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8/6/2019 anthropology + anarchism

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Anthropology and Anarchism:Their Elective Affinityby Br ia n Mo r ri s

G AR P 1 1Go ldsm i th s Co l le g e 2005


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Anthropologyand Anarchism:Their Elective AffinityGoldsmi th sAn th ropo logyResea rchPape rsEds :Soph ie Day , Oliv iaHar r i s ,Ca the r ine Alexande r ,Mao Mol lonaand Car r ieClan ton I n t hi s e ss ay , I w a nt t o b ri ng t og et he r

a nt hr op ol og y a nd a na rc hi sm , f ir st b ye xam in in g a nt hr op ol og is ts w h o h a vee xp re ss ed a n i nt er es t i n a n ar ch is m , t he n b yd i sc u ss i ng c l as s ic a l a n a rc h is t t h in k e rs wh oh av e d ra w n u p on a nt hr op ol og ic al l it er at ur et o d ev el op t he ir i de as . I n t h e s ec on d p ar to f t he e ss ay , I o f fe r s om e r ef le ct io ns o na na rc hi sm a s a p ol it ic al t ra di ti on a nd d ea lw it h c er ta in m is co nc ep ti on s t ha t h av e b ee nf or w ar de d b y i ts l ib e ra l a n d M a rx is t c ri ti cs .

Th eAn t h r op o lo g yDe p a rtme nt a t Go l d sm i t hs i s o n e o f t h e n ewes t i nB r i t a in , ha v in g b e e n f o rma l ly c re a te d i n1 9 85 .W e a re p ro ud o f w h a t w e h a ve a c h ie ve d s in ce t h e n, a nd i n p a rt ic u la r o f t h e w a y t ha t p e op le i n t h eDe p a rtme nt - s t ud e n ts , s t af f a n d r e se a rc h e rs - h a v e s o u g ht t o b r o ad e n t h e f r on t ie r s o f t h e d i sc i pl i nea n d t oengage c r i t ic a l lyand c rea tive lywi th the t rad it ion so f An th ropo logy in the con tempora rywor ld .We h o p e t h a t t h e Go l d sm i t hsAn t h ro p o lo g yR e s e ar c h P ap e rs p r ov i de a p l at f orm t o c ommuni c at e s ome o f t h ework tha t makes the Go ld smi th sDepa r tmen t d is t in c t ive .These r ie s inc ludesa r tic le sby members o f academics ta f f, r e search fe l lows ,PhDand o the r s tudents .

GAR PNumb e r 1 1 .Copy r igh t:Go ld smi th sCo l lege ,Un ive rs i tyo f london and Br ianMorr i s2005 T he re i s i n m a ny w ay s a n " el ec ti ve a ff in it y"b e tw e en a nt hr op o lo g y a nd a n ar ch is m .

A l th ou g h a n th ro p ol og y 's s ub j ec t m a tt er h asb ee n d iv er se a nd i ts c on sp ec tu s r at he r b ro ad ,a s a s tu dy o f h um a n c ul tu re h is to ri ca ll y i t h a sa lw a ys h ad a r at he r s pe ci fi c f oc us : t he s tu dyo f n o n- st at e s o ci et ie s. B u t i t i s q ui tem is le ad in g t o p or tr ay t he a nt hr op ol og y o fth e p as t a s b ein g si mp ly t he s tu dy o f s o-c al le d p ri m it iv e p e op le o r t he e xo ti c o th er ,a nd t hu s la rg ely e ng ag ed i n a k in d o f sa va geo p er at io n o f d is ap pe ar in g c u lt ur es .

ISBN1-904158-60-9Cove r image : Pe te r K r o p ot k in , Anonymous .A l l r ig h ts r e s e rv e d .No p a r t o f t h is p u b li c at io nma y b e r e pr o du c e d i n a n y f o rm o r b y a n y me a n sw i t ho u tthe pe rmiss iono f the pub l i she rs .F i r s tpub li shed in Grea t Br i ta in2005 by Go ld smi th sCo l lege ,Un ive rs ityo f london ,NewCro s s , l o n do n SE14 6NW .Add i t iona lcop ie so f th i spub l ica t iona re ava i lab le f rom the An th ropo logyDepa r tmen t ,Go ld smi th sCo llege ,Un ive rs ityo f london , New Cross , london SE146NW T hi s i s a r at he r b ia se d a nd i na cc ur at e p or tr ai to f a nt hr op ol og y, f or t he d is ci pl in e h as a l on g

t ra di ti on o f " an th ro po lo gy a t h om e, " a ndm a ny im po rt an t a nt hr op o lo gi ca l s tu d ie s h av eb ee n lo ca te d in In dia , C hi na a nd J ap an . I t i st hu s n ot ew o rt hy t ha t J am es C li ff or d a nd

An th ropo logyand Ana rch ism:The i rElec t iveAff in i ty 1

G e or ge M a rc us ( 19 86 ), i n w h at m a ny r eg ar da s t he f ou nd in g t ex t o f l it er ar y o r p os t-m o de rn a nt hr op ol og y, a re n ot o nl y r at he rd is m is si ve o f f em i ni st a nt hr op o lo g y, b u ti gn or e e nt ir el y t he e th no gr ap hi c s tu di es o fn o n- "w e st er n" s ch o la rs s uc h a s S ri ni va s,K e ny a tt a, F e i a n d A i y ap pa n .B u t i n a n i mp or ta nt s en se a nt hr op ol og y i st he s oc ia l s ci en ce d is ci pl in e t ha t h as p ut af oc al e mp ha si s o n t ho se k in ds o f s oc ie ti esth at h av e b ee n se en a s e xe mp la rs o fa na rc hy , a s oc ie ty w it ho ut a s ta te . I nd ee d,Ev a n s- P r it c ha r d, i n h i s c l as s ic s t ud y T h e N u e r( 1 94 0 ), d es cr ib e d t he ir p ol it ic a l s y st em a s" or de re d a n ar ch y ." H a ro ld B a rc la y s' u se fu la nd p er ce pt iv e l it tl e b o ok Pe o p le W i th o u tGove rnmen t ( 1 9 92 ) i s s i gn i fi c an t ly s u b ti t le d" Th e A n th ro po lo gy o f A n ar ch is m ," a ndBa r cl a y sm a k es t h e f am il i ar d i st i nc t io nb e tw e en a na rc hy , a n o rd e re d s o ci et y w i th o utg o ve rn m en t, a nd a n ar ch is m , a p ol it ic alm o ve m en t a nd t ra di ti on t ha t b ec am ea rt ic ul at ed d u ri ng t he 1 9 th c en tu ry .An th ropolog is ts and anar ch ism :Rec lus , Bougie , Mauss,Radcliffe-BrownMa ny a nt hr op o lo g is ts h a ve h a d a ff in it ie sw it h a na rc hi sm . O n e o f t he e ar li es te th no g ra ph ic t ex ts w a s E l ie R e c l us ' Primi t iveFolk ( 1 90 3 ), w h ic h c ar ri es t he s ub - ti tl e" St ud ie s i n C o rp o ra ti ve E t hn ol og y ." I t i sb as ed o n i nf or ma ti on d er iv ed f ro m t hew r it in g s o f t ra ve ll er s a nd m i ss io n ar ie s, a ndt ho ug h i t h a s t he e vo lu ti on ar y f la vo ur o fb ooks w ritten at the en d of the 1 9th


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2 Anthropo logy and Anarch i sm:The i rE lec ti veAf f in i t y

c en tu ry , i t c o nt ai ns l uc id a n d s ymp a th et ica cc ou nt s o f s uc h p eo ple a s t h e A pa ch es ,N a ya r s, T o da s a n d I nu it s. R e cl us l ik en e d t hemo ra l a n d i nt el le ct ua l e qu a li ty o f t he s ec u lt ur es t o t ha t o f s o -c a ll ed c iv il is e d s ta te s ,a nd it is o f in te re st th at h e u s ed th e n owf am il ia r t erm I nu it , w h ic h me an s " pe o pl e, "r ath er th an th e F re nc h t er m E sk im o . E li eR ec lu s w a s a ls o t he e ld er b ro th er , a ndl if et im e a s so c ia te , o f E li se e, t h e mo refamous anarch i s t-geographer .

A n ot he r F re n ch a n th ro p ol og is t w it h a n a rc hi sts y mp a th ie s w a s C el es ti n B o ug ie , w h o w r ot en ot o nl y a c la ss ic al s tu dy o f t he In dia n c as tes ys te m ( wh ic h h ad a p ro fo un d in flu en ce o nL ou is D um on t) in 1 90 8, b ut a ls o a ni mp o rt an t s tu dy o f P ie rr e- Jo s ep h P r ou d ho n .B ou gie w as o ne o f th e firs t to a ffir m,c on tr ov er sia ll y i n 1 91 1, t ha t P ro ud ho n w a s as o ci ol og ic a l t hi nk er o f s ta n di ng . T h er e w a s ,in fa ct , a c lo se r ela tio n sh ip b etw ee n t heF renc h so c io l og i ca l t ra d it io n , f o cu sseda ro un d D ur kh eim , a nd b oth s oc ia lis m a n da n a rc hi sm , e ve n t ho u gh D u rk he im h im s el fw a s a nt ag on is tic t o th e a na rc hi st s tr es s o nt he in div id ua l. D ur kh ei m w a s a k in d o f g uil ds o cia lis t, b ut h is n ep he w M a rc el M a us sw r ot e t he c la s si ca l s tu dy o f r ec ip ro c ale x change among p re- li te r a te c u lt u re s ,T h e G i ft ( 19 25 ). T his s ma ll te xt i s n o to n ly i n some w a ys a n a na rc his t t ra ct, b uto ne o f th e fo un da tio n t ex ts o f a nt hr op olo gy ,r ea d b y e v er y b u dd in g a n th ro p ol og is t.

B r it is h an t hr o p ol ogi s ts ha v e l e ss c onnec ti o nw ith a na rc his m, b ut it is w o rth n otin g th ato ne o f th e s o- ca ll ed fa th er s o f B ri ti sh

a n th ro p ol og y, A .R . R a dc li ff e- B ro w n w a s a na na rc hi st i n h is e ar ly y ea rs . A lf re d B ro w n w asa la d f ro m B ir min gh am w ho m an ag ed , w ithth e h el p o f h is b ro th er , t o a tte nd O xf or dUn i ve r si ty . The re , tw o i n fl u en c e s we reim po rta nt to h im . O ne w as th e p ro ce ssp hi lo s o ph er A lf re d W h it eh ea d , w h os eo rg an is m ic t he or y h ad a d ee p in flu en ce o nR a dc li ff e- B ro w n . T h e o th e r w a s P e te rK ro po tk in , w ho s e w rit in gs h e i mb ib ed . I n h iss tu d en t d a ys a t O x fo r d R a dc li ff e- B ro w n w a sk no w n a s " An ar ch y B ro w n. " A la s , O x fo rdg ot to h im , a nd h e e ve nt ua ll y b ec am es omet hi ng o f a n i nt el le ct ua l a ri st oc ra t,c ha ng in g h is n a me t o th e h yp he na te d " A. R.R a dc li ff e- B ro w n ." B u t a s T im I ng o ld ( 19 86 )h a sw r i tt en , R a dc li ff e- B ro w n 's w r it in g s a r ep er me at ed w it h a s en se th at s oc ia l li fe is ap ro c es s , a lt ho u gh l ik e m o s t D u rk he im ia nfu nc ti on ali sts h e t e nd ed to p la y d ow n i ss ue sr el at in g t o c o nf li ct , p o we r a n d h is to r y.

b ro a d h is to r ic a l a n d e th n og ra p hi c i nt er es tso f M a r x a n d E n ge ls . E n ge ls ' w e ll -k n ow nstudy T he O rig in o f t he F a mi ly , P riv at eP ro p er ty a n d t he S ta te ( 18 84 ) i s, o f c o ur se ,b a se d a lm o s t e n ti re ly o n L ew is M o rg a n' sa n t hr o p ol ogi c al s t ud y , A n ci en t S o ci et y( 18 77 ). H ow ev e r, t he w r it in g s o f c la s si ca lM a r xi st s s u ch a s L en in , T r ot sk y, G r am s ci a n dL u ka c s a r e d is ti ng ui sh e d b y a w h ol ly E u ro -c en tr ic p e rs p ec ti ve a n d a c omp le te d is r eg a rdf o r a n t hr o p ol ogy .

T he e nt ry fo r " An th ro po lo gy " i n A D i ct io n a ryo f M a r xi st T h ou g ht ( B ot tom o r e 1 9 83 )s ig n if ic a nt ly h a s n o t hi ng t o r ep o rt i n r eg a rdto M ar x a nd E ng els in th e 1 9th c en tu ry o rt o F r en c h M a rx is t a n th ro p ol og is ts s u ch a sG o de li er a n d M e il la s so u x d ur in g t he 1 97 0 's .E q ua ll y am a z in g i s t h at t he M a r xi st t ex t Pre -C a p it a li st M o d es o f P r o du ct io n (Hindnessa nd H ir st 1 97 5) n o t o nly s ug ge ste d t ha t th e" o bj ec ts " o f t he o re ti ca l d is c ou rs e s d id n o te xi st ( a nd s o r ej ec te d h is to r y a s a w o rt hw h il es u bj ec t o f s tu dy ) b ut c omp le te ly b yp a ss e da n th ro p ol og ic a l k n ow le dg e . T h is i sm a t ch edb y t he d ism is s iv e a tt it ud e t ow a rd s a n a rc hi smb y o th er M a rx is t s c ho la r s s u ch a s P e rr yA n de rs o n , I mma n ue l W a ll er st ei n a n dE.P.Thompson.

Anarch is ts and anthropo logy :Kropotk in , Bookch in ,Clastres, ZerzanA lth ou gh a na rc his m h as h ad a m in im a li nfl ue nc e o n a nt hr op ol og y ( th ou gh m a nyi nf lu en ti al a n th ro p ol og is ts , s u ch a s s u ch a sB o as , R a din a nd D ia m on d, c an b e d es cr ib eda s r ad ic a l l ib e ra l s a nd so c ia l is t s) , a n a r ch i stw rit er s h av e d ra wn e xte ns iv el y o n t he w o rko f a n th ro p ol og is ts . I nd ee d , t he re i s a m a rk e dc o nt ra s t b et we en a n ar ch is ts a n d M a r xi st sw ith r es pe ct t o a nt hr op ol og y, fo r w hil eana r ch i st s ha v e c r it ic a ll y e ngaged w i the th n og ra p hi c s tu di es , M a rx is t a tt it ud e s t oa n th ro p ol og y h a ve u s ua ll y b ee n d ism is s iv e.I n t hi s r es p ec t M a r xi st s h a ve a b an d on e d t he

I n e x am in in g th os e a na rc hi sts w ho h av ec r ea t iv e ly u t il iz ed an t hr o p ol ogy I w i ll b r ie fl yd is c us s f ou r w r it er s : K r op o tk in , B o o kc hi n,C la s tr es a n d Z e rz a n. K r op o tk in i s w e l lk no wn . A s b oth a g eo gr ap he r a nd a na n a rc hi st w h o t ra v el le d e x te n si ve ly i n A s ia ,h e h ad w id e e th no gr ap hic in te re sts . T his ism o s t c le a rl y e xp re s se d i n h is c la s si c t ex t

An th ropo logyand Anarch i sm:The i rE lec ti veAf f in i t y 3

M u tu al A id ( 1 903 ). He re K r opo t ki na tte mp te d to s ho w th at th e a re na s o fo r ga n ic a n d s o ci al l if e w e re n o t c ha r ac te ri se db y l a is se z- fa i re c ompet it io n , c o n fl ic t , a nds u rv iv a l o f t he f it te s t, b ut r a th er b y mu tu a li tya n d s ymb io s is . I t w a s t he e co lo g ic a ld im e ns io n o f D a rw in 's t ho u gh t, e xp re s se d i nth e la s t c h ap te r o f T h e O r i gi ns o f S p e ci es( 18 59 ), th at w as c ru cia l f or K ro po tk in : c o-o p er a ti on , n o t s tr ug gl e, w a s t he i mp o rt an tf ac to r i n th e e vo lu ti on ar y p ro ce ss a nd t his i se xempl if ie d e ve n b y t he u b iq ui to u s l ic he n ,o ne o f th e m os t b as ic fo rm s o f life a ndf o und p r a ct ic a ll y e v e rywhere .

K r op o tk in 's b o ok g iv e s l en g th y a c co u nt s o fm u tu a l a id n o t o n ly am o ng h u nt er -g a th er er sa nd s uc h p eo ple a s t he B ur ya t a nd K ab yle( n ow w e ll -k n ow n t hr o ug h B o ur di eu 'sw ri ti ng s) , b ut a ls o in t he m ed ie va l c it y a nd i nc o nt emp or a ry E u ro p ea n s o ci et ie s . I n a 1 9 93Asso c ia t io n o f Soc ia l A n t hr o p ol ogi s tsm o n og ra p h o n s o ci al ism ( ed it ed b y C h ri sH ann ) tw o a r ti cl e s sp eci fi c al ly e x am inea n a rc hy amo ng c o nt emp or a ry p eo p le . A la nB a rn a rd l oo k s a t t he i ss u es o f p ri m it iv ec omm un is m a nd m utu al a id a mo n g K a la ha rih u n te r -g a the re r s , wh il e J oanna O ve r in gd i sc u sse s ana r ch y and c o ll e ct iv i sm amongt he h o rt ic ul tu ra l P ia r oa o f V e ne zu el a.B a rn a rd 's e s sa y h a s t he s u b- ti tl e" K r op o tk inv is it s t he B u shmen ," i nd ic a ti ng t ha ta n ar ch is m is s til l a li ve is s ue a m on g s om ea n th ro p ol og is ts . K r op o tk in h im s el f w a si nte re st ed in t he " cr ea tiv e g en iu s" o f p eo pl el iv in g d ur in g w ha t h e te rm ed t he " cl anp erio d" o f h um an h is to ry , a nd in th er es u lt an t d ev el opmen t o f i ns ti tu ti on s o f


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4 Anthropo logy and Anarch i sm:The i rE lec ti veAf f in i t y

m utu al a id . F or h im , th is d id n ot e nt ail th er ep ud ia ti on o f i nd iv id ua l s e lf -a s se rt io n a n d,u n li ke many c on temp o ra r y an t hr o p ol ogi s ts ,K r op o tk in m a de a d is ti nc ti on b et we eni ndi vi d ua l it y a nd se lf -a f fi rma t io n , a ndindiv idualism.M u rr a y B o o kc hi n i s a c o nt ro v er si al f ig u re . H isa d vo c ac y o f c it iz en s ' c o un c il s a n d mu ni ci pa ls e lf -m a n ag eme nt , h is emph a si s o n t he c it ya s a p ot en tia l e co lo gi ca l c omm un it y, a nd h iss tr id en t c ri ti qu e s o f t he m is a nt hr o py a n de co -my s ti ci sm o f t he d ee p e co lo g is ts a r eth e c en tr e o f m a ny d eb at es . B ut B oo kc hin 'sp ro c es s -o r ie n te d d ia le ct ic a l a p pr o ac h a n d h iss en se o f h is to ry , a liv e to t he a ch ie ve me nt s o fth e h um a n s pi ri t, in ev it ab ly le d h im to d ra wo n a n th ro p ol og ic a l s tu d ie s . T h e ma inin flu en ce s o n h is w or k w er e P a ul R a din a n dD o ro th y L ee , b o t h s e ns it iv e s c ho la r s o fN a ti ve Amer ic a n c u lt ur e. I n T h eE c o lo g y o fF reedom ( 19 8 2) , B o ok ch in d ev o te s a c ha p te rt o w ha t h e te rm s " or ga n ic s oc ie ty ,"em ph a si zi ng t he i mp o rt an t f ea tu re s o fe a r ly human- tr ib a l- s o ci et y : a p r imo rd ia le qu al it y a nd th e a bs en ce o f c oe rc iv e a ndd omi ne er in g v a lu es ; a f ee li ng o f u n it yb etw ee n t he in di vid ua l a nd th e k inc omm un ity ; a s en se o f c omm un al p ro pe rt ya nd a n e mp ha sis o n m ut ua l a id a nd u su fr uc tr ig ht s; a n d a r el at io n sh ip o f r ec ip ro c alh a rm o n y r a th er t ha n o f d omi na ti on .B oo kc hin 's c on ce rn i s t ha t w e d ra w l es so nsf rom t he c u lt ur a l p a st o f p re -l it er a te p e op ler at he r th an r om a nti cis in g o r e mu la ti ng t hel if e o f h u n te r -g a the re r s.

P ie rr e C l as tr es w as b oth a n a na rc his t a nd a na n th ro p ol og is t. H is m i no r c la s si c o n t heI nd ia n c ommu ni ti es o f S o ut h Ame ri ca ,e sp ec i al ly t h e f o re s t Gu ay ak i (Ache), iss ign if i can tly t i tled S oc ie ty A ga in st th e S ta te( 19 77 , emph a si s a d de d) . L ik e T h oma s P a in ea n d t he e a rl y a n a rc h is ts , C la s tr es m a ke s ac le a r d is ti nc ti on b e tw e en s o ci et y a n d t hes ta te a nd a rg ue s t ha t t he e ss en ce o f w ha th e d es c ri be s a s " a rc ha ic " s o ci et ie s - w h et he rhu n te r -g a the re r s o r ho r ti c ul tu r a l (N eol it h ic )p eo pl es - i s t ha t e ff ec tiv e m ea n s a rei ns ti tu ti on a li se d t o p re v en t p o we r b ei ngs e pa ra te d f rom s o ci al l if e. C la s tr es b ew a il st he f ac t t ha t w e st er n p o li ti ca l p h il os o ph yis u na ble to s ee p ow er e xc ep t in te rm s o f" h ie r a rc h ised and au tho r it a ri a n r e la t io n so f c om ma nd a nd o be die nc e" ( 19 77 : 9 ) a n dt hu s e qu at es p ow er w ith c oe rc iv e p ow er .

c ommu ni ti es w e re e s se n ti al ly e ga li ta r ia n , a n dp eo ple h ad a h ig h d eg re e o f c on tr ol o ve rt he ir o w n l iv e s a n d w o rk a c ti vi ti es .

Fo r C l as t re s , t h e deci s iv e b r ea k b e tweena r ch a ic a n d h is to ri ca l s o ci et ie s w a s n o tt he N e ol it hi c r ev o lu ti on a n d t he a d ve n to f a g ri cu lt ur e, b ut t he p o li ti ca l r ev o lu ti oni n vo l vi n g t he i n te n s if ic a ti o n o f ag r ic u lt ur ea nd t he e me rg en ce o f th e s ta te . T he k eyp o in ts o f C l as tr es ' a n al ys is h a ve r ec en tl yb ee n a ff ir m ed b y J o hn G le dh il l ( 19 9 4) ,w h os e a n al ys is p ro v id es a v a lu a bl e c ri ti qu e o fw e st er n p o li ti ca l t he o ry t ha t i de n ti fi es p o we rw i th c oe rc iv e au tho r it y. G l edh il l s u gges tsl oo k in g a t h is to ry l es s i n t erm s o f t yp o lo g ie sa nd m o re a s a n h is to ri ca l p ro ce ss i n w hic hh uma n a c ti vi ti es h a ve e n de a vo u re d t om ai nt ain t he ir o w n a uto no m y a nd r es is te dt he c e nt ra li si ng i nt ru s io n s a n d t hee x pl oi ta ti on i nh e re n t i n t he s ta te .e vi ew in g t he e th n og ra p hi c l it er a tu re o f t he

p eo ple o f S o uth A m er ic a ( ap ar t f ro m t heI nc a S ta te ) C la s tr es a rg u es t ha t t he y w e red is ti ng ui sh ed b y t he ir " s en s e o f d emo cr a cya n d t as te fo r e qu ali ty " ( 19 77 : 9 ), a nd th ate ve n l oc a l c h ie fs l ac ke d c o er ci ve p owe r.W h at c on st itu te d th e b as ic fa br ic o f a rc ha ics o ci et y, a c co r di ng t o C la s tr es , w a s t ha t o fe xc ha ng e - c oe rc iv e p ow er , in e ss en ce -b ei ng a n e ga ti on o f r ec ip ro c it y. H e c o nt en d st ha t t he a g gr es s iv e ne s s o f t ri ba l c ommu ni ti esh as b ee n g ro ss ly e xa gg er at ed a n d t ha t as ub sis te nc e e co no m y d id n ot i mp ly a nend le s s s t ru ggl e aga in s t s tar vat ion , fo r inn o rm a l c ir cu m st an c es t he re w a s a na bu nd an ce a nd v ar ie ty o f f oo d. S uc h

Wh il e f or C la s tr es a n d B o o kc hi n p o li ti ca ld omi na ti on a n d h ie ra r ch y b eg in w it h t hei nt en s if ic a ti on o f a g ri cu lt ur e a n d t he r is e o ft he s ta te , f or J o hn Z e rz a n t he d ome s ti ca ti ono f p la nt s a nd a nim a ls h er al ds th e d em is e o fa n e ra w he n h um an s l iv ed a n a uth en ti c fr eel if e. A g ri cu lt ur e i s a f orm o f a li en a ti on ; i tim pl ie s a lo s s o f c on ta ct w it h t he w o rl d o fn a tu re a n d a c o nt ro ll in g me nt al it y. T h e a d v en to f a gr ic ul tu re th us e nta ils a n e nd o fin n oc en ce a nd t he d em is e o f a g ol de n a ge a sh uma n s l ea v e t h e Ga rd e n o f E d en , t h o ug hE de n i s i de nt if ie d n ot w it h a g ar de n b ut w it hhu n te r -g a the ri n g ex is t en c e . G i ven t h isadvocacy o f p r im i ti vi sm i t i s h a r d l y su r pr i si n gt ha t Z er za n ( 19 88 , 1 99 4) d ra ws o n

Anthropo logyand Anarch i sm:The i rE lec ti veAf f in i t y 5

a n th ro p ol og ic a l d a ta t o v a li da te h is c la im sand t o p o r tr a y hu n te r -g a the re r s a s ega li ta r ia n ,a u th e nt ic , a n d a s t h e "m os t s u cc es s fu l a n dendur in g adap ta t io n e v e r ac h ie v ed b yh uma n ki nd " ( 19 8 8: 6 6) . E v en s ymb o li cc ul tu re a n d t he s h ama n ism a s s oc ia te d w i thhu n te r -g a the re r s i s seen b y Ze r zan a s imp ly i nga n o r ie n ta ti on t o m a n ip ul at e a n d c o nt ro ln a tu re o r o th er h uma n s .Ze r zan p resen ts an ap oc al yp t ic , even Gnosticv i si o n . O u r hu n te r -g a the re r p a s t i s de scr ib eda s a n i dy ll ic e ra o f v ir tu e a n d a u th en ti c l iv in g .T he la st e ig ht t ho us a nd y ea rs o r s o o f h um a nh is to r y a ft er t he F a ll ( a g ri cu lt ur e) i s s e e n a s ap e ri od o f t yr a nn y a n d h ie ra r ch ic c o nt ro l, am e ch a ni se d r ou ti ne d ev o id o f a n y s p on ta n ei tya n d i nv o lv in g t he a n ae s th et is a ti on o f t hes e ns e s. A l l t ho s e p ro d uc ts o f t he h uma nc re a ti ve i ma g in a ti on - f arm in g , a r t,p h il o sop hy, t ec hno log y , s c ie n c e, u r ban l iv i ng ,s ymb o li c c ul tu re - a r e v i e we d n e ga ti ve ly b yZ er za n i n a m o no lit hic s en se .

T h e f u tu re , w e a r e t o ld , i s " pr im it iv e ."H ow th is is to b e a ch ie ve d in a w orld th atp re s en tl y s u st ai ns a lm o s t s ix b il li on p eo p le( fo r e vi de n ce s u gg e st s t ha t t he h un te r- ga th erl if es ty le is o n ly a bl e t o s up po rt o n e o r t wop eo pl e p er s qu ar e m ile ) o r w he th er t he" fu t ur e p r im i ti ve " actual ly en ta i ls , i n Gnos ti cfa sh io n, a re tu rn n ot to th e g od he ad , b ut tohu n te r -g a the ri n g su b si s te n c e, Ze r zan doesn o t t el l u s . W h i le r ad ic a l e c ol og is ts g lo r if yt he g o ld en a g e o f p e as a nt a g ri cu lt ur e,Z er za n f ol lo w s th e l ik es o f L au re ns V a nDe r Pos t i n e x to l li n g hu n te r -g a the re re xi st en c e w it h a s e le ct iv e c ul li ng o f t he


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6 Anthropo logya nd Anarch i sm:The i rE lec ti veAf f in i t y

a n th ro p ol og ic a l l it er at ur e. W h et he r s u chi ll us o ry i ma g es o f g re en p ri mi ti vi sm a r es ymp tom a ti c o f t he e s tr a ng eme nt o f a ff lu en tu rb a n dw el le rs a n d i nt el le ct ua ls f rom t hen at ur al ( an d h um an ) w or ld , a s b ot hB o o kc hi n ( 19 9 5) a n d R a y E l le n ( 19 86 )s u gg es t, I w i l l l ea v e o th er s t o j ud ge .

Re fl ec ti on s on an arc hi smT he t er m a na rc hy c om es f ro m t he G re ek ,a n d e s se n ti al ly m e an s " n o r ul er ." A n a rc h is tsa re p eo ple w ho r ej ec t a ll f or ms o fg ov er nm en t o r c oe rc iv e a uth or ity a nd a llf or ms o f h ie ra rc hy a nd d om in at io n . T he ya re t he re fo re o pp os ed to w ha t t he M ex ic ana n ar ch is t F lo r es M a g an ( 19 9 7) c a ll ed t he" so m br e t ri nit y" o f s ta te , c ap ita l a nd t heC hu rc h. A n ar ch is ts a re t hu s o pp os ed to b othc ap ita lis m a nd to th e s ta te , a s w ell a s t o a llf orm s o f r el ig io u s a u th o ri ty . B u t a n ar ch is tsa ls o s ee k t o e sta bli sh o r b ri ng a bo ut b yv ar yi ng m ea ns a c on di ti on o f a n ar ch y - t ha ti s, a d ec en tr a li se d s o ci et y w it ho u t c o er ci vei ns ti tu ti on s , a n d o r ga n is e d t hr o ug h af ede ra t io n o f v o lu n ta r y a s so ci a ti o n s.C o nt emp or a ry r ig ht -w in g l ib er ta ri an s , s u cha s M il to n F rie dm a n, M ur ra y N . R o th ba rd a n dA yn R an d, w ho a re o fte n d es cr ib ed a s" a na r c ho- c api ta l is t s " a nd f er v en t ly de fe ndc ap it ali sm , a re n ot i n a ny r ea l s en seanarchists.

I n a n im po rta n t s en se a na rc his ts s up po rt t her a ll yi ng c ry f or l ib er ty , e qu a li ty a n d f ra te rn it yo f t he F r en c h R e vo lu ti on a n d s tr o ng ly b el ie vet ha t t he s e v a lu es a r e i nt er -d ep e nd en t. A sB a ku n in ( 18 71 : 2 40 ) r em a rk ed : " F re ed omw it ho u t s o ci al ism i s p ri vi le ge a n d i nj us ti ce ;

a nd s oc ia li sm w it ho ut f re ed om i s s la ve ry a ndb ru ta li ty ." N e ed le s s t o s a y A n a r ch is ts h a vea lw a ys b ee n c ri ti ca l o f S o vi et c ommu ni sm ,a n d t he m o st p ow er fu l a nd p en et ra ti ngc ri ti qu es o f M a rx , M a rx is t- Le n in ism a n d t heS o vi et r eg im e h a ve c ome f rom a n ar ch is tss u ch a s B e rkm an , G o ldm an , a n d M a x im o ff .M ax imo f f' s s i gn i fi ca n t ly t it le d The Gu i l lo t i nea t W ork ( 1 94 0 ) a c tu a ll y de scr ib ed t he p o li ti cso f le nin a nd T ro ts ky a s s im ila r to , a nd a se q ua ll y r ea c ti on a ry a s , t h a t o f t he J a co b in s i nt he F renc h Rev ol u ti o n.

a na r ch i st sen s ib il it y t ha t h a s ex is t edt hr o ug ho u t h uma n h is to r y, a n i mp ul set ha t h a s e x pr es s ed i ts e lf i n v a ri ou s w a ys :in th e w ritin gs o f la o T zu a nd th e T ao is ts , i nc la s si ca l G r ee k t ho u gh t, i n t he mu tu a li ty o fk in - ba s ed s o ci et ie s , i n t he e th o s o f v a ri ou sr el ig io u s s e ct s, i n s u ch a g ra r ia n m o vemen tsa s t h e D ig ge rs i n E ng la nd a n d t he Z ap ati sta so f M ex ic o, i n t he c ol le ct iv es th at s pr an g u pd ur in g t he S p an is h C iv il W a r, a n d c ur re n tl y,i n th e id ea s e xp re ss ed in th e e co lo gy a n df emi n is t movemen ts .

W it h t he c ol la ps e o f t he S o vie t r eg im e,M a rx is ts a re n o w in a s ta te o f in te ll ec tu ald is a rr ay , a n d a re f lo u nd er in g a r ou n d l oo k in gfo r a s af e p olit ic al a nc ho ra ge . T he y s ee m t og ra v it at e e it he r t ow a rd s H a ye k o r t ow a rd sK e yn e s a n d e it he r w a y t he ir s o ci al ism g et sl os t i n t he p ro c es s . C o ns e rv a ti ve w r it er s s u cha s R og er S cr ut on t ak e g re at p le as ur e inb e ra ti ng M a r xi st s f or h a vi ng c lo s ed t he ir e ye st o t he r ea li ti es o f t he S o vi et r eg im e . M a rx is tst hem se lv es , h o we v er , h a ve m y op ia w h en i tc ome s t o c a pi ta li sm . T h e p o ve rt y, f am in e ,s i ck en in g so c ia l i n eq u a li ti es , p o li ti ca lr e pr e s si o n and ec o log ic a l degr adat io ng en e ra te d u n de r c a pi ta li sm i s a l w ay su n de rp la y ed b y a p ol og is ts l ik e S c ru to n a n dF u ku yama . T h ey s e e t he s e a s s im p ly"p ro ble ms " th at n ee d to b e o v er co me a ndn o t a s i nt ri ns ic a ll y r el at ed t o c a pi ta li sm i ts e lf .

A n ar ch is t t en d en c ie s s e em t o h a ve e xp re s se dt hem se lv es i n a ll r el ig io u s m o vemen ts , e ve ni n I sl am . O n e I sl am ic s e ct , t h e N a ja d at ,b eli ev ed t ha t p ow er b el on gs o nly to G od .T he y t he re fo re fe lt t ha t th ey d id n ot n ee da n i ma m o r c ali ph , b ut c ou ld o rg an is et hem se lv es mu tu a ll y t o e n su re j us ti ce . M a n yy ea rs a go I s ug ge st ed th at L ao T zu 's T a o T eChing ( "T he W a y a nd i ts P o we r," a sW a l ey( 19 58 ) t ra n sla te s i t) s ho uld n o t b e s ee n a s am y st ic a l r el ig io u s t ra c t ( a s i t i s n o rm a ll yu n de rs to o d) , b u t r a th er a s a p o li ti ca l t re a ti se .It is , i n f ac t, t he f ir st a na rc hi st t ra ct, f or t heu n de rl yi ng p h il os o ph y o f T a o T e C h in g isf un d ame nt al ly a n a rc h is t, a s R u do lf R o ck e r( 1 93 8 ) n o t ed .

A na rc his m c an b e lo ok ed a t i n tw o w ay s.O n the o ne h an d it ca n b e s een a s a kin d o fr iv er , a s P e te r M a rs h al l ( 19 92 ) d es c ri be s i t i nh is e xc el le n t h is to r y o f a n ar ch ism . I t c a n t hu sb e s ee n a s a l ib er ta ri an i mp ul se o r a s a n

O n th e o th er h an d, a na rc his m m ay b e s e ena s a h is to ri ca l m ov em en t a nd a p olit ic alth eo ry th at h ad its b eg in nin gs a t t he e nd o ft he 1 8t h c en tu ry . It w a s e xp re ss ed i n t hew ritin gs o f W illia m G od win , w ho w ro te th ec l as s ic a na r ch is t t ex t A n E n qu ir y C o nc e rn in gPo l i ti c a l Jus t ice ( 17 98 ), a s w e ll a s i n th ea c ti on s o f t he sans-cu l /o tes a nd th e en rages

Anthropo logyand Anarch ism:The irE lec t i veAf f in i t y 7

d ur in g t he F r en c h R e vo lu ti on a n d b y r a di ca lsl ik e T ho m as S pe nc e a nd W illi am B la ke i nB ri ta in . T he te rm " a na rc his t" w a s fi rs t u se dd ur in g t he F re nc h R ev olu tio n a s a te rm o fab u se descr ib i ng t he sans-cu l /o tes ("wi thoutb re ec he s" ), th e w or kin g p eo ple o f F ra n cew ho d ur in g th e R ev olu tio n a dv oc at ed t heab o li ti o n o f g o v er nmen t .

A n a rc hi sm a s a s o ci al m o vemen t d ev el op edd ur in g t he 1 9t h c en tu ry . I ts b a si c s o c ia lp hi lo s op hy w a s f orm ul at ed b y t he R u ss ia nr ev o lu ti on a ry M i ch a el B a ku n in . I t w a s t heo utc om e o f h is c la sh es w i th K a rl M a rx a nd h isf ol lo w er s, w h o a d vo c at ed a s ta te is t r oa d t oso c ia l ism du ri n g mee ti n gs o f t he I n te r n at io n a lW o r ki ng M e n 's A s so c ia ti on i n t he 1 86 0' s. I ni ts c l as s ic a l f o rm as ex pre ssed b y K r opo t ki n ,Go l dman , Rec lu sand Ma l a te s ta , a na r ch i smw a s a s ig n if ic a nt p a rt o f t he s o ci al is tm o vemen t i n t he y ea r s b e fo r e t he F ir stW o r ldW a r, b u t i ts s o ci al ism w a s l ib er ta r ia n , n o tM a r xi st . T h e t e n de n cy o f w r it er s l ik e D a vi dP e pp er ( 19 96 ) t o c re a te a d ic ho tom y b et we e nso c ia l ism and ana r ch ism i sb o t h c on cep tu a ll yand h i s to ri ca ll y mis leading .

O f a ll p o li ti ca l p hi lo s op hi es a n ar ch ism h a sp er ha ps h ad t he w or st p re ss . I t h as b ee ni g no r ed, ma l ig ned, r id i cu led , a b u sed ,m is u nd e rs to o d, a n d m is r ep re s en te d b yw r it er s f rom a ll s id es o f t he p o li ti ca ls p e ct rum : Ma r x is t s , l ib e ra l s , democr a tsa nd c on ser v a ti v es . Theodo re Rooseve l t,t he Ame r ic a n p r es i den t, d e scr ib ed ana r ch i sma s a " cr im e a ga in st t he w ho le h um a n r ac e,"a nd it h as b ee n v ar io us ly j ud ge d a sd es tr uc ti ve , v io le n t a n d n ih il is ti c. A n umb e r


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8 A n th ro p o lo g y a n d A n a rc hi sm: T h ei r E l ec ti ve A f fi ni ty

o f c ri tic is m s h a v e b e en l od ge d a ga in sta na rc hi sm , a nd I w i ll d ea l b r ie fl y w i th e ac ho f t he se . T h er e a re e ig ht c om p la in ts i n a l l.

1 . I t i s s a id t ha t a na rc hi st s a re t ooin no ce nt, to o n ar ve a nd h av e to o r os y ap ic tu re o f h um a n n at ur e. I t i s s a id th at ,l ik e R o u s se a u, t he y h a ve a r om an ti cv ie w o f h um a n n at ur e a s e ss en ti all yg oo d a nd p ea ce -lo v in g . B u t o f c ou rs er ea l h u m a ns a re n ot l ik e t h is ; t he y a rec r ue l, a g gr e ss iv e a n d s e lf is h a n d s oa na rc hy is j us t a p ip e d re am . I t is a nu n re a li st ic v is io n o f a p a st g o ld e n a g et ha t n e ve r r e al ly ,e x is te d . T h is b e in g s o ,s om e f or m o f c oe rc iv e a uth o ri ty i sa lw a y s n e ce s sa r y. T h e t ru th i s t h ata na rc hi st s d o n ot f ol lo w R o us se au . I nf ac t, B a ku ni n w a s s ca th in g i n h i sc r it ic ism s o f t he 1 8 th c e nt ur yp h il os o ph e r. M o s t a n ar c hi st s t en d t oth in k h um an s h av e b oth g oo d a nd b adt en d en c ie s . I f h um a ns w e r e a ll g o od n es sa nd li gh t, w o ul d t he y m in d b e in g r ule d?I t i s b e ca u se a n ar c hi st s h a ve a r e al is ti cr at he r t ha n a r om a nt ic v ie w o f h um a nn atu re th at th ey o pp os e a ll f o rm s o fc o e r ci v e au t ho r it y . I n e s s en c e , a n a r ch i s tso pp os e a ll p o we r in th e s en se o f th eF r en c h w o r d puissance ( "p ow er o v er "){ r a th e r t h a n p o uv oi r ( " p ow er to d os om et hi ng " , a n d b e li ev e , l ik e L o rdA c to n , t ha t p ow e r c or ru pt s, a nda b so lu te p ow er c o rr u pt s a b so lu te ly . A sP a ul G o o dm a n ( 19 68 ) w r ot e, t he i ss ue i sn ot w he th er p eo ple a re " go od e no ug h"f or a p ar tic ul ar t yp e o f s oc ie ty ; r at he r i tis a m atte r o f d ev elo pin g th e k in d o f

s o ci al i ns ti tu ti on s t ha t a r e m o s tc o nd u ci ve t o e x pa n di ng t hepo t en t ia l it ie s w e h av e fo r i n te l li g e nc e ,g r a c e, s o c ia b i li ty a nd f r e edom .

Buddh is t s, Mu s l im s , Ch r is t ia n s ,d emoc r at s , c o n s er v a ti v es , f a s ci s ts . A nde ve ry g o ve rn m en t is b a se d o n o rg an is edv io le n ce . A n a r ch is ts w h o h a ve r e so r te dto v io le nc e a re n o w or se th an a ny bo dye ls e. B u t m o s t a na rc his ts h av e b e ena g ai ns t v io le n ce a n d t er ro r ism , a n dth er e h as a lw ay s b ee n a s tr on g lin kb e tw e en a na rc hi sm a nd p ac if is m .A n ar ch is ts e ve n g o o ne s te p f ur th er int ha t t he y c ha ll en g e t he v io le nc e t ha tm os t p eo ple d o n ot r ec og nis e a ndw h ic h i s o ft en o f t he w o rs t p o ss ib lek in d : l aw f u l v i o le n ce . N e e dl es s t o s a y,s om e o f th e b e st -k no w n a na rc his ts ,s uc h a s T o ls to y , D e C l ey re , G a nd hi a ndE dw ar d C a rp e nt er , w e r e p a ci fi st s.

2 . A n a r ch y , i t i s b e l ie v ed , i s a s y n on ymf o r c h ao s a n d d is o rd e r. T h is i s, i n f ac t,h ow p eo ple o fte n u se th e te rm . B uta na rc hy , a s u nd er sto o d b y m o sta n ar c hi st s, m e a ns t he e x ac t o p po s it e o ft hi s. I t m e an s a s oc ie ty b a se d o n o rd er .A n ar ch y m ea ns n ot c ha os , o r a la ck o fo rg an is ati on , b u t a s oc ie ty b a se d o n t hea uto n om y o f t he i nd iv id ua l, o n c o-o p er a ti on , a n d w i th o u t r u le rs o r c o er ci vea u th o ri ty . A s P r o ud h on ( 1 8 51 ) p u t i t,l ib e rt y i s t he m o th e r o f o r de r. B u t e q u a ll ya na rc his ts d o n ot d en ou n ce c ha os , f ort he y s ee c ha os a nd d is or de r a s h av in gi n h er e n t p o t en t ia l it y ; a s B akun in ( 1 842 )p ut it , t o d es tr oy i s a c re at iv e a ct .

4 . A n ar ch is ts h av e b ee n a cc us ed ,e s pe c ia ll y b y M a r xi st s, o f b e in gt he o re ti ca l b l oc k he a ds , o f b e in g a n ti -i nt el le ct ua l, a nd o f c re at in g a c ul t o fm in dl es s a ct io n. B u t a s a p er us al o f t hea n ar c hi st m o v em e n t w i ll i n d ic a te , m a n ya n ar c hi st s a n d p e op le w i th a n ar c hi sts y mp ath ie s h av e b e en a m on g t he f in es ti nt el le c tu a ls o f t he ir g e ne r at io n , t ru lyc re at iv e p eo pl e. O n e m a y m e nt io nG o dw in , H um b o ld t, R e c lu s , T o l st oy ,B e rt ra n d R u s se ll , G a n d hi , C h om sk y a n dB o o kc h in , am o ng o th e rs . M o r eo v er ,a na rc hi st s h av e p ro d uc ed m a ny s em in alt ex ts o u tl in in g t he ir ow n p h il os o ph ya nd t he ir o w n s oc ia l d o c tr in es . T h es ea re g en er al ly f re e o f th e j ar go n a ndt he p re te ns io n t ha t m a sq u er ad es a ss c ho la r sh ip am o ng m a n y l ib e ra ls c ho la r s , M a rx is t s a nd po s t-mode rn i st s .

3 . A n o th er e qu atio n m ad e is t ha tb e tw e e n a n ar c hi sm a n d v io le n ce .A n a rc h ism , i t i s s a id , i s a l l a b o u tte rr or is t b o mb s a nd v io le nc e. T h er e i se ve n a b o ok c ur re nt ly in b o ok sh op sent i t led Th eAn a r c h is t s' C o o k boo k thatd es cr ib es h ow to m ak e b om b s a ndd y n am i te . B u t a s A l e xa n de r B e rkm a n( 1 9 29 ) w r o te , r e so r ti ng t o v io le n cea ga in st o pp re ss io n o r to o b ta in c er ta inpo l it ic a l o b j e ct iv e s h a s b e en p r a c ti c e dt hr ou g ho ut h um a n h is to ry . A c ts o fv io le nc e h av e b e en c om m it te d b y t hef o ll ow e r s o f e v er y p o li ti ca l a n d r e li gi ou sc r e ed : n a t io n a li s ts , l ib e r a ls , s o c ia l is t s,f em i ni s ts , r e p u b li c a ns , mona r ch i s ts ,

A n th ro p ol og y a n d A n ar ch is m : T he ir E le ct iv e A f fi ni ty 9

5 . A n ot he r c ri tic is m is t he o pp os it e o ft hi s: a n ar c hi sm i s r i d ic u le d f o r b e in ga p ol it ic a l a n d a d o ct ri ne o f i na c ti on .A n a r ch is ts , a c co r di ng t o t he e x -d o y eno f t he G r ee n P a rt y J o n at ha n P o rr it t, d on o th in g b u t c o nt em p la te t he ir n a ve ls .B ec au se th ey d o n ot e ng ag e in p ar typ o li ti cs , P o r ri tt e v en s u gg e st s t ha ta na rc his ts d o n ot l iv e i n t he " re alw o rl d. " A l l th e e ss en tia l t he m es o f t heG r ee n P ar ty m an if es to - th e c all f o r as o c ie t y t h at i s d e c ent r al is e d , e qu it a b le ,e c ol og ic a l, c o -o p er at iv e , a n d w i thf le x ib l e i ns ti tu ti on s - a r e, o f c o ur se ,s imp ly an un a cknow l edg eda p pr o pr ia ti on o f w h a t a n ar c hi st s l ik eK r op ot ki n h ad l on g a go a dv oc at ed , b u tt o P o r ri tt t hi s v is io n i s s i m pl y h it ch e d t op a rt y p o li ti cs . A s a m e d ia f ig u re , P o r ri ttc om pl et el y m i su n de r st an d s w h a ta na rc his m - a nd a d ec en tr al is ed s oc ie ty- is a ll a bo ut. A n ar ch is m is n ot n on -p o li ti ca l. N o r d o es i t a d v o ca te a r e tr e ati nt o p r ay e r, s e lf -i nd u lg e nc e o rm e dit at io n , w h et he r o r n ot o nec o nt em p la te s o n e' s n a ve l o r c h an tsm a n tr a s. I t i s s im p ly h o st il e t op a rl iam e nt ar y o r p a rt y p o li ti cs . T h e o n lyd emoc r ac y i t t h in k s v a l id i s p a r t i ci p a to r yd em oc ra c y a n d a n ar c hi sm b e li ev e s t ha tp uttin g an " X" o n a p ie ce o f p a pe re ve ry f iv e y e a rs i s a s ha m . D o in g s os e rv e s o n ly t o g iv e i de o lo g ic a lj us ti fi ca ti on t o p ow er h o ld e rs i na s o ci et y t ha t i s f u n d am e n ta ll yh i e ra r c hi c a l a nd und emoc ra t ic .


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10 AnthropologyandA narch i sm:Thei rE l ec t iveAff i n i t y

A n a rc hi st s a re o f m a ny k in ds . T h ey h av et he re fo re s ug g es te d v ar io u s w a ys o fc h al le n gi ng a n d t ra n sf o rm i ng t hep re se nt s y ste m o f v io le nc e a ndi ne q ua li ty - t hr o ug !: l c omm u n es , p a ss iv er e s is t an c e , s y nd ic a l ism , mun i c ip a ld emoc r ac y , i n s ur r e ct io n , d i re c t a c t io na nd e du ca tio n. O ne o f th e r ea so ns w hys om e a n ar c hi st s h a ve em p ha s is e dp u b li sh in g p r op a ga n da a n d e d u ca ti oni s t ha t t he y h av e a lw a ys e sc he w edp a rt y o r ga n is a ti on a s w e ll a s v io le n ce .A n a r ch is ts h a ve a lw a y s b e e n c r it ic a l o ft he n ot io n o f a v an gu ar d p ar ty , s ee in gi t a s i ne vi ta b ly l ea din g t o s om e f or m o fd es po tis m. A n d w ith r eg ar d to b oth th eF r en c h a n d R u s si an r e vo lu ti on s , h is to r yh a s p r ov e d t he ir p r em o n it io n s c o rr ec t.6 . A c o n si st en t c r it iq u e o f a n ar c hi smo ff er ed b y M a rx is ts i s t ha t i t i s u to p ia na nd r om an tic : a p ea sa nt o r p etty -b o u rg e o is i de o lo g y , a n e x pr e ss io n o fm i ll e n ni a I d r e am s. Conc r et e h i st o ri c a ls tu die s b y J oh n H ar t o n a na rc his m a ndt he M e xic an w o rk in g c la ss ( 19 78 ) a ndb y J er om e M in tz o n th e a na rc his ts o fC a sa s V ie ja s i n S p ai n ( 1 98 2) h av e m o reth an a de qu ate ly r ef ute d s om e o f th ed is to r ti on s a b o ut a n ar c hi sm . T h ea na rc hi st m o ve m en t h as n ot b e enc on fi ne d to p ea sa nt s; i t h a s f lo ur is he da m on g u rb a n w o rk er s w h er e a na rc ho -s y n di ca li sm d e ve lo p ed . N o r i s i t u to p ia no r m i ll en n ia l. A n a r ch is ts h a vee s ta b li sh e d r e al c o ll ec ti ve s a n d h a vea lw a y s b e en c r it ic a l o f r e li gi on . N o n eo f t he e ar ly a na rc hi st s e xp ec te d s om e

im m e di at e o r c at ac ly s mic c ha ng e t oo cc ur th ro ug h " pr op ag an da b y d ee d"o r t he " g en er al s tr ik e," a s t he v ar io u sw r it in g s o f R e c lu s a n d B e r km a n a tt es t.T he y r ea lis ed it w o u ld b e a lo ng h au l.

8 . A f in al c ri ti ci sm o f a na rc hi sm i s t ha t iti s u n r e al is ti c: a n ar c hy w i ll n e ve r w o r k.T h e m a r ke t s o ci al is t D a v id M i ll ere xp re ss es t hi s v ie w v er y w e l l i n h is b o okAnarch ism ( 1 9 84 ) . H i s a t ti tu d e t oa na rc his m is o n e o f " he ad s I w in , ta ilsy o u l os e. " H e a dm it s t ha t c om m u ni ti esb a s ed o n a n ar c ho - comm u ni st p r in c ip le sh av e e xis te d, a nd g iv en a c ha nc e h av eh ad s om e d eg re e o f u n ex pe cte ds uc ce ss . B u t d u e t o l ac k o f p op u la rs up p or t a nd s ta te i nt er ve nt io n a ndr ep re ss io n t he y h av e, h e w ri te s, a lw a ysb ee n f ailu re s. O n th e o th er h an d, h ea ls o a rg ue s t ha t s oc ie ti es c ou ld n ote xi st a ny w ay w it ho ut s om e f or m o fc e nt ra li se d g o ve r nm e n t. M i ll er s e em so b li vi ou s to t he f ac t t ha t w h atS ta n le y D i am o n d ( 1 9 74 ) c a ll ed " k in -c omm un it ie s " h a v e l on g e x is te d w i th ina nd o ft en i n o p p os it io n t o s ta tes ys te m s, a nd t ha t t ra di ng n et wo rk sh a ve e x is te d t hr o ug h ou t h is to r y , e v e na m on g h un te r- ga th er er s, w ith o ut a nys ta te c on tr ol . T h e s t at e, in a ny c as e, i sa r ec en t h is to ri ca l p h en o me no n, a nd i ni ts m o de rn n at io n- st ate f or m h as o n lye xis te d f or a f ew h un dr ed y ea rs . H um anc omm un it ie s h a v e l on g e x is te d w i th o utc e nt ra l o r c o er c iv e a u th o ri ty . Wh e th e ra c om pl ex t ec h n ol og ic a l s o ci et y i sp o ss ib l e w i th o u t c e nt ra li se d a u th o ri ty i sn ot a q ue sti on e as il y a n s we re d; n ei th eri s i t o n e t ha t c an b e l ig h tly d is m is se d.M a ny a na rc hi sts b e li ev e th at s uc h as o ci et y i s p o s s ib l e, t ho u g h t ec h no lo g yw ill h a ve to b e o n a " hu ma n s ca le ."C om p le x s y s tem s e x is t i n n a tu r e

7 . A n o th e r c r it ic ism o f a n ar c hi sm i s t h atit h as a n ar ro w v ie w o f p ol it ic s, t h at its ee s th e s ta te a s t h e f ou nt o f a ll e v il,i gn o ri ng o th e r a s pe c ts o f s o ci al a n de conom ic l if e . T h i s i s a m i s re p r e se n t at io no f a n ar c hi sm . I t p a r tl y d e ri ve s f r om t hew a y a na rc hi sm h as b e en d ef in ed , a ndf rom t he a tt em p t o f M a r xi st h is to r ia n st o e xc lu d e a na rc hi sm f ro m th e b ro ad ers o ci al is t m o v em en t. B u t w h e n o n ee x am i ne s t he w r it in g s o f c la s si ca la n a r ch i s ts l ik e K ropo tk i n , G o l dman ,M a la te s ta a n d T o ls to y , a sw e l l a s t hec h ar a ct er o f a n ar c hi st m o v em e n ts i ns u ch p la c es a s I ta ly , M e x ic o , S p a i n a n dF r an c e, i t i s c le a rl y e v i d en t t ha t i t h a sn e ve r h a d t hi s l im i te d v is io n . I t h a sa lw a y s c h al le n ge d a ll f o rm s o f a u th o ri tya nd e xp lo ita ti on , a nd h as b e en a s c rit ic alo f c ap ita li sm a nd r el ig io n a s i t h a s o f th es ta te . M o s t a n ar c hi st s w e r e f em in is ts ,a nd m a ny s po k e o ut a ga in st r ac is m ,a s w ell a s d ef en de d th e f re ed om o fc h il dr e n. A c u lt ur a l a n d e c ol og ic a lc r it iq u e o f c a pi ta li sm h a s a lw a y s b e e na n i m po r ta n t d im e n si on o f a n ar c hi stw r it in g s. T h is i s w h y t he w r it in g s o fTo l s to y , R e c l u s a nd K ropo tk i n s t il l h a v econ tempo r a ry r e le v an c e.

Anthro pologyand Ana rchism:TheirE lect iveAffini ty 11

w i th o u t t he r e b e in g a n y c o n tr o ll in gm e ch an is m . I nd ee d, m a ny g lo b alt he or is ts n ow a da y s a re b e gi nn in g t ocon temp l at e l ib e r ta r ia n so c ia l v i s ta s t h atb ec om e p os sib le in a n a ge o f c om pu te rt ec h no lo g y . N e e dl es s t o s a y , i f M i ll erh ad a pp li ed t he s am e c ri te ria b y w h ic hh e s o a dv er se ly a dj ud ge s a na rc hi sm -d i st r ib u t iv e j u s ti c e a nd so c ia l w e l l- b e in g- t o c ap it al is m a nd s ta te " co m m un is m "th en p er ha ps h e w ou ld h av e d ec la re db o th t he se s y st em s u np ra ct ic al a ndu n re a li st ic t oo . B u t a t l ea s t M i ll er w a n t sto r es cu e a na rc his m f ro m th e d us tb in o fh is to ry , a n d to h elp u s to c ur b a bu se so f p ow e r a nd k ee p a liv e t h e p os si bi lit ie so f f r e e so c ia l r e la t io n sh ip s .

S o ci ety , w e a re t ol d b y s uc h a ut ho ri ti es a sF r ie d ri ch H a y ek , M a r ga r et T h a tc h er a n dM a ri ly n S tr at he rn , e ith er d o es n ot e xi st o r i tis a " co nf us ed c ate go ry " th at o ug ht to b ee x ci se d f rom t he o re ti ca l d is c ou r se . T h e w o r dd er iv es , o f c ou rs e, f ro m t he L at in s oc ie ta s ,w h ic h in t ur n d er iv es f ro m s oc ius , m ea nin g ac om p an io n , a f r ie n d , a r e la ti on s hi p b e tw e e np e op le , o r a s h ar ed a c ti vi ty . A n a r c hi st s h a vet hu s a lw a ys d ra w n a c le ar d is ti nc ti onb e tw e en s oc ie ty i n t h is s en se a nd t he s ta te ,t ha t is b e tw e en w h at th e J ew is h e xi st en tia li sts c ho la r M a r ti n B u b e r ( 1 99 2 ) c a ll ed t hep o li ti ca l a n d t he s o ci al p r in c ip le s . B u b erw a s a c lo se f ri en d o f t he a na rc hi st G u st avL an da ue r, w h o a rg ue d l on g b e fo re F o uc au ltth at th e s ta te c ou ld n ot b e d es tr oy ed b yr ev ol ut io n . I t c ou ld o nl y b e u nd er m in ed b yd e ve lo p in g o th e r k in d s o f r e la ti on s hi ps a n d


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12 Anthropologyand Anarchism:TheirElectiveAff in i ty

b y a ctu ali zin g s oc ia l p att er ns a nd fo rm s o fo r ga n iz a ti on t ha t i nv o lv ed mu tu a li ty a n dfr ee c o- op er at io n. S uc h a s oc ia l d om a in i sa lw ay s in a s en se p re se nt , i mm in en t inc on temp o ra r y so c ie t y, a nd c o -ex i st in gw it h t he s ta te .

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Fo r Landaue r , a s f o r C oli n W a rd (1973),a na rc hy is n o t s om eth in g t ha t o nl y exis tedlo n g a go b ef or e th e r is e o f t he s ta te , o r e xi stsn ow o nly a mo ng p eo ple lik e th e N ha ro o rP ia ro a l iv in g a t t he ma rg in s o f c a pi ta li sm( al th ou gh Z er za n w o uld n o t s ee t he P ia ro a ,b ei ng h o rt ic ul tu ri st s, a s t ru ly a u th en ti c! ). N o ri s a n a rc hy s im p ly a s p ec ul at iv e v is io n o f s omef ut ur e s o ci et y. R a th er , a n a r ch y i s a f orm o fs o ci al l if e t ha t o r ga n iz es i ts e lf w it ho u t t her es o rt t o c o er ci ve a u th o ri ty . I t i s a l w ay s i ne xi st en c e, a lb ei t o ft en b u ri ed a n du n re co g ni se d b en e at h t he w e ig h t o fc ap ita lis m a n d t he s ta te . I t i s l ik e " a s ee db en ea th t he s no w, " a s C o lin W a rd ( 19 7} : 1 1)g ra p hi ca ll y p ut s i t. A n a rc h y, t he n , i s s i m pl yth e id ea " th at it i s p o s sib le a nd d es ir ab lef or s o ci et y t o o rg a ni ze i ts e lf w it ho u tg o ve rnme nt " (W ar d 1 9 73 : 1 1 ). Anthropologyh as m uc h t o le ar n fo rm th e a n ar ch is ttr ad iti on , a nd i t i s o f i nte re st th at tw o p os t-s tr uc tu ra li st s c ho la rs - F o uc a ul t a n d D e le u ze- w ho h av e n ow b ec om e a ca de mic ic on s,impl ic it ly d r ew on t h is p o li ti ca l t ra d it io n .

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G o o dma n, P . 1 96 8. Pe o p le o r Pe r so n n e l.N ew Y or k: R an do m B oo ks .H a rt , J .M . 1 97 8. A na rc his m a n d t he M e xic anWo r k in g C l a ss 1860 -1931 . Au s ti n , TX :Un iv e rs i ty o f Te x as .H a nn , C .M . , e d. 19 93 . Soc i a l ism: I dea ls,I de o lo g ie s , a n d Lo c a l P r a c ti ce . AS AM o no gr ap hs N o. 3 1. lo nd on : R ou tle dg e.

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Pepper , D .1996. Mod e rn En v ir o nment a li sm .l o ndon : R ou tl e dge .

Research in the AnthropologyDepartment at Goldsmiths

Proudhon, J - P . 1 9 23 (1 851 ). Ge n er a l I de a o ft h e Re v o lu t io n in t he N in e te e nt h C e nt ur y .T a ns la te d b y J o hn B e ve rl y R o bi ns o n. L o nd o n:F r eedom P re ss .

T h e A n th ro p ol og y D e pa rt me n t a t G o ld smi th sp r o vi des a l iv e ly i n te r di s ci pl in a r y en v ir o nmen tf or r es e ar ch a n d p o st gr ad ua te s tu de n ts . O u rs ta ff h a ve i nt er es ts i n l at in Amer ic a , E a st ,W es t a nd C en tr al A fr ic a, S ou th A si a, t hePac if ic , E u rop e ( in c lu d in g B r it a in , S c andi n a vi a ,a nd th e M ed ite rr an ea n a re a) a nd t heC a ri bb ea n . T h e t e a ch in g i n t he D e pa rt me n ta l so s t re s ses t he r e le v anc e o f a n th r op o log yto u nd er sta nd in g th e s oc ie ty in w hic h w eli ve , a n d o ur o wn p la ce w it hin i t. B ec au seGo ld smi th s i s a C o ll eg e o f t he U n iv er si ty o fl on d on , s tu de n ts a ls o h a ve t he o p po r tu n it yo f a tt en d in g s em in a rs a n d c o ur s est hr o ug ho u t t he U n iv er s it y, a s w e l l a s a v ai li ngt hemsel v es o f t he ex ce l le n t l ib r a ry f a ci li ti e s o fS e na te H o us e a n d t he c o ns ti tu en t C o ll eg es .

Rec lu s , E . 1 9 03 . P r im i ti v e Fo lk : S t ud i es inCompa r a ti ve E t h no l og y . l on d on : S c ot t.

R o c ke r , R . 1 9 89 (1 93 8 ). Anarcho -Syndical ism. l on do n: P lu to P re ss .

W a rd , C . 1 97 3. Anarchy in Action.l on do n : A ll en & Unw in .

Waley, A . ( tr a n s) . 1 9 58 . T he W a y a n d ItsP o we r: L a o Y ZU 5 T a o T e C h in g a n d I ts P la cei n C h in e se T h ou gh t. N ew Y or k: G ro ve P re ss .

Ze rz an . 1 9 88 . Qu e st io n in g T e ch n ol og y : ACr i t ic a l An tho logy . l on d on : F re ed om P r es s .

Ze rz an . 1 9 94 . Fu tu re Pr imi ti ve . B r oo k ly n , N Y :Autonomedia.

Ze r zan , J . 1 9 88 . Elemen ts of Refusal .S e at tl e: l ef t B a nk B o ok s .

Z e rz a n, J . 1 99 4. F u tu re P r im i ti ve a n dO t he r E s sa y s .Book lyn ; Au tonomed ia

Anthropology and Anarchism:Their Elect iveAff ini ty 15

Special f e atu re s include : A m ul ti -d is ci pl in ar y D ep ar tm en t,

w it h s p ec ia li st s i n t he e n vi ro nmen t,p ea san tr ie s , k in sh ip , gende r , med ic a la n th ro p ol og y a n d h ea lt h, t he E u ro p ea nUn i on , de ve lo pmen t , p o s t- s tr u ct ur a li sm ,me di a a n d v is u al a n th ro p ol og y, m a te ri ala n d p o pu la r c ul tu re , a n d t he C a ri bb ea n .

A n expa ndin g D epa rtm en t: there a rec ur re n tl y 1 7 a c ad em ic s ta ff i nc lu di ng3 p ro fe s so r s, a n d a p pr ox im a te ly 7 0p o st gr a du a te a n d 3 00 u n de rg ra d ua testudents.

P os tg ra du ate d eg ree s: M Ph il a ndP hD r es e ar ch d eg re es , M A S o ci alA n th ro p ol og y, M A V is u al A n th ro p ol og y,M A A pp lie d A n th ro po lo gy a ndC om mu nity a nd Y ou th W ork , M AA n th ro p ol og y a n d C ul tu ra l P r oc es s ,M A G en de r, A nt hr op ol og y a ndDevelopment.

U nd er gr ad ua te h on ou rs d egr ee s:B A A n th ro p ol og y, B A A n th ro p ol og ya n d C ommu ni ca ti on S tu di es , B AA n th ro p ol og y a n d S o ci ol og y.

R es ea rc h s t re ng th s: g en de r, s ex ua lit ya n d i de n ti ti es , p o we r a n d t ra n sn a ti on a lp rocesses, v i sua l an th ropo logy ,i n st it ut io n s and o rgan i s at io n s .


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16 Anthropologyand Anarchism:TheirElectiveAff in i ty

Ex te n si ve compu ti n g f a ci li ti es , d ir e cta c ce ss t o t he c amp u s n et w or k. W i der an ge o f p a ck a ge s, i nc lu di ng S P SS ,M i c ro s o ft O f fi c e, A pp leMa c s o ftwa re ,e -m a il , I nt er ne t, a n d o th er s o ft wa rea ccor d in g t o i n di v id ual n e ed s .

C los e l in k s w i th o t he r d e pa r tmen ts( p ar ti c ul a rl y S o c io l og y , t h e Commun i tya nd Y ou th W o rk s ec ti on o f t heP r of es s io n a l a n d Commun i ty E d uca t io nDepar tmen t, S o c ia l P o li cy a n d Po li ti c s,a n d Med ia a n d Commun i ca t io n s ).

A n th ro p ol og y s tu de nt s a re we lc ome t oa tt en d p o st gr ad ua te s em in a rs i n o th erp a rt s o f t he C o ll eg e.

Re se ar ch l i nk s w i th o th er p ri va te a n dpub li c i n st it u ti o ns : I n st it u te o f L a ti nAme ri c an S tud ie s , CNRS ( i n P a ri s ),F e de r al Un i ve rs i ty o f Ba h ia , B r a zi l, Ro ya lA n th ro po lo g ic a l I n st it u te , S cho o l o fM e di ci ne a t S t M a ry 's H o sp it al .

Ex te rn a l l in k s : Na t io n a l Ma r it imeMuseum , I n st it u te o f Commonweal thS tud ie s , t he So c ra t es E xcha n geP r og ramme (whi ch i n vo l ve sA n th ro p ol og y De pa rtme nt s i n t heUn i ve rs i ti es o f L i sb o n , S t oc kho lm,Os l o, S i en a a n d Ams te rd am ).

Co nt ac t u sC on ta ct th e D ep ar tm en t o n 0 20 7 91 9 7 80 0

About the authorThe An th ropol ogy D e pa rtm en t w e bs it ei s a t : ht tp: / /wvvw.go/d.ac.uk/departments/an th ropo logy

B ri an Mo rr is i s P r o fe ss o r Eme ri tu s i n t heAn th ro po lo g y Depar tmen t a t Go ld sm it hsC o ll eg e. H e c a rr ie d o u t f ie ld w or k i nS o ut h I nd ia , a n d h as p u bl is he d o n t hea n th ro p ol og y o f r el ig io n , c o nc ep ti on s o ft he s el f a n d o n h erb al is rn i n M a la wi . H e h a sa l so w r it te n o n e th n o bo t an y , e th n o zo o lo g y,c l as s if ic a ti o n, r e li gi o n, r it u al a n d s ymbo l ism ,h un te r -g a th e re r s o c ie t ie s , h e rb a li sm andf un gi . H is m o st r ec en t p u bl ic a ti on i sAnimalsand I n sec ts , a s tu dy o f h um a n- in se cti n te ra c ti o ns i n Ma law i.

T o g et c op ie s o f t he Pos tg r adu a t e P r o spec tu sa n d a n a p pl ic a ti on f or m, p le as e c o nt ac t:UK a nd E U s tu de nt s:A dm is s io n s O f fi ce , t el 0 20 7 9 19 7 1 28( d ir ec t l in e ), f a x 0 2079197509 ,e-mail [email protected] ro s pe ct us h ot li ne : t el 0 20 7 9 19 7 53 7( 2 4 h o ur s ) T he B ria n M o rr is p ri ze w as fo un de d i n

2 00 4 a n d i s a w a rd ed t o t he u n de rg ra du at ea n th r opo lo g y d is s er ta t io n a t Go ld sm it hs t ha tm o st emb o di es t he c re at iv e s pi ri t o f B ri anMo rr is . E a ch p ri ze -w in n in g p ap er w i ll b ep u bl is he d a s a n i ss u e o f GARP .

Over se as ( non EU ) s t ude nt s:I nt ern at io na l O ffi ce , t el + 44 2 0 7 91 9 7 70 0( dir ec t li ne ), f ax + 44 2 0 7 91 9 7 70 4,e-mail internat ional-off [email protected] ro s pe ct us h ot li ne : t el + 4 4 2 0 7 9 19 7 27 3( 24 h o ur s )

A p pl ic at io n f or ms a re a ls o a v ai la b le o nthe w eb a t:wvvw.go ldsmi ths .ac . uk ls tuden t -i n fo lhow-to-apply .php

Go ld smi th s Co ll eg e , Un i ve r si ty o f L o n do n ,N ew C ro ss , L on do n S E1 4 6 NW , U Ktel 0 20 7 91 9 7 17 1wvvw.goldsmiths.ac.ukC al li ng f rom o ut sid e t he U K ?D ia l + 44 2 0 7 91 9 + e xt en si on

Anthropologyand Anarchism:TheirElectiveAff in i ty 17
http://wvvw.go/d.ac.uk/departments/mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://wvvw.go/d.ac.uk/departments/


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P rev io u s GARPs :1. Gorer 's Gaze: aspects of the inauguration of audience studies in British telev ision.

Ga r et h S t a nt o n2. Perilous ideas: anthropological debates in cross-cultural arts projects.

E leano r Jupp3. Identity, Resettlement and Perceptions of Change: The Vasava Bhils of Gujarat, India.

Ro x a nn e H a k im4. The Vir ile Nat ion: gender and eth in ic ity in the re-construction of Argentinian pasts.

V i c to r i a Godda rd5. Enabling Fictions: Polit ics, Representation and the Environment in Maluku, Indonesia.

N i co l a F r os t6. The 'po li tics of the everyday' : popul ism, gender and the media in LaPazand EIAl to , Bol iv ia .

S i an L a z a r7. L ife Down Under : Water and Ident ity in an Aborigina l Cul tura l Landscape.

Ve ron ic a S t r ang8. 'Si t anywhere you l ike, we' re a ll f riends together' : Ref lect ions on bingo cul ture.

K a t he r in e M a n n9. Studying wor ld socie ty .

K e it h H a r t10. Negotiating Autonomy: Gir ls and Parental Authority in Multiethnic Norway.

H i lde L i d en

Goldsm i ths Co l le geUn iv e rs it y o f LondonN ew C ro ssL on do n S E 14 6 NWT el ep ho ne 0 20 7 91 9 7 17 1www.goldsmiths.ac.uk
http://www.goldsmiths.ac.uk/http://www.goldsmiths.ac.uk/

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