APARTHEID South AfricaCarlos Moran VillanuevaAldo MartinezHctor Lpez CuevasGiancarlo VillicaaJos Mara Sierra

NOTE:To change the image on this slide, select the picture and delete it. Then click the Pictures icon in the placeholder to insert your own image.1Birth of Apartheid

Racial segregation and white supremacy had become central aspects of South African policy long before apartheid began. The controversial 1913 Land Act, passed three years after South Africa gained its independence, marked the beginning of territorial segregation by forcing black Africans to live in reserves and making it illegal for them to work as sharecroppers. Opponents of the Land Act formed the South African National Native Congress, which would become the African National Congress (ANC).

TheGreat DepressionandWorld War IIbrought increasing economic woes to South Africa, and convinced the government to strengthen its policies of racial segregation. In 1948, the Afrikaner National Party won the general election under the slogan "apartheid" (literally "separateness"). Their goal was not only to separate South Africa's white minority from its non-white majority, but also to separate non-whites from each other, and to divide black South Africans along tribal lines in order to decrease their political power.

2Apartheid Becomes Law

By 1950, the government had banned marriages between whites and people of other races, and prohibited sexual relations between black and white South Africans. The Population Registration Act of 1950 provided the basic framework for apartheid by classifying all South Africans by race, including Bantu (black Africans), Coloured (mixed race) and white. A fourth category, Asian (meaning Indian and Pakistani) was later added. In some cases, the legislation split families; parents could be classified as white, while their children were classified as colored.

A series of Land Acts set aside more than 80 percent of the country's land for the white minority, and "pass laws" required non-whites to carry documents authorizing their presence in restricted areas. In order to limit contact between the races, the government established separate public facilities for whites and non-whites, limited the activity of nonwhite labor unions and denied non-white participation in national government.3Apartheid and Separate Development

Dr. Hendrik Verwoerd, who became prime minister in 1958, would refine apartheid policy further into a system he referred to as "separate development." The Promotion of Bantu Self-Government Act of 1959 created 10 Bantu homelands known as Bantustans. Separating black South Africans from each other enabled the government to claim there was no black majority, and reduced the possibility that blacks would unify into one nationalist organization. Every black South African was designated as a citizen as one of the Bantustans, a system that supposedly gave them full political rights, but effectively removed them from the nation's political body.

In one of the most devastating aspects of apartheid, the government forcibly removed black South Africans from rural areas designated as "white" to the homelands, and sold their land at low prices to white farmers. From 1961 to 1994, more than 3.5 million people were forcibly removed from their homes and deposited in the Bantustans, where they were plunged into poverty and hopelessness.4Opposition to Apartheid

Resistance to apartheid within South Africa took many forms over the years, from non-violent demonstrations, protests and strikes to political action and eventually to armed resistance. Together with the South Indian National Congress, the ANC organized a mass meeting in 1952, during which attendees burned their pass books. A group calling itself the Congress of the People adopted a Freedom Charter in 1955 asserting that "South Africa belongs to all who live in it, black or white." The government broke up the meeting and arrested 150 people, charging them with high treason.

In 1960, at the black township of Sharpesville, the police opened fire on a group of unarmed blacks associated with the Pan-African Congress (PAC), an offshoot of the ANC. The group had arrived at the police station without passes, inviting arrest as an act of resistance. At least 67 blacks were killed and more than 180 wounded. Sharpesville convinced many anti-apartheid leaders that they could not achieve their objectives by peaceful means, and both the PAC and ANC established military wings, neither of which ever posed a serious military threat to the state. By 1961, most resistance leaders had been captured and sentenced to long prison terms or executed.Nelson Mandela, a founder of Umkhonto we Sizwe ("Spear of the Nation"), the military wing of the ANC, was incarcerated from 1963 to 1990; his imprisonment would draw international attention and help garner support for the anti-apartheid cause.5Apartheid Comes to an End

United Nations General Assembly.UN Security council.

In 1976, when thousands of black children in Soweto, a black township outside Johannesburg, demonstrated against the Afrikaans language requirement for black African students, the police opened fire with tear gas and bullets. The protests and government crackdowns that followed, combined with a national economic recession, drew more international attention to South Africa and shattered all illusions that apartheid had brought peace or prosperity to the nation. The United Nations General Assembly had denounced apartheid in 1973, and in 1976 the UN Security Council voted to impose a mandatory embargo on the sale of arms to South Africa. In 1985, the United Kingdom andUnited Statesimposed economic sanctions on the country.

Under pressure from the international community, the National Party government of Pieter Botha sought to institute some reforms, including abolition of the pass laws and the ban on interracial sex and marriage. The reforms fell short of any substantive change, however, and by 1989 Botha was pressured to step aside in favor of F.W. de Klerk. De Klerk's government subsequently repealed the Population Registration Act, as well as most of the other legislation that formed the legal basis for apartheid. A new constitution, which enfranchised blacks and other racial groups, took effect in 1994, and elections that year led to a coalition government with a nonwhite majority, marking the official end of the apartheid system.6Who Supported Apartheid?

The Apartheid policy was supported by various Afrikaans newspapers and Afrikaner 'cultural movements' such as theAfrikaner BroederbondandOssewabrandwag. It proved popular amongst the Afrikaner community, especially the Boers, or farmers, of theZuid Afrikaansche Repulick(ZAR South African Republic or Transvaal) and Orange Free State.7How Did The Apartheid Government Come Into Power?

The United Party actually gained the majority of votes in the 1948 general election. But due to the manipulation of the geographical boundaries of the country's constituencies before the election, theHerenigde Nasionale Party, HNP, managed to win the majority of constituencies and took power. In 1951 the HNP and Afrikaner Party officially merged to form the National Party, which became synonymous with Apartheid.8What was Grand Apartheid?

During the 1960s, racial discrimination applied to most aspects of life in South Africa andBanstustanswere created for Blacks. The system had evolved into 'Grand Apartheid'. The country was rocked by theSharpeville Massacre, the African National Congress (ANC) and Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) were banned, and the country withdrew from the British Commonwealth and declared a Republic.9Important events1016 June 1976 Student Uprising in SowetoBantu education act.

When high-school students in Soweto started protesting for better education on 16 June 1976, police responded with teargas and live bullets. It is commemorated today by a South African national holiday, Youth day, which honors all the young people who lost their lives in the struggle against Apartheid and Bantu Education.

In 1953 the Apartheid Government enacted The Bantu Education Act, which established a Black Education Department in the Department of Native Affairs. The role of this department was to compile a curriculum that suited the "nature and requirements of the black people." The author of the legislation, Dr Hendrik Verwoerd (then Minister of Native Affairs, later Prime Minister), stated: "Natives [blacks] must be taught from an early age that equality with Europeans [whites] is not for them." Black people were not to receive an education that would lead them to aspire to positions they wouldn't be allowed to hold in society. Instead they were to receive education designed to provide them with skills to serve their own people in the homelands or to work in laboring jobs under whites.

11Sharpeville Massacre

On 21 March 1960 at least 180 black Africans were injured (there are claims of as many as 300) and 69 killed when South African police opened fire on approximately 300 demonstrators, who were protesting against the pass laws, at the township ofSharpeville, nearVereenigingin the Transvaal. In similar demonstrations at the police station inVanderbijlpark, another person was shot. Later that day at Langa, a township outside Cape Town, police baton charged and fired tear gas at the gathered protesters, shooting three and injuring several others. The Sharpeville Massacre, as the event has become known, signalled the start of armed resistance in South Africa, and prompted worldwide condemnation of South Africa's Apartheid policies.12Important People People that supported apartheidHendrik F. Verwoerd

Ronald Wilson Reagan

Hendrik F. Verwoerd, the leading ideologue of apartheid and prime minister of South Africa from 1958 until his assassination in 1966, stated that Africans would be "making a big mistake" if they thought that they would live "an adult life under a policy of equal rights." According to Verwoerd, there was no place for Africans "in the European community" (by which he meant South Africa) above the level of certain forms of labor.

Ronald Wilson Reagan supported the apartheid government in South Africa and even labeled Nelson Mandelas African National Congress a notorious terrorist organization.15Against apartheidSteve bikoSASO (south African studentsorganization)

Nelson MandelaLetter of liberty

- Stephen Biko was an important and significant South African activist. He was the leading founder of South Africas black consciousness movement. Stephen Biko and his colleagues founded the South African Students Organization (SASO) in 1968, and he was elected president of SASO in 1969.- Nelson Mandela took violent acts against the government. He fought and fought to get rid of all of the apartheid laws and policies. He was then sent to jail for those violent acts. He also founded ANC (African National Congress) youth league to help apartheid. This would make young people stand up against racism and the racist laws. He also wanted the young people to fight against apartheid. When he was in jail, many many people protested to get him out of there. Eventually the government gave in and said if he would stop fighting against apartheid he would be released. He said no to this. More protesting continued and eventually the government took his offer to work on ending apartheid. When he was released, he was released from 27 years in prison.17Helen SuzmanProgressive party

Helen suzman was the leader of a white group that opposes to the apartheid and some time later this group unites to the federal progressive party18South Africa Nowadays

In our days South Africa is known as the nation of the rainbow referring to its cultural variety and natural wealthy. The country has been able to form a modern nation being one of the most developed countries in the continent. Since Mandela took power in 1994, there has been a big effort working on social reconciliation instead of racial vengeance. Even though the South Africans live with more equal social conditions and there is no Apartheid, black people is still the racial group who has the worst life quality. 19References:http://www.history.com/topics/apartheidhttp://www.sudafrica.co.za