was cheap, labor scare, money for investments plentiful, raw materials not discovered, lacked consumer for factory-scale manufacturing

Samuel Slater- “Father of the Factory System”, learned machinery when working in a British factory, memorized plans and fled to US with Moses Brown in US financially backing him up, built the first cotton thread spinner

Eli Whitney- very smart, graduated from Yale, moved to Georgia, private law tutor, inventor Cotton gin- invented by Eli Whitney, 50x more efficient than handpicking cotton, made south

prosperous King Cotton- cotton drove the south economically and socially and they began to spread westward

thanks to Eli Whitney Interchangeable part- Eli Whitney created the interchangeable part of the muskets, this was the base

of the assembly line that flourished in the north Elias Howe/ Isaac Singer- created sewing machine, foundation of clothing industry, boosted northern

industry in general Telegraph- Samuel Morse’s creation, “talking wires”, dots system used for communication Child Labor- a lot of children factory workers with these poor conditions, awful conditions and wagers

at way too young of an age Strikes- many strikes to get batter working conditions, established the 10 hour day, but this only

created shifts, created unions Commonwealth v. Hunt- ruled that labor unions were not illegal conspiracies, provided that their

methods were “honorable and peaceful”, basically legalized strikes eventually Women Labor- toiled in factories under bad conditions, opportunities rare (factories, domestic

services, teaching, nursing), smaller families, child centered and disciplined but not physically Cult of Domesticity- women and their decisions on birth control and having fewer children John Deere- created steel plow that cut through hard soil and could be pulled by horses Cyrus McCormick- mechanical mower-reaper Production Farming- new inventions led to large scale production and cash crops Lancaster Turnpike- hard road from Philadelphia to Lancaster, brought economic expansion west Cumberland Road- federal government built it, Maryland-Illinois, state and federal money Robert Fulton- invents steam engines/boats, increased US trade because no concern for weather and

water current, contributed to development of south and west economy

Steam Boats----------- Erie Canal- between Great Lake and Hudson River, shorten expense and time of transportation, cities

grew along the sides, cost of food reduced, farmers unable to compete in east went west changes in food

Railroads- 1st railroad in US was finished in 1828, eventually there were thousands of miles of railroads in US (most in the north), were first opposed because financier afraid to lose money from Erie canal, trains were poorly constructed, fast, reliable, and cheaper than canals,

Pullman- “sleeping palace” on trains John Jacob Astor- ----------------- Social Mobility- ------------------------ Steamships- ------------------------------ Clipper Ships- sleek, new ships, much faster than the steamship Stagecoaches- horse drawn carriages Pony Express- mail service Quiz Questions:

o Most early railroads in the US were built in- the North o After the construction of the Lancaster Turnpike and the Cumberland (National) Road, road

building slowed somewhat because of- the steamboat and canal boom. o Between 1830 and 1860, nearly 2 million Irish arrived in Americao By 1851 at the London World’s Fair American products included: Goodyear’s rubber goods,

Colt’s firearms, Morse’s telegraph, McCormick’s reapero Native-born Protestant Americans distrusted and resented the Irish mostly because these

immigrants were- Catholico Ecological Imperialism can be described as- the aggressive exploitation of the West’s bountyo As the new continental market grew- the home came to be viewed as a refuge from the

workday worldo The Irish immigrants to early nineteenth century America- were mostly Roman Catholic and

hated the Britisho A major economic consequence of the transportation and marketing revolution was a steady

improvement in average wages and standards of livingo The dramatic growth of American cities between 1800 and 1860- resulted in unsanitary

conditions in many communitieso When German immigrants came to the United States, they- prospered with astonishing easeo One of the goals of the child-centered family of the 1800’s was to- raise independent

individualso The first major transportation project, which ran 62 miles from Philadelphia to Lancaster, was

the- Lancaster Turnpikeo Compared with canals, railroads- could be built almost anywhereo The cult of domesticity- glorified the traditional role of women as homemakerso The underlying basis for modern mass production was the use of interchangeable partso Pioneering Americans marooned by geography- were often ill informed, supersticuous,

provincial, and fiercely individualistico In the case Commonswealth vs. Hunt, the Supreme Court of Massachusetts ruled that- labor

unions were not illegal conspiracieso The major application for steamboats transporting freight and passengers in the United States

was on western and southern rivers.o German immigrants to the US came to escape economic hardships and autocratic government

Chapter 15

Thomas Paine- wrote Age of Reason, promoter of Deism Age of Reason- book written by Thomas Paine, declared that all churches were set up to terrify and

enslave mankind, and monopolize power and profit, Deism- Deists relied on reason rather than revelation, on science rather than the Bible, they rejected

the concept of original sin and denied Christ’s divinity, believed in a supreme being who created the universe but was not involved in its everyday life

Unitarianism- inspired by Deism, an important spinoff from the severe Puritanism of the past, began to gather momentum in New England, believed that God existed in one person and not the trinity, stressed the essential goodness of human nature rather than its vileness, they proclaimed their belief in free will and salvation through good works, pictured God as loving father

Second Great Awakening- around 1800, a reaction against growing liberalism in religion, fresh wave of roaring revivals, the Second Great Awakening, even more people than the First Great Awakening, one of the most momentous episodes in the history of American religion, created many new sects of Christianity

Evangelicalism- encouraged by the Second Great Awakening, reforms, temperance cause, women’s rights, abolishment of slavery

Peter Cartwright- was the best known of the Methodist “circuit riders,” or traveling frontier preachers, ill educated, servant of the Lord, went from Tennessee to Illinois preaching, converted thousands of souls to the Lord,

Charles Grandison Finney- the greatest of the revival preachers, trained as a lawyer, became an evangelist, good orator, led massive revivals in Rochester and New York City, old time religion but innovative, served as president of Oberlin College in Ohio, hot bed of revivalist activity and abolitionism

Adventists- mustered several hundred thousand adherents, rose from the Burned-Over District, interpreted the Bible to mean that Christ would return to earth on October 22, 1844. The fact that Jesus did not return on this day did not completely destroy the movement but really dampened it

Slavery and Religion- both Southern Baptists and the Southern Methodists has split with their northern brethren over human bondage. The Methodists came to grief over the case of a slave owning bishop in George. In 1857, the Presbyterians, North and South, parted company. The secession of the southern churches foreshadowed the secession of Southern states. First the churches split, then the political parties, then the Union.

Joseph Smith- a rugged visionary, proud of his prowess at wrestling reported that he received some gold plates from an angel, when deciphered they constituted the Book of Mormon, and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormons) were launched, killed by mob

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints- was created based on Joseph Smith’s idea of the golden tablets, it was a native American product, a new religion, destined to be spread worldwide, established a religious oligarchy, Smith ran into opposition between non Mormons, in Ohio then Missouri and Illinois, voted in a unit, drilled their militia, polygamy, Joseph Smith killed by mob

Brigham Young- stern, only received eleven days of formal schooling, new leader of Mormons, quickly proved to be an aggressive leader, an eloquent preacher, and a gifted administrator, determined to escape more persecution moved his people to Utah, married 27 women and had 56 children

Utah- where Brigham Young moved his people to escape persecution, prosperous frontier theocracy, Public Education- many opposed the idea of a tax-supported school system as a hand out to the

poor, support began to rise as many feared a large percentage of voters who lacked any formal form

of education, election of Jackson in 1828 spurted the movement, most early schools were poor quality with unqualified teachers

Horace Mann- known as the father of public education, argued for quality schools for all children, felt teachers should be trained and certified to teach, was upset that school was denied to the poor and blacks

Noah Webster- early American teacher, Yale educated, New York Yankee, created dictionary and Blueback speller

McGuffey’s Readers- written by Ohioan William H. McGuffey, hundreds of millions of copies sold, hammered home lasting lessons in morality, patriotism, and idealism.

State Universities- there were many small liberal colleges that were created in the Second Great Awakening, then serious academic state-supported schools sprang up in the South, UNC was the first.

University of Virginia- founded in 1819, one of the best, early schools, Thomas Jefferson designed the architecture, dedicated the university to freedom from religious and political shackles, modern languages and science received emphasis

Women’s Colleges- was frowned upon in the early decades of the 19th century, women were thought to be in the household and not in the classroom

Mt. Holyoke- Mary Lyon established this outstanding woman’s school (seminary- later college), Lyceum Ralph Waldo Emerson Reform Movements Dorthea Dix American Temperance Society “Cold Water Army” Neil S. Dow “Cult of Domesticity” Catharine Beecher Lucretia Mott Elizabeth Cady Stanton Susan B. Anthony Women’s suffrage Elizabeth Blackwell Margaret Fuller Grimke Sisters Seneca Falls Movement Declaration of Sentiments Utopian Communities New Harmony Brook Farm Oneida Community Shakers John J. Audubon Greek Revival Gilbert Stuart Hudson River School Daguerreotype Knickerbocker Group Washington Irving James Fennimore Cooper

William Cullen Transcendentalism Ralph Waldo Emerson Henry David Thoreau Walt Whitman Henry Wadsworth Longfellow John Greenleaf Whittier Oliver Wendell Holmes Louisa May Alcott Emily Dickinson Edgar Allen Poe Nathaniel Hawthorne Herman Melville

Chapter 16

King Cotton- After Eli Whitney’s cotton gin, growing cotton became wildly profitable and easier, now more slaves were needed, the south produced more than half the world’s supply of cotton, cotton was what held the south together, the North and South prospered from this because the South would produce and the North would do manufacturing

“cotton monopoly”- the South had an advantage over the North and other countries because they produced the most cotton out of anyone and everyone needed cotton for clothes

Planters- the South was not as much a democracy as an oligarchy- a government ruled by the few, the few families with a large number of slaves were the political and social rulers of the south, had many advantages that others did not, widened gap between rich and poor

“land butchery”- the obsession/ success over cotton created destruction of land very quickly causing many people to have to move west

Classes among southern whites- o Aristocratic Planters- the stereotypical slave owners with the large plantations and wealth,

smallest group in numbers but had the most powero Whites that owned a small number of slaves- they worked hard on the fields with their slaves

and the only difference between them and their northern neighbors was that there were slaves living with them

o Slaveless Whites- ¾ of the southern whites did not own slaves, they raised corn and hogs, lived simply and poorly

Known as white trash, hillbillies, mudeaters Even the slaveless whites defended the slavery system because they hoped to own a

slave one day and didn’t want to be the lowest in the important Southern class systemo Mountain Whites- lived isolated in the wilderness under Spartan frontier conditions, hated

white aristocrats and Blacks, key in crippling the Southern secessionists during the Civil War Free blacks- by 1860 there were 250,000 free Blacks in the South, some from the north were

descended from those freed by the idealism of the Revolutionary War (all men created equal), in the deep south they were usually mulattoes (black mother, white mother) many owned property, few owned slaves themselves, prohibited from working in certain occupations, disrespecting or talking to whites, and testifying against them in court, not too different from slavery, in they north free blacks were also unpopular, denied their entrance, right to vote, no public schools, hated by Irish because they fought for jobs, anti-Black feeling was stronger in the North, where people liked the race but not the individual, than in the South, were people liked the individual but not the race.

Frederick Douglas- freed black, great writer and orator who fought for the ending of slavery, was constantly beaten and harassed for his beliefs, wrote an autobiography, depicted the remarkable struggles in his life, looked to politics to solve the slavery problem

Harriet Beecher Stowe- wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin, showed the brutality of slavery including slave auctions

Conditions for slaves- slaves had very brutal conditions, hard work, no civil or political rights, whippings, but they were also an investment so too much lashing would lessen the worth of a slave, sometimes families were forced to be separated, slaves were encouraged to marry and have children, no privacy, no dignity, mostly illiterate, would try to cause trouble with masters

“black belt”- __________________________ “peculiar institution”- __________________________ Gabriel- led a slave revolt in Richmond VA, not successful but paranoid whites of other revolts Denmark Vesey- led a slave rebellion in Charleston, not successful but paranoid whites of other

revolts Nat Turner- semiliterate preacher who led a revolt in 1831, not successful but paranoid whites of

other revolts Booker T. Washington- a distinguished black leader and a former slave, observed that whites could

not hold blacks in a ditch without getting down there with them Abolitionists- ______________________ American Colonization Society- founded in 1817, purpose was to transport blacks back to Africa,

Liberia was formed in 1822 as a place in Africa to put all of these former slaves, most blacks had no desire to be transplanted to a strange civilization, they had been “Americanized”, by 1860 almost all slaves were native born African Americans

Theodore Dwight Weld- preacher during the Second Great Awakening- created a new interest in abolition, began to preach against the evils of slavery, developed a large following, wrote a pamphlet against the practice of slavery American Slavery as it is

Lane Theological Seminary- Weld went here in Cincinnati, Ohio, presided over by the formidable Lyman Beecher, father of remarkable brood, including novelist Harriet Beecher Stowe, reformer Catharine Beecher, and preacher abolitionist Henry Ward Beecher. He was expelled.

American Slavery As It Is- propaganda pamphlet written by Theodore Dwight Weld Uncle Tom’s Cabin- greatly influenced by American Slavery as it is, very affective abolitionist

propaganda William Lloyd Garrison- The most conspicuous and most vilified of the abolitionists, Garrison was a

nonresistant pacifist and poor organizer. He favored a northern secession from the South and antagonized both sections with his intemperate language.

The Liberator- published by William Lloyd Garrison, first edition in 1831, war of words that would last until the end of the Civil War, only subject of this paper was ending slavery

American Anti-Slave Society- founded by dedicated abolitionists rallied to Garrison’s standard, 1833, a society against slavery, very strict

Wendell Phillips- was in the American Anti-Slave Society, very strict, would not eat sugar or wear cotton because it supported slavery, Boston Patrician known for his abolitionist stance

David Walker- black abolitionist, wrote Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World in 1829, advocated a bloody revolt to end slavery,

Sojourner Truth- a freed black woman who fought for both slaves rights and women’s rights, religious passion, condemned slavery as a sin

Martin Delaney Narrative Life of Frederick Douglass Defense of slavery?

Gag resolution Lewis Tappan Broadcloth Mob Elijah P. Lovejoy

Chapter 17 John L. O’Sullivan- Influential Democratic editor who coined the phrase "manifest destiny" and

justified the American claims to new territory. William Henry Harrison- newly elected president of the United States, soon after inauguration got

pneumonia and died. Shortest term. John Tyler- vice president to Harrison, became president after death, Virginia gentleman of the old

school, forsaken Jacksonian Democratic fold for the Whigs, hated Jackson, accused of being Democrat in Whig clothing, embraced a number of Jeffersonian states’ rights, disagreed with Whig party (he was NOT pro-bank, pro-protective tariff and pro-internal improvements like the Whigs)

Fiscal Bank- Clay drove this through Congress, would create a new banking system, vetoed by Tyler “His Accidency”- what Whigs called Tyler, his entire cabin resigned except for Webster, hated by

many Insurrection in Canada- A small rebellion occurred in Canada where a few rebellious Americans gave

them supplies and arms and volunteered to fight. Caroline- an American steamer carrying supplies to the insurgents across the Niagara River, attacked

by a British force, on American soil, protests and after effects Creole- British officials in the Bahamas offered asylum to 130 Virginia slaves who had rebelled and

captured this American ship, Britain had abolished slavery within its empire, raising southern fears that its Caribbean possessions would become Canada-like havens for escaped slaves

Aroostook War- a small-scale lumberjack clash over the Maine Border Dispute- Maine had claimed territory on its northern and eastern border that was also

claimed by England, and there were actually small skirmishes in the area, but luckily in 1842 Britain sent Lord Ashburton to negotiate with Daniel Webster, and after talks, the two agreed to what is now called the Ashburton-Webster Treaty, which gave Britain their desired Halifax-Quebec route for a road while America got more land north of Maine as well as a readjustment of the U.S.- Canadian border which later yielded the priceless Mesabi iron ore of Minnesota.

Lone Star Republic- after they gained their independence, Mexico refused to recognized Texas’s independence, they regarded them as a province in revolt and planned to attack them again,

Texas Annexation Issues- “Texas or Disunion”- Election of 1844- James K. Polk- Oregon Country- 54-40- 49th Parallel- Manifest Destiny- “Young Hickory”- Tariff of 1846- Polk’s Four Point Plan- California Issues- Nueces River- Rio Grande- John Slidell-

Zachary Taylor- “Old Rough and Ready”- Spot Resolution- Stephen W. Kearney- John C. Fremont- Vera Cruz- General Winfield Scott- “Old Fuss and Feathers”- Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo- Wilmot Proviso-

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Harriet Beecher Stowe- a wisp woman and the mother of 6 children, from the north, author of Uncle Tom’s CabinUncle Tom’s Cabin- book written by Harriet Beecher Stowe, she was determined to awaken the North to the wickedness of slavery, to millions of people it made slavery appear almost as evil as it actually was, Lincoln said that the book caused the civil war, the South thought the book was unfair because Mrs. Stowe had never witnessed slavery at the first hand, but it left a profound impression on the North, it also had a lasting effect on Great Britain and FranceSimon Legree- ************Hinton R. Helper- author of The Impending Crisis of the South, a nonaristocratic white from North Carolina, hated both blacks and slaveryThe Impending Crisis of the South- a book written by Hinton R. Helper, used an array of statistics to show that indirectly the nonslave-holding whites were the ones who suffered the most from slavery, published, was banned illegal in the SouthPopular Sovereignty- Kansas was providing an example of the worst possible workings of popular sovereignty (under abnormal conditions), means that people were allowed to make decisions especially about slavery vs. free statesNew England Emigrant Aid Company- one of the most famous anti-slavery organizations, sent about two thousand people to the troubled area (Kansas) to forestall the south, and to make a profit, “An imaginary Negro in an impossible place”- there were very, very few slaves in Kansas and Nebraska because they were valuable and volatile property and their owners did not want to allow them to live where bullets were flying and where the soil might be voted free under popular sovereigntyShawnee Mission- at an election slave supporters came to Kansas from Missouri to vote, they triumphed and created their own puppet government at Shawnee Mission. Topeka- Free spoilers unable to stomach the fraudulent conspiracy established an illegal government of their own in Topeka, this confused Kansas citizens, one corrupt government vs. illegal governmentLawrence- feuded with BrownJohn Brown- iron-willed, obsessively dedicated to the abolitionist cause, moved from Kansas to Ohio after some dubious dealings, led a band of his followers to Pottawatomie Creek in May 1856, there they literally hacked five men presumed to be proslavery, brought retaliation Bleeding Kansas- civil war and chaos broke out in Kansas destroyed millions of dollars worth of property, paralyzed agriculture, and killed manyLecompton Constitution- Kansas had enough people to apply for statehood, created a constitution, created

by proslavery forces, people were not allowed to vote for or against the constitution as a whole but for the constitutions either “with slavery” or “with no slavery”, but no matter what it would protect the owners of slaves already in Kansas, so slavery would exist no matter whatPreston Brooks- hot tempered, resented the insults Sumner made to his state and its senator a distant cousin, took things into his own hands, he was mad and beat Sumner over the head with a cane until he went unconscious, Charles Sumner- of Massachusetts, leading abolitionist, one of the most disliked men in the senate, he made an awful speech about Kansas and South Carolina, beat by BrooksElection of 1856- The Democrats chose James Buchanan a Pennsylvanian lawyer, minister to London, enemy less, in a time that called for giants, Buchanan was a mediocre, irresolute, and confused. The newly formed Republican Party chose John C. Frémont, so called Pathfinder to the West, without political experience, not tarred with the Kansas brush (like Buchanan), The Republican platform came out against the extension of slavery into the territories, while the Democrats declared no less emphatically for popular sovereignty. Buchanan polling less than a majority of the popular vote won. South said they would secede if Frémont won, so the north voted for Buchanan so they could keep economic connection with south. Know-Nothing Party- small political party, like WhigsMillard Fillmore- Know-Nothing party candidate, got a lot of the popular vote, decided electionDred Scott v. Sanford- Dred Scott lived with his master for 5 years in Wisconsin and Illinois Territory, he sued for freedom on the basis of his long residence on free soil, the court ruled that he was a black slave and could not be a citizen and sue in federal courts, went on to say that a slave was private property and he or she could be taken into any territory and legally held in slavery (5th amendment), said that the Compromise of 1820 was unconstitutional, congress had no power to ban slavery in certain territories, Southerners delighted in this victory, North hated itPanic of 1857- not as bad economically as it was physiologically, caused by: in pouring California gold rushers inflated the currency, over stimulated the growing of grain, frenzied speculation in land and railroads, the north was hardest hit, south had favorably foreign cotton prices so still good, cotton was king, passed a homestead act- one that made public lands available at a nominal sum of twenty five cents an acre, vetoed by Buchanan, created higher tariff ratesAbraham LincolnLincoln-Douglas Debates“Freeport Doctrine”Harper’s FerryElection of 1860John C. BreckinridgeJohn BellSecession

Confederate States of America