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Apollo: Learning From the Past, For the Future

NASA's Constellation program, the successor to the Space Shuttle program, proposes a return tothe Moon using a new generation of vehicles. The Orion Crew Vehicle and the Altair LunarLander will use hardware and techniques descended and derived from both Shuttle and theoriginal Apollo lunar landing project. However, the new generation of engineers and managerswho will be working with Orion and Altair are largely from the decades following Apollo, and aregenerally unaware of the hardware and techniques developed in the 1960s. In 2007 a project atNASA's Johnson Space Center was begun to find pertinent Apollo-era documentation and gatherit, format it, and present it using modern tools for today's engineers and managers. This "ApolloMission Familiarization for Constellation Personnel" project has been put onto a web siteaccessible from any NASA center for those interested in learning "how did we do this duringApollo?"

The first step was to gather the documentation — in most cases, reports and handbooks that werewritten between the mid-1960s and mid-1970s, and residing in various technical libraries at NASAand elsewhere in scanned electronic format only — and make it available in a central location. Inmany cases, the original authors left "lessons learned" sections in their reports for futureengineers and designers. Next, the various instructors, flight controllers, and other specialists onthe team reviewed and summarized the pertinent information using collaborative documentationsoftware (aka "wiki" software), and created short summary briefings using presentation softwareand captured video. The video briefings, the technical wiki web pages, and the originaldocuments are all available from a single web site, and cover a variety of topics from systemsbriefs to mission techniques. As the project has developed, its scope has expanded and otherrelated information has been added, such as video presentations by Apollo-era experts, briefingsby current lunar scientists ("Moon 101 "), and photographs of flight hardware from the KansasCosmosphere.

The purpose of the Apollo Mission Familiarization website is to provide training material andreference documentation on the Apollo program for Constellation program personnel. A work inprogress, this site focuses on three main areas: spaceflight fundamentals, the lunar environment,and Apollo mission techniques. The ongoing project has high visibility from NASA managementand has won high praise from its users.

https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20090029988 2018-07-07T17:49:54+00:00Z

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APOLLO: LEARNING FROM THE PAST, FOR THE FUTURE

Michael R. GraboisUnited Space Alliance LLC, Houston, Texas (USA)

michael.r. uaboisCrznasa. gov

ABSTRACT

This paper shares an interesting and unique case study of knowledge capture by the National Aeronauticsand Space Administration (NASA), an ongoing project to recapture and make available the lessons learnedfrom the Apollo lunar landing project so that those working on future projects do not have to "reinvent thewheel". NASA's new Constellation program, the successor to the Space Shuttle program, proposes a returnto the Moon using a new generation of vehicles. The Orion Crew Vehicle and the Altair Lunar Lander willuse hardware, practices, and techniques descended and derived from Apollo, Shuttle and the InternationalSpace Station. However, the new generation of engineers and managers who will be working with Orionand Altair are largely from the decades following Apollo, and are likely not well aware of what wasdeveloped in the 1960s. In 2006 a project at NASA's Johnson Space Center was begun to find pertinentApollo-era documentation and gather it, format it, and present it using modern tools for today's engineersand managers. This "Apollo Mission Familiarization for Constellation Personnel" project is accessible viathe web from any NASA center for those interested in learning "how did we do this during Apollo?"

FULL TEXT

PROJECT ORIGINS

Constellation is the name given by the NationalAeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)to the program intended to succeed the SpaceShuttle as its next-generation space vehicles. Thevarious vehicles in Constellation include thecrew vehicle Orion, the lunar lander Altair, andthe launcher Ares. With the similarity in formand function of the Constellation vehicles to theApollo program the late 1960s and early 1970s, aproposal was made by the Constellation ProgramMana ger to review the old documentation to seewhat is relevant in today's space program, ratherthan "reinventing the wheel" for missiontechniques.

The vast majority of Apollo-era engineers whoare with the space program today are theagency's senior managers and leaders, and therank-and-file NASA and contractor engineersand middle managers have gained theirexperience only with the Space Shuttle orInternational Space Station. Consequently, fewhave working knowledge of Apollo hardware,practices, and nussion techniques that may proveuseful in the Constellation program.

In late 2006 ; the Constellation Program Managerat the Johnson Space Center (JSC) requested

some Mission Operations Directorate (MOD)personnel to form a team with three tasks: tocreate generic training material on thefizndamentals of spaceflight, to turn the oldApollo Mission Techniques documents intolessons on the basics of flying to the Moon andback, and to establish training materials forengineers on the lunar environment. This projectshould be made available to the NASAcoimnunity (those behind the NASA Internetfirewall) in a distance learnin g format. Theoriginal intent was to focus more on the "what"and "why" than the "how".

The project manager for the "Apollo LessonsLearned" Knowledge Management task, as itcame to be known, created a team of volunteersfrom within MOD, consisting primarily of seniorSpace Shuttle instructors and flight controllers.Some of the flight controllers were Apolloveterans with first-hand knowledge of Apollosystems. The team members would use theirknowledge of Shuttle systems to understand thecorresponding Apollo systems, with topics suchas electrical and environmental control systems,engines and propulsion, rendezvous,communications, extra-vehicular activities(EVA) and lunar surface operations, andguidance/navigation/control (GNC).

In most cases, the Apollo mission reports andhandbooks were written between 1965 and 197.5,and the original authors frequently left "lessonslearned" sections in their reports for futureengineers and desi gners. However, there was nofollow-up planned, and limited effort had beenmade since the creation of the documents toassemble a comprehensive archive of theselessons.

Nevertheless, the documents containedinformation on the problems and limitations ofthe hardware, software, and techniques thatneeded to be brought out. The Project sought todetermine how these limitations drove missiontechnique design.

OBTAINING AND PREPARING THEORIGINAL MATERIAL

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Critical to developing the lessons was having theoriginal source material — the various ApolloFamiliarization Manuals, Experience Reports,Operations Handbooks ; Mission Techniques, andgraphics,-photos — available to the researchers.There was no single resource (library or website) that had all of the desired documentation-

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The JSC Technical Library was the first locationchosen for searching. Many documents were notavailable in Portable Document Format (pdt) viadownload from the library's website. Turnaroundtime for those documents which were notimmediately available, and were requested viaemail, was less than a day for the documents thathad already been scanned, and up to two weeksfor documents that had not yet been scanned.Many of the documents from the JSC library hadInternational Traffic in Arms Regulation (ITAR)covers, and most had been marked withdeclassification stamps.

Only documents obtained from the JSCTechnical Library had ITAR covers. Copies ofidentical manuals downloaded from othergovernment-maintained web sites, such as theNASA History Office's Apollo Lunar SurfaceJournal (ALSJ, athttp://history.nasa.gov/alsi/frame.html) and theNASA Technical Reports Server(http://ntrs.nasa .^zov/search-isp), did not. ALSJhas many documents available for publicdownload without an ITAR cover that, whenrequested from the JSC library; do have ITARcovers. All documents were saved off to a localdocument repository.

Some documents were obtained from privateindividuals (such as amateur and semi-professional space historians) who werecontacted directly and who have made the filesavailable online for download via the web(Andrepont, 2008) or offline via Di gital VideoDisc (DVD). Other documents were obtainedfrom several web-based projects dedicated toexplanation and emulation of the ApolloGuidance Computer (Brown, 2003; Burkey,2009; Katz, 2006). Most of these tiles had beenpreviously obtained in person from the NationalArchives and Records Administration (NARA)by those individuals, as there was no publiclyavailable downloading capability from NARA.

Of those documents that did not exist in easily-obtainable electronic format, the JSC library wasable to scan many from original paper copies orfrom microfiche. The microfiche copies wereconsistently of much lower quality than the

modern scans and appeared to have gone throughseveral generations of photocopying before beingscanned for fiche.

For ease of searching and copying text, all of thedocuments were processed through AdobeAcrobat, a commercially-available OpticalCharacter Recognition (OCR) software package.Full licenses were available to members of theproject team who then processed the files. Thepublicly available documents had beeninconsistently OCR processed, while none of theJSC library files had been OCR processed.

Photographs and Drawings

In addition to the Manuals and Reports, theresearch team obtained photographs, schematics,and drawings from a number of sources,including NASA's online photo archives andprivate enthusiasts. Some schematics anddrawings were cleaned up, enhanced, and/orcolored using various graphics programs fromMicrosoft Paint to Adobe Photoshop.

The JSC Photography Branch and the StillImagery Repository provided requestedelectronic photos showing hardware and closeoutphotos.

The Kansas Cosmosphere in Hutchinson. Kansaswas very helpful in providing photos for theproject from their hardware on display, includingthe Apollo 13 Cornrnand Module (CM) Odysseyand a Lunar Lander mockup. The Cosmosphereobtained permission from the SmithsonianInstitution's National Air and Space Museum toopen up the sealed CM and photograph panelsand switches for use in this project free ofcharge, in exchange for an acknowledgementcredit in any briefing material which used theirphotos. Figure 2 shows a typical photo taken bythe staff at the Cosmosphere for this project.

In other cases, personal photographs found onthe Internet were desired. The copyright ownerswere contacted and all were cooperative,permitting NASA to use their work forGovernmental purposes without the payment of alicense fee, provided their copyright notice wasincluded beside the image and included astatement that its use was with their permission.

Fig. 2: Typical Kansas Cosmosphere, showingpanel 02 in the Apollo 13 CommandModule Odyssey.

CHOOSING AND USING SOFTWARE

The Apollo Lessons Learned project wasdesigned to be an Internet-based distance-leaminQ experience, but behind a NASA firewallsuch that users could only access the web sitefrom any NASA facility and authorizedcontractor sites across the United States.

The target student was defined as someone whois technical and familiar with the space program,most likely a veteran of the Shuttle program whowants more information on Apollo techniquesand systems. The typical student could be eitheran engineer or a manager.

The project manager investigated various optionsfor capturing the lesson content and presenting itto the student, ultimately deciding on a two-prong approach: streaming video lessons forshort overview-level briefings, and static webpages for longer, more detailed descriptions.

Collaborative media software allows severalconcurrent users to create and manageinformation in a website. For the Apollo LessonsLearned project, a collaborative projectmanagement tool was desired that could create a"wiki" site; a wiki is a set of interlinked webpages created and managed with software thattracks changes, has revision control, and allowsregistered users to edit any page. The projectmanager also desired a calendar to schedulegroup meetings and notify project memberswhen information is updated.

The project was given a headcount budget, butlittle additional budget for software to producethe video briefing content or the detailed web

pages. Thus, software that was either free oralready licensed was the overriding factor.

To stay within the limited budget, the freeversion of Microsoft's SharePoint v3.0 waschosen for the collaborative media software.Other collaborative software such as Windchill(by Parametric Technology Corporation) andConfluence (by Atlassian) were considered asthey were being used in some Constellationprojects, but only users who were alreadyfirewalled for Constellation could access thesoftware. Not all of the lesson developers werecleared, so the decision was made to useSharePoint.

The original plan for document storage was touse SharePoint's capability, but two factorsworked against that: too many documents, andthe web server had limitations that preventedlarge files (frequently over 50 MB (megabytes),with the largest at over 470 MB) from loading.Instead, the 20 GB (gigabyte) archive wastemporarily housed on some users' desktoppersonal computers until dedicated space wasallocated on an internal network. Currently, anumber of the documents are on the SharePointserver but the majority of them are archived on aseparate server. Only the users who obtained andOCR-processed the documents have write-capability on the server, everyone else has read-only capability.

For video content, MOD has been using the freeMicrosoft Producer to create streaming videolessons for the International Space Station (ISS)program for several years. For the ApolloLessons Learned project, Producer 2007software was chosen over other commercialproducts because of its unique ability to replicatein its streaming format the complex PowerPoint2007 animations created in many of the Apollolessons. Industry leaders Sonic Foundry'sMediasite and Adobe's Connect Presenter wereonly able to capture simple animations. TheProducer software also allows for customization,allowing the design team to create a fullycustomized online template with enhancedstudent features. See Figure 3 for a typical videolesson.

Lesson content created with Producer can beplayed from the beginnin g or from any section ofthe presentation by selecting the desired topicfrom the index above the video window. Thevideo always remains synchronized with the

associated slides. Also provided are links to thehome page, help page, instructor's e-mail,references, and with selected lessons, instructorbiography.

Fig. 3: Typical customized lesson fromMicrosoft Producer.

CREATING CONTENT

The members of the Apollo Lessons Learnedteam were assigned various systems briefingsand mission technique briefings depending ontheir background. The original documents werewritten by and for knowledgeable insiders, withmany unwritten assumptions including that thereader reasonably understands the systems andtechniques being discussed.

The team members used their knowledge ofsimilar or analogous Space Shuttle systems tosummarize the appropriate material and createtext-based wiki entries, in as much detail as wasnecessary for a full understanding of thematerial, and then create video lessons at anoverview level with less technical presentation.Meanwhile, other team members focused theirattention on major operational steps of flightsuch as Mission Techniques files.

The use of Shuttle instructors from MOD'sSpace Flight Training section was greatlybeneficial to the project, as they had experiencedistilling information from teclinical documentsinto a lesson briefing for their students (i.e.,astronaut crews), and were generally comfortablepresenting their lesson on camera. The rule ofthumb was to try to make the video lessonbriefings less than approximately 40 minutes.Those with material that could not be editeddown broke their lessons into two smaller partsfor easier viewing.

As the instructors created their wiki pages andvideo lessons, other topics presented themselves

as candidates for expansion into a separate lesson(e.g., a case study of the Apollo 13 accident grewout of separate discussions of the electricalpower systems of the Lunar Module andCommand/Service Module). The ProjectManager kept track of schedules and whichlessons were complete via a Microsoft Excelspreadsheet. A certain number of lessons (whichincluded the wiki and video briefings) wererequired by the end of each fiscal year, withseveral ranked by the Project Manager as higherpriority than others, but the team membersgenerally had the freedom to create their topicsas they saw fit.

As the project progressed. the scope of theoverall content of the project slowly increased.One element of the original three-prong task — toturn old Apollo Mission Techniques documentsinto lessons on the basics of flying to the Moonand back — had grown to encompass systems-level lessons as well, with the understanding thatit was not possible to explain many techniqueswithout first explaining how the underlyinghardware and software works.

Periodically, the Project Manager submitted anannouncement in the "JSC Today" daily e-mailsent to all JSC employees explaining the projectand inviting users to visit the web site. Withexposure to the NASA community outside of theproject, other groups volunteered to share theirMoon-related documents with the ApolloLessons Learned project to further the project'smandate. The video developers recorded a seriesof briefings by Moon experts from variousinstitutions (including NASA's Johnson SpaceCenter, The Lunar and Planetary Institute, TheJohns Hopkins University Applied PhysicsLaboratory, and others affiliated with theConstellation Lunar Surface Systems ProjectOffice) called "Moon 101", with topics rangingfrom the physiography and geology of the Moonto lunar meteorites, and after processing themthrough Microsoft Producer, incorporated theminto the Apollo Lessons Learned material.

Similarly, MOD's Flight Design and DynamicsDepartment offered their previously-recordedbriefings on Apollo GNC and mission techniquessuch as launch window determination, lunarrendezvous, lunar orbit navigation, and powereddescent. These, too, were processed throughProducer and made available via links on theweb site.

The Fundamentals of Spaceflight sectionprovides links to training materials that provideentry level understanding of spaceflight andorbital mechanics. It provides links toinformation from NASA's Goddard Space FlightCenter and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, andorbital mechanics computer-based training anddistant learning lessons from JSC.

FINISHED PROJECT

Approximately 40 people were involved in thecreation of the material that makes up thewebsite "Apollo: Learning From the Past, Forthe Future." The original three-pronged mandatefor this project has been successfully fulfilled:• The fundamentals of spaceflight is a main

topic on the Apollo Training Materials page.• The old Apollo Mission Techniques

documents, as well as the technicaldocuments on the various spacecraftsystems, have been turned into lessons onthe basics of flying to the Moon and back.The team created 47 video lessons with atotal running time of over 26 hours, andproduced 345 pages of content in the wiki.

• Training materials for engineers on the lunarenvironment have been established, startingwith video lessons by lunar experts from thegreater NASA community. The lunar expertbriefings and Flight Design lessonscontributed another 18 lessons lasting nearly17 hours.

Figure 4 shows the Apollo Training Materialsweb page. The links go to top-level pages for thedifferent sections of the project:• Apollo Wiki• Apollo Systems Lessons• Case Studies• Fundamentals of Spaceflight• Apollo Mission Techniques• Moon 101 Lunch & Learn series• External Sources• Flight Design Apollo briefings

Fig. 4: Apollo Training Materials pageFig. 6: Apollo Wiki, CSM subsection

The Apollo Wiki, as seen in Figure 5, containslinks to the following sections:• Vehicle Familiarization pages for Saturn

launch vehicle family, the Command &Service Module, and the Lunar Module

• Mission Techniques (from launch to lunarsurface to recovery operations)Lunar EnvironmentSpecial Topics

Fig_ 5: Apollo Wiki main page

Figure 6 shows the main wiki page for theCommand & Service Module (CSM). Topicsinclude Guidance and Control, Reaction ControlSystem, Docking and Transfer, and FailureModes and Failure History. Similar pages existfor the Saturn and the Lunar Module vehicles,and each page may have several further subtopiclinks.

From the main Apollo Training Materials page,the user may select the Apollo Systems Lessonspage, as seen in Figure 7. This page has links tothe various video/PowerPoint lessons on topicssuch as Displays & Controls, Electrical, ECLSS,Saturn V, Case Studies, Comm, GNC, andPropulsion.

Fig. 7: Apollo Systems Lessons page

The distance-learning lessons are in the form of arecorded briefing by an instructor and theaccompanying PowerPoint slides, as seen inFigure 8.

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Fig. 8: Sample lesson

THE FUTURE OF THE PROJECT

During its two years of existence so far, theApollo Lessons Learned project has had highvisibility from NASA management and has wonhigh praise from its users. In October 2008, thegroup and project members were presented witha NASA Group Achievement Award "inrecognition of the exemplary work of the ApolloLesson Team who led the development andcreation of the Apollo Mission Lessons."

The Apollo Lessons Learned project, as it existstoday, is scheduled to be unfunded at the end ofFiscal Year 2009 (October 1, 2009), with thework that has already been done remaining inplace. With the success of this project in thenationwide NASA coirnnunity, the effort inknowledge capture may turn to the future ratherthan the past. It is possible that a similar lessonslearned project for the Constellation programmay be implemented so that knowledge capturecan be an ongoing effort for contemporaneousmaterial as opposed to (or in addition to)capturing the past. The decision-makers and thetradeoffs that have been made so far may be ableto contribute material that would otherwise goundocumented in the typical day-to-dayactivities.

CONCLUSIONS

The various team members of the ApolloLessons Learned project reviewed andsummarized the pertinent information from the1960s-1970s era Mission and Systems Reportsusing web-based collaborative documentation("wiki") software, and created short suimnarybriefings using presentation software andcaptured video. The original and new material isavailable via hyperlinks from the project's mainweb site. Additionally, newly-added materialssuch as lectures by Apollo-era experts andbriefings by lunar scientists originally outside thescope of the project have been added.

The Apollo Mission Familiarization websiteprovides trainin g material and referencedocumentation on the Apollo program forConstellation program personnel. This sitefocuses on three main areas: space flightfiundamentals, the lunar environment, and Apollosystems and mission techniques.

Copyright © 2009 by United Space Alliance,LLC. These materials are sponsored by the

National Aeronautics and Space Administrationunder ContractAWJ06VA01C. The U.S.Government retains a paid-up, nonexchisive,irrevocable worldwide license in such materialsto reproduce, prepare, derivative works,distribute copies to the public, and performpublicly and display publicly, by or on behalf ofthe U.S. Government. All other rights arereserved by the copyright owner.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Andrepont, B. (2008, February 2). MannedSpaceflight PDF Documents. Retrieved August3, 2009, fromhttp-//www.geocities.corn/bobandrepont/spacepdf.htm

Brown, A. (2003, February 1). Apollo GuidanceComputer Project Home Page. Retrieved August3, 2009, from History of Recent Science &Technology:http : //authors. library. c a lte ch. edu/5 45 6/ 1 /hrst. mit.edu/hrs/apollo!,'Ptibl-Ic/-Index.htiilI

Burkey, R. (2009, July 22). Virtual AGC andAGS Home Page. Retrieved August 3, 2009,from http://www.ibiblio.org/apollo/

Jones, E. M., & Glover, K. (2009, June 25).Apollo Lzmar Surface Journal. Retrieved August3, 2009, fromhttp://history.nasa.gov/alsj/frame.html

Katz, R. (2006, April 21). Apollo GuidanceComputer and Other Computer History.Retrieved August 3, 2009, fromhttp://klabs. org/richc ontent/'Misc_Content/AGC_And_History/AGC_History. htm

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• Tasks Fundamentals of Spaceflight


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• Fundamentals ofSpareFlight Moon 101 Lunch/Learn Series



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Announcements

Lunar Rendezvous

Bill Summa

Flight Design &Dynamics Briefings

T^October 17, 2007 • Flight Design briefings

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Conclusion

• Apollo Lessons Learned project concludedSept. 30, 2009

• Proof of concept demonstration

-75 lessons over 53 hours of material

-Use for Shuttle, ISS, and/or Constellation?

• NASA Group Achievement Award to theteam


Download - Apollo: Learning From the Past, For the Future Apollo? · Apollo: Learning From the Past, For the Future ... documents are all available from a single web site, ... the Apollo 13

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