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Anaerobic digestion of animal waste: Effect of mixing
Khursheed Karim a, K. Thomas Klasson b, Rebecca Hoffmann a, Sadie R. Drescher b,David W. DePaoli b, M.H. Al-Dahhan a,*
a Chemical Reaction Engineering Laboratory (CREL), Department of Chemical Engineering, Washington University,
1 Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1198, St Louis, MO 63130 4899, USAb Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
Received 3 March 2004; received in revised form 2 December 2004; accepted 4 December 2004
Available online 26 February 2005
Abstract
Six laboratory scale biogas mixed anaerobic digesters were operated to study the effect of biogas recycling rates and draft tube
height on their performance. The digesters produced methane at 0.400.45 L per liter of digester volume per day. A higher methane
production rate was observed in unmixed digesters, while increased biogas circulation rate reduced methane production. However,
different draft tube heights caused no difference in the methane production rate. Air infiltration (up to 15% oxygen in the biogas) was
observed in the digesters mixed by biogas recirculation. Slight air permeability of tubing or leakage on the vacuum side of the air
pump may have caused the observed air infiltration. The similar performance of the mixed and unmixed digesters might be the result
of the low solids concentration (50 g dry solids per liter of slurry) in the fed animal slurry, which could be sufficiently mixed by the
naturally produced biogas.
2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Anaerobic; Biogas; Draft tube; Digestion; Manure; Mixing
1. Introduction
Recent growth of the livestock industries has given
rise to new requirements for safe disposal of large quan-
tities of animal waste (manure) generated at dairy,
swine, and poultry farms. In the United States approxi-
mately 230 million tons of animal waste (dry matter) are
generated every year (Sheffield, 2002). Unsafe and im-
proper disposal of decomposable animal waste causesmajor environmental pollution problems, including sur-
face and groundwater contamination, odors, dust, and
ammonia emission. There is also a concern regarding
methane emissions, which contribute to the green house
effect. Through anaerobic digestion, these large amounts
of waste can be converted to methane, a renewable en-
ergy source. A survey of dairy and swine farms in the
country reaffirmed that anaerobic digestion is a technol-
ogy with considerable potential (Lusk, 1998). The sur-
vey further suggests that, ignoring caged layer poultry,
about 0.426 Tg of methane are potentially recoverable
from 3000 dairy and swine farms in 19 states of the
USA.
Over the past 25 years, anaerobic digestion processes
have been applied to a wide array of industrial and agri-cultural wastes (Speece, 1996; Ghosh, 1997). The perfor-
mance of anaerobic digesters is affected primarily by the
retention time of the substrate in the reactor and the
degree of contact between incoming substrate and the
viable bacterial population. These parameters are a
function of the flow pattern (mixing) inside the reactors.
Thorough mixing of the substrate in the digester distrib-
utes organisms uniformly and also transfers heat, and
thus is regarded as essential in high-rate anaerobic
0960-8524/$ - see front matter 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2004.12.021
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 314 935 7187; fax: +1 314 935 7211.
E-mail address: [email protected] (M.H. Al-Dahhan).
Bioresource Technology 96 (2005) 16071612
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digesters (Sawyer and Grumbling, 1960; Meynell, 1976).
Furthermore, agitation helps to reduce particle size as
digestion progresses and to release biogas from the mix-
ture. The importance of mixing in achieving efficient
substrate conversion has been noted by many research-
ers (Casey, 1986; Lee et al., 1995; Smith et al., 1996),
although the optimum mixing pattern is a subject ofmuch debate. An intermediate degree of mixing appears
to be optimal for substrate conversion (Smith et al.,
1996).
Mixing can be accomplished by mechanical mixers,
biogas recirculation, or by slurry recirculation. Mechan-
ical mixers are reported to be most efficient in terms of
power consumed per gallon mixed (Brade and Noone,
1981). However, the internal fittings and equipment
are not accessible for maintenance during digester oper-
ation, and long term reliability of operation is of para-
mount importance. In general, such reliability can be
more readily attained with biogas or liquor recirculation
systems, where there are no moving parts within the di-
gester (Casey, 1986). Interestingly, in other literature
sources it has been reported that biogas recirculation
is the most efficient mode of mixing for anaerobic digest-
ers (Morgan and Neuspiel, 1958; Kontandt and Roedi-
ger, 1977; Lee et al., 1995).
In the case of a digester mixed with biogas, various
parameters which can affect the flow pattern (mixing) in-
side the digester are: biogas recycling rate, bottom clear-
ance of the draft tube, slope of the hopper bottom, draft
tube to tank diameter ratio, position of the biogas injec-
tion (sparger) and its design, solids loading rate, among
other factors. The current paper evaluates the effects ofbiogas recycling rates and draft tube heights on the per-
formance of anaerobic digesters mixed with biogas
recirculation.
2. Methods
2.1. Experimental design
Six laboratory scale digesters (Digesters 16) having
a working volume of 3.73 L each were operated at a
controlled temperature of 35 2 C. Biogas generated
in each digester was collected in a Tedlar bag and was
recirculated from the top of the digester by an air pump
and draft tube arrangement, as shown in Fig. 1. The
digesters were inoculated with 373 mL anaerobic seed
sludge collected from a dairy farm operated by the
University of Tennessee. The seed sludge had total
suspended solids (TSS) of 66.13 g/L and volatile sus-
pended solids (VSS) of 35.63 g/L. The remaining 90%
of the working volume was filled with freshly prepared
manure slurry having a 5% dry solid concentration (that
is, 100 mL of slurry contains 5 g of dry solids). Hydrau-
lic retention time (HRT) was kept constant at 16.2 days,
resulting in a solid loading rate of 3.08 g TS/L-d and an
organic loading of 3.37 g TCOD/L-d. Approximately
460 mL of effluent was taken from the bottom of the
digesters on alternate days and replaced with the same
amount of the prepared animal waste slurry. The digest-
ers were operated with four different biogas recirculation
rates and three different draft tube heights described in
Table 1. Digesters were operated under steady-state
conditions for about three to four weeks. Steady-state
conditions were assumed when the coefficient of
variation for daily biogas production was less than
10% (Vartak et al., 1997).
2.2. Analytical methods
Feed and effluent samples were analyzed for total sol-
ids (TS), volatile solids (VS), TSS, VSS, volatile fatty
acids (VFA), total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD),
dissolved chemical oxygen demand (DCOD), and total
nitrogen (TN). The total volume of the biogas generated
was measured, and the composition of the biogas was
analyzed three times each week. All the analysis were
performed per standard procedures (APHA, 1998) un-
less otherwise noted.
Draft tube (38 mm dia)140
mm
152 mm
194 mm
26 mm
344 mm
Gas composition
sampling
Gas bag for gas
collection
Wet test meter for
eriodic gas production
easurements
Air pump for biogas
recirculation
Valve for feed
Valve for effluent
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the experimental set-up.
Table 1
Operational conditions for the digesters
Digesters Biogas recirculation
rate (L/min)
Draft tube height from
bottom (mm)
Digester 1 None (unmixed) 40
Digester 2 1 40
Digester 3 1 26
Digester 4 2 40
Digester 5 3 40
Digester 6 1 13
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Volatile fatty acids (formic, acetic, propionic, butyric,
and valeric acids) were determined by centrifuging a
small sample at 10,000 rpm for 5 min, filtering the liquid
through a 0.2 lm-pore-size filter, and injecting a 10 lL
sample into a high pressure liquid chromatograph
(HPLC). In the HPLC, the mobile phase (filtered
5 mM H2SO4) was pumped at 0.6 mL/min through a300 mm 7.8 mm (8 lm particle size) RHM Monosac-
charide column (Phenomenex, Torrance, CA) held at a
temperature of 65 C to a refractive index detector
(Model 2410, Waters Corporation, Milford, MA) held
at a temperature of 40 C.
Total nitrogen was determined by diluting approxi-
mately 1 g of slurry to 50 mL with ultra pure water. Five
milliliter of this dilute solution was further diluted with
5 mL of ultra pure water and then digested for 60 min at
121 C, using 1.5 mL potassium persulfate solution (1 g
K2S2O8, 1 g NaOH, 17 mL ultra pure water) in Teflon-
capped vials. Digested samples were cooled and pH was
adjusted with H2SO4 (50%) to pH 2.7. This procedure
converted all organic and inorganic nitrogen to nitrate,
which was measured using a nitrate ion-sensitive
electrode (Models 9307, 9300BN, and 900200; Thermo
Orion, Beverly, MA) (Smart et al., 1983; Ferree and
Shannon, 2001).
Biogas volume was measured using wet gas test meters
(GSA/Precision Scientific, Chicago, Ill), and 150 lL sam-
ples for biogas composition were collected using a gas-
tight syringe. The samples were injected in duplicate into
a Hewlett Packard gas chromatograph (Model 5890
Series II, Avondale, PA) gas chromatograph (GC) with
a 0.53 mm 30 m GS-Q phase capillary column (J &W Scientific, Folsom, CA). The injector, oven, and ther-
mal conductivity detector (TCD) temperatures were
kept as 125, 50, and 250 C, respectively. The carrier gas
(helium) flow rate through the column was maintained
at 4 mL/min. The samples were injected in a split mode
with approximately 10% of the sample going through
the column. The column, make-up, and reference gas
in the GC was helium. Initially the gas chromatograph
was calibrated with separate runs of 99.9% pure methane
(CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), and air injected in volumes
between 50 and 200 lL. Later, periodic calibration was
performed by injecting different amounts of air and using
the relationship between TCD response factors described
by Dietz (1967).
2.3. Data analysis
Steady-state digester performance data were collected
for four different biogas recirculation rates and three
different draft tube positions as described in Table 1.
Steady-state conditions were assumed when the coeffi-
cient of variation for daily biogas production was less
than 10%. Average steady-state data and the standard
error presented in the paper were calculated as a mean
value over 22 days (i.e., 11 observations). Statistical
significance (P= 0.05) of the experimental data was
tested using one way ANOVA and t -test statistical
program (Microsoft Excel 2002).
3. Results and discussion
Laboratory scale anaerobic digesters were operated
to evaluate the effect of different biogas recirculation
rates and draft tube heights on the methane production
rate. As shown in Table 1, Digesters 1, 2, 4, and 5 had
the same experimental conditions except for the biogas
recirculation rate, while digesters 2, 3, and 6 had the
same biogas recirculation rate but different draft tube
heights. In Figs. 27 the performance characteristics of
the six digesters over approximately 60 days are shown.
Initially, the biogas production rate varied in all six
digesters. This corresponds to a period when a feeding
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
11-Oct 21-Oct 31-Oct 10-Nov 20-Nov 30-Nov 10-Dec 20-Dec
Date (2002)
MethaneContent(%)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
BiogasProduction(L/L-d)
Gas Composition
Gas Production
Fig. 2. Performance characteristics of Digester 1.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
11-Oct 21-Oct 31-Oct 10-Nov 20-Nov 30-Nov 10-Dec 20-Dec
Date (2002)
MethaneContent(%)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
BiogasProduction(L/L-day)
Gas Composition
Gas Production
Fig. 3. Performance characteristics of Digester 2.
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procedure was changed from three times a week (Mon-
day, Wednesday and Friday) to alternate day feeding.
The change in feeding procedure was made to achieve
a HRT of 16.2 days. The biogas production rate was af-
fected during this period, but the methane content of the
biogas always remained close to 65%. Gradually the
digesters stabilized, and steady-state conditions of less
than 10% variation in daily biogas production were
achieved in approximately 2830 days.
The average steady-state biogas production rate and
the methane content are presented in Table 2. Biogas
and methane production rates were calculated as the
volume of biogas/methane produced per unit volume
of digester per day. The digesters produced methane
at a rate of 0.400.45 L/L-day (Table 2). The average
steady-state data of TS, VS, TSS, VSS, VFA, TCOD,
DCOD and TN in the feed and effluents from all six
reactors are given in Table 3. In all six digesters, TSand VS reductions were about 3038% and 4048%,
respectively. Total COD in the feed was approximately
52.7 g/L, 18% of which was present in the form of dis-
solved COD. The observed reduction of TCOD was
4450% for all six digesters. Volatile fatty acids did
not accumulate in any of the digesters. As shown in Ta-
ble 3, the only fatty acid detected in effluent was acetic
acid, and the concentration of VFA in effluents was very
low. The results obtained in the present study were in
accordance with the wide range of data reported in the
literature. For example, Quasim and Warren (1984)
operated a completely mixed mesophilic digester with
cattle manure at an organic loading rate of 3.2 kg/m3d
and achieved a 52.9% volatile solids conversion to gas.
In an another study, Ghaly et al. (1992) observed 40%
VS conversion in a completely mixed dairy waste diges-
ter at an organic loading rate of 2 kg/m3d. On the other
hand, Robbins et al. (1983) observed 30% VS conversion
in a completely mixed mesophilic digester operated at an
organic loading rate of 2.6 kg/m3d.
In order to evaluate the effect of the biogas recircula-
tion rates, the methane production rates of digesters 1,
2, 4, and 5 were plotted as a function of biogas circula-
tion rate, as shown in Fig. 8. The unmixed digester
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
11-Oct 21-Oct 31-Oct 10-Nov 20-Nov 30-Nov 10-Dec 20-Dec
Date (2002)
MethaneContent(%)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
BiogasProd
uction(L/L-d)
Gas Composition
Gas Production
Fig. 4. Performance characteristics of Digester 3.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
11-Oct 21-Oct 31-Oct 10-Nov 20-Nov 30-Nov 10-Dec 20-Dec
Date (2002)
MethaneContent(%)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
BiogasProduction(L/L-d)
Gas Composition
Gas Production
Fig. 5. Performance characteristics of Digester 4.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
11-Oct 21-Oct 31-Oct 10-Nov 20-Nov 30-Nov 10-Dec 20-Dec
Date (2002)
MethaneContent(%)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
Biog
asProduction(L/L-d)
Gas Composition
Gas Production
Fig. 6. Performance characteristics of Digester 5.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
11-Oct 21-Oct 31-Oct 10-Nov 20-Nov 30-Nov 10-Dec 20-Dec
Date (2002)
MethaneContent(%)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
BiogasProd
uction(L/L-d)
Gas Composition
Gas Production
Fig. 7. Performance characteristics of Digester 6.
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(Digester 1) produced more methane than the others,
and increasing the biogas recirculation rate reduced
the methane production rate. The steady-state methane
production rate data were subjected to analysis of vari-
ance (ANOVA), and a significant difference in methane
production rates was observed at the 5% level
(F= 28.86, df = 3, 40) for the four digesters with differ-
ent biogas recirculation rates. Out of the four digesters,Digester 1 (unmixed) had the highest methane produc-
tion rate, 0.45 L/L-d. Based on a t-test at the 5% level
it is apparent that the Digester 2 (mixed at 1 L/min bio-
gas recirculation rate) produced methane at a rate simi-
lar to that of Digester 1 (t = 1.26, df = 40). Based on
these results, it can be concluded that increased gas cir-
culation rates reduced the methane production rate. It is
important to note that biogas circulation in laboratory
digesters increases the chances for infiltration of air into
the system (due to air permeable tubing, leakage, and
other factors) as shown in Table 2. Since the presence
of oxygen is known to have a detrimental effect on meth-
ane production (Patel et al., 1984), the difference in theperformance of the digesters could be attributed to oxy-
gen infiltration. The oxygen infiltration was estimated
from the nitrogen content in the biogas, which ranged
from 3% in digester 1 to 15% in Digester 4, assuming
all nitrogen in the biogas was due to air infiltration.
However, no clear relationship between O2 infiltration
and methane productivity could be established. One
important observation during this study was that slight
air infiltration into the digesters resulted in the reduction
of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in the biogas, as shown in
Table 2. Higher methane production rates in unmixed
digesters have also been reported by Ghaly and Ben-
Hassan (1989). On the other hand Bello-Mendoza and
Sharratt (1998) observed that unmixed reactors perform
poorly, especially when they were large.
The effect of the draft tube heights on the methane
production rate of the digesters (Digesters 2, 3 and 6)
mixed by biogas recirculation at a rate of 1 L/min is
shown in Fig. 9. The digesters performed quite similarly.
The steady-state methane production rate data were
subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and found
to vary insignificantly at the 5% level (F= 1.64, df = 2,
30). Thus, there was no effect of different draft tube
heights on the methane production rate of the digesters.
Table 2
Performance data of the digesters
Biogas production rate (L/L-d) Methane content (% CH4) CH4 Production rate (L/L-d) H2S (ppm) O2 Infiltration (L/L-d)
Digester 1 0.68 0.027 67 0.1 0.45 0.019 350 0.01
Digester 2 0.67 0.013 66 0.2 0.44 0.008
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4. Conclusions
There was no difference in the performance of all six
digesters with different mixing conditions. This could be
because of the low solids concentration in the fed animal
slurry or because of the long HRT of 16.2 days, during
which mixing created by the naturally produced gas was
sufficient for substrate distribution. However, it would
be interesting to see if the mixing patterns inside the
digesters changed with the applied physical changes in
the mixing conditions or not.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the United States
Department of Energy for sponsoring the research pro-
ject (Identification Number: DE-FC36-01GO11054).
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(0.03)
(0.02)(0.03)
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Bottom Position of Draft Tube (mm)
CH4
Pro
duction(L/L-d)
Fig. 9. Methane production for digesters having different draft tube
heights. (Value in parenthesis corresponds to estimated O2 infiltration
rates in L O2/L-day.)
1612 K. Karim et al. / Bioresource Technology 96 (2005) 16071612