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AlternativeSocieties

ThirdyearsociologyoptionL4090A

UniversityofSussexAutumn2017

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alternativesocietynounasocietyorsocialgroupthatespousesvaluesdifferentfromthoseoftheestablishedsocialorder.alternativesocietynounAsectionofasocietyinwhichpeopleadoptalifestyledifferentfromthemainstream,perceivedasbeingunconventional,lessmaterialistic,andoftenmorenatural.Sociologistshaveoftenanalysedandcriticisedtheworld.Theaimofthismoduleistolookatalternativesocietiesthattheirassessmentsandcriticismsimply.Wewilllookatutopianism,whatitinvolvesandwhatstateitisintoday.Wewilldiscussalternativeslikecommunism,co-ops,andparticipatoryeconomiesaswellasalternativestypesoflivingincommunesorintentionalcommunities.Wewillexaminealternativesinphenomenalikeurbansocialcentresandfreeganismorskipdivingandfoodcounter-cultures.Wewilldiscusswhatanalternativesocietythatisgreenwouldhavetolooklikeandhowwecouldhaveasocietywhereweallworkalotless.Wewilldiscussthebenefitsorotherwiseandpossibilitiesofaworldsocietywithnoborderswhichrestrictourmovement.Wewilldiscusswhatalternativekindsofeducationcouldlooklikeandhowsocietyandourlivescouldbeslower.Topics1.Utopianism2.Communism3.Participatoryeconomiesandco-ops4.Countercultureinahippycommune5.Socialcentres,freeganismandfoodcounter-culture6.Readingweek7.Greensociety8.Societybeyondpaidwork9.Globalsocietywithoutborders10.Alternativeeducation11.Theslowsociety12.AlternativePoliticsLecturesandseminarsTherewillbealectureeveryweekfollowedbyatwo-hourseminaranotherdayintheweek.Theseminarswillbeorganisedaroundthemesfromthereadingforeachweeksoit’simportanttodothereading.Youcanusetheoutlineandquestionsforeachtopictoguideyourreading.IfyouhavetroublegettingawordininseminarsputyourhandupandI’llmakesureyoucanspeak.Ifanythingyouwanttodiscussdoesn’tcomeupfeelfreetobringitup.Reading

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Thereisn’tastudypackasalotofreadingsareavailableonlineand/oronStudyDirect(SyD).ThereisalotofstuffonSyD,includingthingsthatareextratothereadinginthishandbook.ImayupdateSyDthroughoutthemodule,sodocheckthateveryweek.Mainreadingwillbestarredeachweek.ThisiswhatIamrecommendingyouread.Ifyou’dratherreadsomethingelseinanyweeksthat’sfine.MainlyforanyV&Estudents,youdon'thavetodoallthereadingeachweek!Focusonthemainreadingandtherestisforessaywritingorincaseyouwanttogobeyondthemainreading.Theoccasionalreadingwillbeonorderforthelibrarybuthopefullywillbeinstockbythetimeyouwriteyouressays.Thereisn’tageneralbookforthismodulebutthefollowingareusefulasgeneralandbackgroundreading:M.Parkeretaleds,TheDictionaryofAlternatives,2007isgoodasanintroductiontorelevantideasMattDawson,SocialTheoryforAlternativeSocieties,2016,looksathowsociologicaltheoristshavediscussedalternativesocietiesM.Parkeretaleds,TheRoutledgeCompaniontoAlternativeOrganisation,2013.AssessmentTheassessmentisanessayintheformofa1000wordconceptnotetobesubmittedintheautumntermanda5000wordessay.FordatesandtimesseeSussexDirect.You’rewelcometodiscussessayideaswithmeanytimeduringtheterm.Youcanuseatitlefromthelistofessaytitlesormakeoneupyourselfaslongasyourunitbymefirst.SeetheessayadvicesectiononStudyDirect,includingadviceontheconceptnote.AssessmentcriteriaandguidelinesarepostedonSyDandattheendofthishandbook.Makesureyouknowwhatplagiarismandcollusionareandthatyouavoiddoingthem.SeemoreinformationonmisconductattheendofthehandbookandonSyD.Wetrytogivemarksandfeedbackonessaysnormallywithin3weeks(excludingnational/bankholidaysanduniversityclosuredays).(Avarietyofassessmentmodesareusedtodevelopandtestdifferenttypesofknowledge,skillsandaptitudes.Theassessmentmodeshavebeenapprovedtotestthecourseandmodulelearningoutcomes.Writtensubmissionsusuallyformpartoftheassessmentatalllevels.Writtensubmissionsincludeessays,reports,logsetcasappropriatetothemoduleandtheskillsthatyouarebeingexpectedtodevelop.Feedbackisprovidedtosupportyouinfutureassessments).PleasenotethefollowingparagraphfromtheAssessmentandExaminationshandbookforstudents,pertainingtowordlength.Asadepartmentwedonotwanttodeductmarksforworkjustoverthelimit,buttheremaybetimeswhenevenlessthan10%overthestatedlimitdoesgiveanadvantageandwemayinvokethisrule.Wethereforestronglysuggestthatyoukeepwithinthewordlimitset.Yourreferencesinthebibliographydonotcounttowardsyouroverallwordcount.1.Failuretoobservelimitsoflength

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Themaximumlengthforeachassessmentispublicisedtostudents.Thelimitsasstatedincludequotationsinthetext,butdonotincludethebibliography,footnotes/endnotes,appendices,abstracts,maps,illustrations,transcriptionsoflinguisticdata,ortabulationsofnumericalorlinguisticdataandtheircaptions.Anyexcessinlengthshouldnotconferanadvantageoverotherstudentswhohaveadheredtotheguidance.Studentsarerequestedtostatethewordcountonsubmission.Whereastudenthasmarginally(within10%)exceededthewordlengththeMarkershouldpenalisetheworkwherethestudentwouldgainanunfairadvantagebyexceedingthewordlimit.Inexcessivecases(>10%)theMarkerneedonlyconsiderworkuptothedesignatedwordcount,anddiscountanyexcessivewordlengthbeyondthattoensureequityacrossthecohort.Whereanassessmentissubmittedandfallssignificantlyshort(>10%)ofthewordlength,theMarkermustconsiderinassigningamark,iftheargumenthasbeensufficientlydevelopedandissufficientlysupportedandnotassignthefullmarksallocationwherethisisnotthecase.ContactThetutorandmoduleconvenorisLukeMartell.Myemailaddressisl.martell@sussex.ac.ukandmyofficeisFreemanG50.Myofficehourwillbepostedonmywebprofile,oryou’rewelcometodropmeanemailtofixupatimetomeet.I’mpart-timeandworkMondays,WednesdaysandFridays.Ishareanofficesoit’sworthcomingtomyofficehoursormakinganappointmentforothertimessoIcanfindaroomforustogoto.I’llsendyouanyinformationaboutchangestoclasses,etcbyemail.It'sgenerallyworthcheckingyouremaileveryday.FeedbackYoucangetfeedbackonessayideasoranythingyou'reunclearaboutbymeetingupwithmeorraisingitattheclasses.Youcangetwrittencommentsandseemeformorefeedbackonyouressaysafterthey'vebeenmarked.We’llhaveashortmid-termfeedbacksessionsoyoucansuggesthowtochangethings.Youcanfillinanevaluationquestionnaireonyourmodulesafterthemodulehasendedtogiveusfeedback.Ireallyappreciateitifyoudothisasithelpsmetoimprovethemoduleforfutureyears.Anyfeedbackandsuggestionsarewelcomeatanytime!1.UtopianismSociology(andalotofothersocialscience)hasbeenadescriptive,analytical,andcriticaldisciplineaboutwhatsocietyislike.Inthistopicwe'llbelookingattheideaofthinkingaboutwhatsocietyshouldbelike-ieprescriptiveandnormativequestions.We'lldothisthroughlookingattheidea(andexamples)ofutopia,ofidealsocieties.Utopiasarethingsthathavefeaturedinbothfictionandliteratureandalsosocialscienceandactualpracticalattempts.Manypartsoftherestofthemodulewillcovertypesofutopianism.-whatdoes'utopian'mean?whatisautopia?-whatareexamplesofutopias?whatgenres/typesofutopianismarethere?-howdoutopiasrelatetoplaceandtime?-cantherebeutopiasinthepresentday?

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-whatarethefunctionsofutopias?-whatcriticismsarethereofutopias?-areutopiasunrealisticorcantheybeviable?-howdoyougettoautopia?-whatdoesalibertarianutopialooklikeandwhatperspectivesbringthisup?-whatdoesafeministutopialooklike?-whatkindofnon-racistutopiasarethere?-whathasbeentherelationshipbetweencolonisationandutopias?-whatkindofutopiasaretherebeyondthewest?-wheredoesbiology/sciencefitintoutopias?-isitappropriateforsociologytoaskwhatoughttobeaswellaswhatis?-areutopiasdead?Ifso,why?Ifnot,whatutopiasaretherenow?-isutopianismdangerous?-whatisadystopia?Wewon’thavetimeeveryweektodiscussallthequestionslistedinthehandbook,butusethequestionstoguideyourreadingandthinkingabouttheseminarandtopic.Ifthere’sanythingthatdoesn’tcomeupthatyou’dliketodiscussdobringitup.*R.Levitas,Introduction:TheElusiveIdeaofUtopia,HistoryoftheHumanSciences,16,1,2003,discussesthedifferentguisesthatutopiacomesin.*K.Kumar,TheEndsofUtopia,NewLiteraryHistory,41,3,2010,talksaboutkindsofutopiasinpessimisticmode.Thesearerecommendedmainreadingsbutfeelfreeinanyweekstochooseotherthingstoread.R.Levitas,TheImaginaryReconstitutionofSociety:whysociologistsandothersshouldtakeutopianismmoreseriously,2005lecture,surveysanumberofutopiawritersandthemesK.Kumar,Utopianism,1991K.Kumar,UtopiaandAnti-utopiainModernTimes,1987R.Levitas,TheConceptofUtopia,1990,discussessociologicaltheoriesofutopiaL.T.Sargent,Utopianism:aVeryShortIntroduction,2010,includesdiscussionofnon-westernandpost-colonialutopianism,andhasafurtherreadingsection.R.Levitas,SociologyandUtopia,Sociology,13,1979,discussesdifferentdefinitionsofutopiaandhowtheyvarybysocialcontextL.T.Sargent,TheThreeFacesofUtopianismRevisited,UtopianStudies,5,1,1994UtopianStudies,ingeneralthisisausefuljournalLucySargisson,Fool’sGold:Utopianisminthe21stCentury,2012LucySargisson,ContemporaryFeministUtopianism1996.AlsoherUtopianBodiesandthePoliticsofTransgression,2000.Z.Bauman,UtopiawithnoTopos,HistoryoftheHumanSciences,16,1,2003ZhangLongxi,TheUtopianVision,EastandWest,UtopianStudies,13,1,2002BarbaraGoodwin,ed,ThePhilosophyofUtopia,2001B.GoodwinandK.Taylor,ThePoliticsofUtopia,1982HebertMarcuse,TheEndofUtopia,inMarcuse,Fivelectures,1970ColinWard,Utopia,1974JayWinter,DreamsofPeaceandFreedom:UtopianMomentsinthe20thcentury,2006M.Parkeretaleds,TheDictionaryofAlternatives:UtopianismandOrganization,2007JamesMorrisandAndreaKross,TheAtoZofUtopianism,2009

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MattDawson,SocialTheoryforAlternativeSocieties,especiallych10onsociologyandutopiaandchs4and7onfeministandanti-racistutopias.G.Claeys,ed.TheCambridgeCompaniontoUtopianLiterature,2010DavinaCooper,EverydayUtopias:TheConceptualLifeofPromisingSpaces,2014AngelikaBammer,PartialVisions:Feminismandutopianisminthe1970s,1991PhilipeCoutonandJ.L.Lopez,MovementasUtopia,HistoryoftheHumanSciences,22,4,2009SusanBuck-Morss,DreamWorldandCatastrophe:thepassingofmassutopiasinEastandWest,2002FandF.Manuel,UtopianThoughtintheWesternWorld,1979R.Jacoby,PictureImperfect:UtopianThoughtforanAnti-UtopianAge,2007SociologicalReview,50,S1,May2002,specialissueonutopiaandorganization.M.DGordinetaleds,Utopia/Dystopia,2010JournalofPoliticalIdeologies,12,3,2007,specialissueonutopianisminwesternpoliticalideologyHistoryofHumanSciences,16,1,2003,editionon‘GlimpsesofUtopia’UtopianStudies,journalofuseingeneralforthisandothertopicsPatriciaVieiraandMichaelMarder,eds,ExistentialUtopia:newperspectivesonutopianthought,2012JoseEstebanMunoz,CruisingUtopia:thethenandthereofqueerfuturity,2009R.Paden,Marx'scritiqueoftheutopiansocialists,UtopianStudies,13,2,2013NickCrossley,WorkingUtopiasandSocialMovements:aninvestigationusingcasestudymaterialsfromradicalmentalhealthmovementsinBritain,Sociology,33,4,1999.KVilladsen,Thesettlementutopia:brotherlylove,discipline,andsocialcritique,JournalofCivilSociety,12,2,2016Thereisagenreoffeministutopianfiction,seeforinstance,CharlottePerkinsGillman,Herland,1911,MargePiercy,WomanontheEdgeofTime,1976,amongstotherthings.SeeF.Bartowski,FeministUtopias,1989andSargisson,BammerandDawsonabove.ShulamithFirestone’sTheDialecticofSex:thecaseforfeministrevolution,1970,isseenasakindofutopianfeministsocialandpoliticaltheory.SeealsoNancyFraser,AftertheFamilyWage:GenderEquityandtheWelfareState,PoliticalTheory,22,4,1994andBeatriceHalsaa,AFeministUtopia,ScandinavianPoliticalStudies,11,4,1998R.D.G.Kelley,FreedomDreams:theBlackRadicalImagination,2002,ondreamsoffreedomfromtheAfricandiaspora.DoraAhmad,LandscapesofHope:Anti-ColonialUtopianisminAmerica,2009EdwardChan,UtopiaandtheProblemofRace,UtopianStudies,17,3,2006JesseRhines,Agency,RaceandUtopia,SocialismandDemocracy,17,2,2003Therehavebeenmanyfictionalandliteraryutopias(anddystopias),byThomasMore,WilliamMorris,H.G.Wells,andmanyothers–seeSyDforsomelinks.SocialandpoliticaltheoristswhohavewrittenonutopiaincludeKarlMannheim,IdeologyandUtopia,ErnstBlochThePrincipleofHope,Bauman(seeaboveandalsoSocialism:theactiveutopia),andmorerecentlyErikOlinWrightinEnvisioningRealUtopias,2010.

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Right-wingalternativeshavecomefromanti-stateanarcho-capitalistslikeMurrayRothbard,MaxStirnerinTheEgoanditsOwn,AynRand,RobertNozick(Anarchy,StateandUtopia)andsomesupportersofopenbordersarerightlibertarians,likeHuemeraswewillseewhenwecometothattopic.LibertarianutopiasincludeRobertHeinlein,TheMoonisaHarshMistressandL.NeilSmithTheProbabilityBroach.DavidHarveyisaneo-marxisturbangeographerwhodiscussesthepossibilityofanurbanutopiainhisbookSpacesofHope,2000,andinCanweBuildanUrbanUtopia?TimesHigherEducation,14February2003.EssayQuestionsDoesutopianismhaveapositiveornegativefunction?Isutopianismdangerous?Criticallyassessutopia/sinaselectedgenre/perspective/theorist.Hasutopianismdied?Canutopiasexistnowandnotjustinthefuture?Canutopianismleadtosocialchangeorhinderit?Canutopianismhelpustobuildalternativesocieties?Whatwouldanalternativeagender-equalsocietylooklike?Cannon-racistutopialeadtoanon-racistsociety?Isthebestsortofalternativesocietyasocietyofindividualismwithoutsociety?2.CommunismMarxsaidhewasagainstutopiasyetheadvocatedatotallydifferentkindofsocietytocapitalism.Hearguedthathisanalysisofhowtogettherewasscientificratherthanutopian.Hesawtherebeingastatisttransitionalphaseofsocialism.Butintheendheenvisagedasocietywithnoclasses,nostate,andbasedoncommunalownership.JohnStuartMillexpressedsomesympathieswithsocialismbutcriticisedMarx'srevolutionarycommunismandsuggestedanexperimentalwayofpursuingalternativesnowmorelikethosewewilldiscussinotherpartsofthismodule.-whatwasdistinctiveaboutMarx'sideasofsocialismandcommunism-whatwouldcommunismlooklikeandcoulditwork?-whatwereJ.S.Mill'scriticismsofrevolutionarycommunismandwhatalternativekindofsocialismdidhepropose?-canyouhavecommunismwithincapitalism?-whywasMarxagainstutopianism?washereallyagainstutopianism?-whatwashistoricalmaterialistabouthisideaofcommunism?-whatdidheseeastheroutetocommunism?-whatisthedifferencebetween'crudecommunism'and'realcommunism'?-were'actuallyexistingsocialisms'goodexamplesofwhatisgoodorbadaboutcommunism?-whatareright-wingcriticismsofcommunism?-howdoescommunismsolvegenderandraceinequalities?-whataboutcapitalismmeansitmaycollapse?*M.Dawson,SocialTheoryforAlternativeSocieties,2016,ch2onMarxandEngels.

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*DanHancox,Spain’sModelCommunistVillage,TheObserver,20October2013*J.S.Mill,ChaptersonSocialism,1879,sectiononthe‘difficultiesofsocialism’,criticisesrevolutionarycommunisminfavourofamoreexperimentalgradualism.M.Evans,KarlMarx,1975,PtIII,sections3,4&5pp136-64onrevolution,transitionandthecommunistsociety.M.Levin,Marx,EngelsandLiberalDemocracy,1989,ch6ondemocracyinthetransitiontocommunistsocietyandincommunistsocietyitself.Alsopp156-68onactualcommunismanditsrelationshiptoMarx'sthinking.MorecriticalinterpretationofMarx’sideasthanEvans.D.Held,ModelsofDemocracy,2006,ch4,ondirectdemocracyandtheendofpoliticsincommunistsociety.UnlikeLevin,interpretsMarx’svisionasinvolvingdirectdemocracyS.Avineri,TheSocialandPoliticalThoughtofKarlMarx,1968,ch8onthenewsocietyR.Levitas,TheConceptofUtopia,1990,ch2,discussesMarx’scommunisminrelationtoutopiansocialismVincentGeoghegan,UtopianismandMarxism,2008E.Fromm,Marx’sConceptofMan,1966,ch6ontheconceptofsocialismA.Giddens,AContemporaryCritiqueofHistoricalMaterialism,1981,ch10B.Ollman,Marx’sVisionofCommunism:areconstruction,Critique,8,1,1971C.Pierson,MarxistTheoryandDemocraticPolitics,ch1.K.Graham,TheBattleofDemocracy,chs9and10.DiscussesMarxandLenin'sviewsondemocracyandsocialism.M.Levin,JohnStuartMill:ALiberalLooksatUtopianSocialismintheYearsofRevolution1848-9,UtopianStudies,14,2,2003,onMill’salternativeideaofsocialismR.N.Berki,InsightandVision:TheProblemofCommunisminMarx'sThoughtR.N.Berki,Socialismchs4&7R.Paden,Marx'scritiqueoftheutopiansocialists,UtopianStudies,13,2,2013,discusseswhetherMarxwasagainstutopianismPhilosophyoftheSocialSciences,27,2,1997,HudelsonandLouwdebatewhetherMarxwastotalitarian.PeterHudis,Marx’sConceptoftheAlternativetoCapitalism,2012M.Buber,PathsinUtopia,onutopiansocialism,1949RichardStites,RevolutionaryDreams:UtopianVisionandExperimentalLifeintheRussianRevolution,1989.A.J.Polan,LeninandtheEndofPolitics,1984and1992,saysthatwhathappenedinCommunistsocietiesfollowedfromLenin'sMarxisttheory.E.O.Wright,EnvisioningRealUtopias,2010,ch4C.DouzinaandS.Zizek,eds,TheIdeaofCommunism,2010ErnestoScrepanti,LibertarianCommunism,2007DavidLovell,Marx’sUtopianLegacy,TheEuropeanLegacy,9,5,2004DavidLeopold,SocialismandtheRejectionofUtopia,JournalofPoliticalIdeologies,12,3,2007C.DouzinasandS,Zizek,eds,TheIdeaofCommunism,2010L.Holmes,Communism:averyshortintroduction,2009N.ScottArnold,Marx,CentralPlanningandUtopianSocialism,SocialPhilosophyandPolicy,6,2,1989,oncentralplanningundercommunismI.L.Horowitz,SocialistUtopiasandScientificSocialists,SociologicalForum,4,1,1989.K.Allen,MarxandtheAlternativetoCapitalism,2011,abitpolemicalbutusefulintroductionMarkSandle,Communism,2011

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PaulMasonhasrecentlypublishedabookPostcapitalism(2015)andtherearearticlelengthversionsofhisthesisandcriticaldiscussionsofitonSyDandelsewhereonline.MoreonMarinaledatheSpanishCommunistvillage:DanHancox,TheVillageAgainsttheWorld,2013,onMarinaledainSpain,anattempttopursueacommunistutopiainonevillageSamuelGrove,AUtopiaTowardsPeace?NotesonMarinaleda,NewLeftProject,28May2013,onlineandonSyDKarlMarx’sownwritingsoncommunism,allavailableonline.TheCivilWarinFrance,whichdiscussestheParisCommune.TheCommunistManifesto,whichoutlineshishistoricalmaterialistviewofcommunismandhowhisideaofcommunismcompareswithotherversionsofsocialism.CritiqueoftheGothaProgrammewherehediscusseshisviewsonequalityandthestate.EconomicandPhilosophicalManuscriptsof1844(alsoknownasthe‘ParisManuscripts’)especiallythesectionsoncommunism.EssayQuestionsWhatwouldacommunistsocietylooklike?Cantherebecommunismwithincapitalism?Mustcommunismcomeaftercapitalism?Ishistoricalmaterialismabetterroutetosocialismthanutopianism?Isgradualistexperimentalsocialismpreferabletorevolutionarycommunism?OutlineandassessMill’scritiqueofrevolutionarycommunismandhisalternativeapproachtosocialism.Cansocialismbeutopian?Isasocietyofindividualismoregoismpreferabletoacommunistsociety?Ismorecapitalismabetteralternativetocapitalismthancommunismis?Didcommunismfailbecauseoftheflawsintheideaofcommunism?Iscommunismtotalitarianorfree?Iscommunisminherentlyauthoritarian?3.Participatoryeconomiesandco-opsThisweekwewilllookattheideaoforganisingtheeconomyandworkonaparticipatorydemocracybasis,focusingonMichaelAlbert's'Parecon'projectandtheideaofco-operatives.Participatorydemocracyisdifferenttorepresentativedemocracyandanotherkeyproposalisthatdemocracyshouldbeappliedtotheeconomyandnotjustthestateandpolitics.AlbertandHahnelhavesuggestionsaboutthedistributionofincomeandthedivisionoflabourandhowsocietymorewidelycouldbeorganizedonaparticipatorybasis.Onekindofparticipatoryeconomyiscompanieswhichareco-operativelyowned,forinstancebyworkers.Therehavebeenmanyattemptsatco-operativesandkeyquestionsarewhethertheycansurviveandbesuccessfulwithinacapitalistmarketeconomy,andwhethertheycanbethebasisformoredemocraticparticipationandco-operativevaluesinsocietyasawhole,ornot.

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-whatarethemainfeaturesofaparticipatoryeconomy-'parecon'?-howdoesAlbertseeself-managementworking?-onwhatbasisisadecisionmadeinparecon?-whatprinciplesfordistributingincomedoesAlbertenvisage?-howisworkorganisedandrewardedinparecon?-howaregoodsandservicesdistributedinparecon?-whatcriticismshavebeenmadeofpareconandAlbert?-whatdoJosephKayandlibcomdisagreewithpareconabout?-howdesirableandfeasibleispareconandparticipatorydemocracy?-howisparticipatorydemocracyrelevanttodevelopingcountries?-inwhatkindofcontextcanparticipatorydemocracywork?-canwerunsocietiesorworkplacesorschoolsbyallthemembershavinganequalvote?-whatisaco-op,whatareitsprinciplesandcharacteristics?-whatmightworkornotworkwithco-ops?whatarethelimitsofco-ops?-doworkersco-opsleadtomoreco-operativeandegalitarianattitudes?-doesworkplaceparticipation‘spillover’intowiderpoliticalparticipation?-doworkersco-opsinevitablyexperience‘degeneration’intohierarchiesundercapitalism?*MichaelAlbert,SummarizingParticipatoryEconomics,Zcommunications.org,Dec1st2012,onlineandonSyD*C.Cornforth,PatternsofCo-operativemanagement:beyondthedegenerationthesis,EconomicandIndustrialDemocracy,16,1995*NeilCarter,PoliticalParticipationandtheWorkplace:TheSpilloverThesisRevisited,BritishJournalofInternationalRelationsandPoliticalScience,8,2006*AParticipatoryEconomyorLibertarianCommunism,2009debatebetweenMarkEvansandJosephKay,atlibcom.orgMoreonparecon:MichaelAlbertandChrisSpannos,PareconToday,interview,Zcommunications.orgApril272006MichaelAlbert,RealizingHope:LifebeyondCapitalism,2006,ch1especiallybutotherchaptersrelevanttoo.R.HahnelandE.O.Wright,AlternativestoCapitalism:ProposalsforaDemocraticEconomy,2014RobinHahnel,EconomicJusticeandDemocracy,fromCompetitiontoCo-operation,2005,moresubstantialoutlineofaparticipatoryeconomyC.Spannos,(ed),RealUtopia:participatorysocietyforthe21stcentury,2008MichaelAlbert,Parecon:LifeafterCapitalism,2003,setsoutwhatpareconmeansanddiscussescriticismsMichaelAlbert,RealizingHope:LifebeyondCapitalism,2006discuseswidersocietybeyondtheeconomywithinthepareconframeworkRobinHahnel,OfthePeople,BythePeople:theCaseforaparticipatoryeconomy,2012M.AlbertandR.Hahnel,InDefenceofParticipatoryEconomics,ScienceandSociety,66,1,2002.A.Weiss,AComparisonofEconomicDemocracyandParticipatoryEconomics,heathwoodpress.com,Oct2013,onlineandonSyDMoreonco-ops:

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C.Masquelier,Beyondco-option:revisitingthetransformativefunctionof‘workers’self-directedenterprises’,unpublishedpaper,onSyDC.Cornforth,SomeFactorsAffectingtheSuccessorFailureofWorkerCo-operatives,EconomicandIndustrialDemocracy,4,1983P.BateandN.Carter,TheFutureforProducers’Co-operatives,IndustrialRelationsJournal,17,1,1986.D.OzarowandR.Croucher,Workers’Self-management,RecoveredCompaniesandtheSociologyofWork,Sociology,48,5,2014MaryMelloretal,WorkerCo-operativesinTheoryandPractice,1988J.ShantzandJ.B.MacDonald,eds,BeyondCapitalism:BuildingDemocraticAlternativesforTodayandtheFuture,2013R.Wolff,DemocracyatWork,2012JoyceRothschildandJ.AllenWhitt,TheCooperativeWorkplace:Potentialsanddilemmasoforganizationaldemocracyandparticipation,1986I.NessandD.Azzelini,eds,OurstoMasterandtoOwn:WorkersControlfromtheCommunetothePresent,2011T.WebbandG.Cheney,Worker-owned-and-governedco-operativesandthewiderco-operativemovement,inParkeretal,TheRoutledgeCompaniontoAlternativeOrganization,2014C.Cornforthetal,DevelopingSuccessfulWorkerCo-operatives,1988F.LindenfeldandJ.Rothschild-Whitt,eds,WorkplaceDemocracyandSocialChange,1982S.andV.Zamagni,CooperativeEnterprise,2010M.Atzeni,ed,AlternativeWorkOrganizations,2012E.Greenberg,WorkplaceDemocracy:thepoliticaleffectsofparticipation,1988CarolePateman,ParticipationandDemocraticTheory,1970,aclassiconparticipatorydemocracy,includingintheworkplacePatDevine,DemocracyandEconomicPlanning,1988,setsoutthecaseforademocraticallyplannedeconomyinpracticaldetailRobertDahl,APrefacetoEconomicDemocracy,1985,liberalpluralistpoliticaltheorist,DahladvocatesworkerownedandcontrolledenterprisesEdwardGreenberg,IndustrialSelf-ManagementandPoliticalAttitudes,AmericanPoliticalScienceReview,75,1,1981,sayco-opsdonotleadtomoreegalitarianandco-operativeattitudesEdwardGreenberg,ContextandCo-operation:systematicvariationinthepoliticaleffectsofworkplacedemocracy,EconomicandIndustrialDemocracy,4,1983,onwhetherco-opsleadtowiderpoliticalchangesinsocietyVirginiePerotin,WhatdoWeReallyKnowaboutWorkerCo-operatives?2016,Co-operativesUKoverviewofresearchonco-opsMattDawson,SocialTheoryforAlternativeSocieties,ch4,oneducationandco-opsasanti-racistalternativesB.DohertyandM.deGeus,DemocracyandGreenPoliticalThought,1996,ch3onworkerco-opsandgreenpoliticaltheoryB.Horvatetaleds,Self-GoverningSocialism,2volumes,1975IanMacPherson,OnePathtoCo-operativeStudies,2007J.LeGrandandS.Estrineds,MarketSocialism,1989,ch7byEstrinonworkersco-opsJohnRestakis,HumanizingtheEconomy,2010JohnStreet,SocialistArgumentsforIndustrialDemocracy,EconomicandIndustrialDemocracy,4,1983SharrynKashmir,TheMythofMondragon,1996,critiqueoffamousco-operativeexperiment

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MartinParker,AlternativeBusiness:Outlaws,CrimeandCulture,2012,oneconomiccounter-cultureMoreonalternativeeconomies:EthanMiller,SolidarityEconomy,inEmilyKawanoetaleds,SolidarityEconomyI:BuildingAlternativesforPeopleandPlanet,2010PeterUttingetal,SocialandSolidarityEconomy,2014J.K.Gibson-Graham,APostCapitalistPolitics,2006Asforallweeks,seemoreresourcesonStudyDirect.EssayQuestionsCriticallyevaluateAlbertandHahnel’smodelforaparticipatoryeconomy.Shoulddemocracyincludeeconomicdemocracyoristhatasteptoofar?Canco-opsbealternativeswithincapitalism?Willco-opsbeunderminedbybeingwithincapitalism?Whatshoulddeterminehowmuchpeoplearepaid?Howshouldwedistributegoodsandservicesinsociety?Canco-operativevaluesinco-opsleadtomoreco-operativevaluesinwidersociety?Canparticipationinco-opsleadtomoredemocraticparticipationinwidersociety?Doco-opsinevitablyleadawayfromco-operativestructures?4.Counter-cultureinahippycommuneTherehavebeenmanyattemptstoruncommunesorintentionalcommunitiesthatgoagainstthedominantculture,oftenwithveryspecificreligiousorpoliticalvalues.Thisweekwe'lllookatBennettM.Berger'ssociologicalstudyofa1970shippycommuneandhowthecommunardstriedtofigureoutwhattheywereaboutandnegotiatedsocialrelationsandtheirideology.Bergerdiscusseshowdecisions,parenting,thestatusofchildrenandrelationshipsweremanaged.Warningthatreadingordiscussionthisweekcouldincludetheissueofchildabuse.-whatdifferentkindsofcommunesarethere?Whatcharacteristicsdocommuneshave?-whatwasdistinctiveaboutTheRanchasacommune?-howdidTheRanchwork?howweredecisionsmade?HowfardidTheRanchmanagetoconstructanalternativekindofculture?Whatkindsofclashesandcontradictionsdiditface?-whatwasdifferentabout'age-grading'andequalitybetweenchildrenandadults?howdidthisfitintoTheRanch'swiderphilosophy?Whathappenedintermsoffreedomforchildren,themhavingasay,andhowchildrenwereviewed?-whatdidmorecommunalchild-rearinginvolve?-howwerechildrentreatedintermsofdrugs,argumentsandsex?-wasthetreatmentofchildrenatTheRanch'ideological',situationalorself-serving?-howwasschoolingatTheRanchorganised?Whatwasalternativeaboutit?-whatwasthedifferencebetweenthenewleftandtheruralcommunes?-what'remedialideologicalwork'wentonatTheRanch?

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-howdidrelationships,couplinganduncoupling,workdifferently?WhatwastheattitudeofTheRanchtocouplingandwidercommunalrelations?Howdidcircumstancesaffectitsapproachinparticularcasesofcouplinganduncoupling?-howdidTheRanch'spermissiveapproachdifferfromothercommuneswhichespousedeithergroupmarriageorataboooninternalrelations?Andwhydiditendupdifferenttothem?-whatwastheapproachtocouplingor'dyadicwithdrawal'?(andwheredoesFreudfitinhere?)-howdiduncouplingwork?whatwasTheRanch'sapproachtouncouplingandjealousy?WhatwasitsattitudetorelationshipsoutsideTheRanch?-howwereworkandgenderrelationsdifferent?HowfeministwasTheRanch?-howdidtheranchcomparewithothertypesofcommunes?-isitpossibletoconstructacounter-cultureinthemidstofawiderculture?-howdogreencommunesoreco-villageswork?-cancommunesbeabasisforchangetoadifferentkindofsociety?*BennettM.Berger,TheSurvivalofaCounterculture:IdeologicalWorkandEverydayLifeAmongRuralCommunards,1981,especiallychs3,4(espsectionsonideologicalwork)and5.R.M.Kanter,CommitmentandCommunity:communesandutopiasinsociologicalperspective,1972,especiallypartsIandIIIB.M.BergerandB.M.Hackett,OntheDeclineofAgeGradinginRuralHippieCommunes,JournalofSocialIssues,30,2,1974,anearlierversionofch3ofBerger’sbook.Y.Goldman,CommuneandCommunity:asocialistperspective,inBen-Rafael,TheCommunalIdeaintheTwenty-firstcentury,2012Y.E.Ben-Rafaeletal,eds,TheCommunalIdeaintheTwenty-firstCentury,2012BarryShenker,IntentionalCommunities:IdeologyandAlienationinCommunalSocieties,1986D.Pitzeretal,CommunesandIntentionalCommunities,inM.Parkeretal,TheRoutledgeCompaniontoAlternativeOrganization,2014P.AbramsandA.McCulloch,Communes,SociologyandSociety,1976TimothyMiller,The60sCommunes:HippiesandBeyond,1999ChrisCoates,UtopiaBritannica:v.1:BritishUtopianExperiments:1325-1945,2001ChrisCoates,CommunesBritannica:HistoryofCommunalLivinginBritain1939-2000,2013D.Pitzer,ed,America’sCommunalUtopias,1997TobiasJones,UtopianDreams,2008Y.Oved,GlobalizationofCommunes:1950-2010,2012A.Rigby,AlternativeRealities:AStudyofCommunesandTheirMembers,1974ThomasShey,WhyCommunesFail:AComparativeAnalysisoftheViabilityofDanishandAmericanCommunes,JournalofMarriageandFamily,38,3,1977.A.AidalaandB.Zablocki,TheCommunesofthe1970s:WhoJoinedandWhy?,MarriageandFamilyReview,17,1-2,1991JonathanDawson,Ecovillages:NewFrontiersforSustainability,2006L.Sargisson,StrangePlaces:Estrangement,Utopianism,andIntentionalCommunities,UtopianStudies,18,3,2007PaulChatterton,TowardsanAgendaforPost-carbonCities:LessonsfromLilac,theUK’sFirstEcological,AffordableCohousingCommunity,InternationalJournalofUrbanandRegionalResearch,37,5,September2013

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ChristinaErgas,AModelofSustainableLiving:CollectiveIdentityinanUrbanEcovillage,OrganizationandEnvironment,23,1,2010MorganShipley,HippiesandtheMysticWay:DroppingOut,UnitiveExperiences,andCommunalUtopianism,UtopianStudies,24,2,2013.TheodorRoszak,TheMakingofaCounterCulture:ReflectionsonthetechnocraticSocietyanditsYouthfulOpposition,1969JamesRamey,Communes,GroupMarriage,andtheUpper-MiddleClass,JournalofMarriageandFamily,34,4,1972PatrickConover,AnAnalysisofCommunesandIntentionalCommunitieswithParticularAttentiontoSexualandGenderalRelations,TheFamilyCoordinator,24,4,1975DavidPepper,CommunesandTheGreenVision:Counterculture,LifestyleandtheNewAge,1991,studyofgreencommunesinBritain.MalcolmMiles,UrbanUtopias,theBuiltandSocialArchitecturesofAlternativeSettlements,2008R.M.Kanter,CommitmentandSocialOrganization,AmericanSociologicalReview,33,4,1968LucySargisson,SecondWaveCo-housing,UtopianStudies,23,1,2012H.Gardner,TheChildrenofProsperity:thirteenmodernAmericancommunes,1978WilliamSmith,familiesandCommunes,1999.BenjaminZablocki,AlienationandCharisma:astudyofcontemporaryAmericancommunes,1980EssayQuestionsOutlineandassesstheattemptbycommunardsatTheRanchtocreateanalternativeculture.Isitpossibletosustainanalternativeculturewithinwidersociety?Cancounter-culturesurvivewithinacultureitisagainst?Shouldcommunityhaveprecedenceoverthefamily?Withreferencetocouplingand/orchildren,shouldalternativesocietiesbebasedonfreedom?Dointentionalcommunitiesincreaseordecreasefreedom?Canintentionalcommunitiesbeachannelforchangeinthefutureaswellasanalternativehereandnow?5.SocialCentres,FreeganismandFoodCounter-cultureThisweekwe'lllookat(urban)socialcentres,freeganismandpunkcuisineasexamplesofalternativesocietiesandcountercultureswithincontemporarycapitalism.Otherexamplesmightincludethingslikesquatting,andtherelationofsocialcentrestosquatsisoneinterestingissue.Towhatextentdothesephenomenaprovidealternativekindsofsocietywithinexistingsociety?-whataresocialcentres?Whatforms/sdotheytake?whatcharacteristicsdosocialcentreshave?howaretheydifferenttootherformsofnon/anti-capitalismactivity?-whoisinvolvedinsocialcentres?Arethereinequalitiesandaretheygendered?-whatistherelationshipofsocialcentrestoplaceandspace?Howaretheylocalandurban?-whatfunctionsdosocialcentreshave?

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-whatdistinctivepoliticalidentitiesarethereinsocialcentres?Whatdoesitmeantosaytheyareimpure,messyandslow?-whataresocialrelationslikeinsocialcentres?Whatisdistinctiveaboutthesocialandcollectiveexperienceinthem?-howaresocialcentresorganisedandmanaged?Whataretheirstructureslike?-whatisdistinctiveaboutpoliticalstrategiesinsocialcentres?-whatchallengesdosocialcentresface?-howdosocialcentresrelatetothewidercommunity?-whatistherelationshipofsocialcentrestocapitalism?Whatisdistinctiveabouttheiranti-capitalism?Isitpossibletobenon-capitalistwithincapitalism?-howdoesitmakeadifferenceifasocialcentreisrentedorsquatted?-howutopianandcounter-culturalarethingslikesocialcentresandco-housing?-dofreeganismandpunkcuisinemanagetocreateananti-consumerismwithincapitalism?Whatarefreeganandpunkcuisinesub-culturesabout?Whataretheirvalues?-Howispunkcuisineanalternativeculture?Whataretheraw,cookedandrotteninpunkcuisine?Whatisdecommodifiedaboutpunkcuisine?Howdoesfeminismfitininpunkcuisine?-whatareDumpsterDivingandFoodnotBombs?-whoisinvolvedinfreeganismandpunkcuisine?Howrepresentativeorequalisthesocialbase?-whoarethesub-groupsoffreeganism-puristco-ophippies,anarcho-punks,autonomistas,andforestferals?-whydopeoplegetinvolvedinfreeganism?Whatdoesitmeanforthem?-whatotheroutsidecapitalismactivitiesdoesfreeganphilosophyrelateto,andhow?HowdoesfreeganismrelatetoDIY-punkandsquatting?-whatwerethefoodethicsanddietarypreferencesofthefreegansEdwardsandMercerlookedat?-wheredodumpsterdiverssourcetheirfoodfromandwhy?-howdofreegansandpunkcuisineseethemselvesas'other'towesternconsumerismandcapitalism?-howisgleaningculturedifferentfrommainstreamcapitalistculture?-howarefreegangroupsorganised?-howdoesfreeganismrelatetotimeandwork?-Howdoesitrelatetospace,thepublicandprivate,andotherboundaries?TrytoreadChattertonandoneorbothoftheothertwomainreadings.*P.Chatterton,SoWhatDoesItMeantobeAnti-capitalist?ConversationswithActivistsfromUrbanSocialCentres,UrbanStudies,47,6,2010*D.Clark,TheRawandtheRotten:PunkCuisine,Ethnology,43,1,2004*F.EdwardsandD.Mercer,GleaningfromGluttony:anAustralianyouthsubcultureconfrontstheethicsofwaste,AustralianGeographer,38,3,2007Moreonfoodcounter-culture:JoséeJohnston,Counter-HegemonyorBourgeoisPiggery?FoodPoliticsandtheCaseofFoodShare,inWrightandMiddenhorf,eds,TheFightOverFood:Producers,Consumers,andActivistsChallengetheGlobalFoodSystem,2007.

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AlexBarnard,'Wavingthebanana'atcapitalism:PoliticaltheaterandsocialmovementstrategyamongNewYork's'freegan'dumpsterdivers,Ethnography,12,4,2011J.Paddock,PositioningFoodCultures:‘Alternative’FoodasDistinctiveConsumerPractice,Sociology,50,6,2016.P.ChattertonandJ.Pickerill,Everydayactivismandtransitionstowardspost-capitalistworlds,TransactionsoftheInstituteofBritishGeographers,35,2010M.Foden,Everydayconsumptionpracticesasasiteforactivism?Exploringthemotivationsofgrassrootsreusegroups,People,PlaceandPolicyOnline,6,3,2012J.Ferrell,ScroungingandReclaiming,inParkeretaleds,TheRoutledgeCompaniontoAlternativeOrganization,2014J.PrattandP.Luetchford,FoodforChange,2013LizGrauerholzandNicoleOwens,AlternativeFoodMovements,InternationalEncyclopediaoftheSocial&BehavioralSciences,2,1,2015WendyMiller,UKallotmentsandurbanfoodinitiatives:(limited?)potentialforreducinginequalities,LocalEnvironment:TheInternationalJournalofJusticeandSustainability,20,10,2015RobertaSassatelli,ThePoliticalMoralityofFood:discourses,contestationandalternativeconsumption,inM.Harveyetal(eds)QualitiesofFood,2004.P.MuduandA.Marini,RadicalUrbanHorticultureforFoodAutonomy:BeyondtheCommunityGardensExperience,Antipode,2016ScarletLindeman,TrashEaters,Gastronomica,12,1,2012Moreonsocialcentresandalternativespacesandcommunities:S.HodkinsonandP.Chatterton,Autonomyinthecity?ReflectionsonthesocialcentresmovementintheUK,City,10,3,2006N.Montagna,Thede-commodificationofurbanspaceandtheoccupiedsocialcentresinItaly,City,10,3,2006P.Mudu,ResistingandChallengingNeoliberalism:TheDevelopmentofItalianSocialCenters,Antipode,2014G.Piazza,SquattingSocialCentresinaSicilianCity:LiberatedSpacesandUrbanProtestActors,Antipode,2016A.Pusey,SocialCentresandtheNewCooperativismoftheCommon,Affinities,4,1,2010L.Yates,Everydaypolitics,socialpracticesandmovementnetworks:dailylifeinBarcelona’ssocialcentres,BritishJournalofSociology,66,2,2015JohnCrossanetal,ContestingUrbanneoliberalisminGlasgow’sCommunityGardens:thePracticeofDIYCitizenship,Antipode,48,4,2016LucyFinchett-Maddock,AnAnarchist’sWetherspoonsorVirtuousResistance?SocialCentresasMacIntyre’sVisionofPractice-basedCommunities,PhilosophyofManagement,7,1,2008SaskiaPoldervaart,UtopianAspectsofSocialMovementsinPostmodernTimes:SomeExamplesofDIYPoliticsintheNetherlands,UtopianStudies,12,2,2001LucySargisson,Second-WaveCohousing:AModernUtopia?,UtopianStudies,23,1,2012Various,StoriesfromRadicalSocialCentresintheUKandIreland,nodate,onlineandonSyDH.Thornetal(eds),SpaceforUrbanAlternatives?Christiania1971–2011,2011LynnOwens,CrackingUnderPressure:NarratingtheDeclineoftheAmsterdamSquatters’Movement,2009

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AnitaLacey,NetworkedCommunities:socialcentresandactivistspacesincontemporaryBritain,SpaceandCulture,8,3,2005LucyFinchett-Maddock,ObservationsoftheSocialCentreScene:HowaLawisPerformedthroughArchivingtheMemoryoftheCommons,BirkbeckCollegePhDthesis.LucyFinchett-Maddock,FindingSpaceforResistancethroughLegalPluralism:thehiddenlegalityoftheUKsocialcentremovement,JournalofLegalPluralism,61,2010SquattingEuropeKollective(eds),SquattinginEurope:RadicalSpaces,UrbanStruggles,2013TheTrapeseCollective(eds),DoItYourself:AHandbookforChangingourWorld,2007H.Thornetal,SpaceforUrbanAlternatives:Christiana1971-2011,2011J.KingsleyandM.Townsend,DigIntoSocialCapital:communitygardensasmechanismsforgrowingurbansocialconnectedness,UrbanPolicyandResearch,24,4,2006.EssayquestionsUsingoneormoreexamplesassesstheextenttowhichit’spossibletoliveanalternativetocapitalismwithincapitalism?Isitpossibletobenon-capitalistwithincapitalism?Cansocialcentresprovideanalternativetocapitalismwithincapitalism?Whatchallengesdosocialcentres/freeganism/punkcuisine/DIY(chooseoneortwoexamples)faceanddotheymanagetoovercomethemandprovideacounterculturewithincapitalism?Howradicalaresocialcentres?Dofoodsubculturesprovideanalternativetomainstreamcultureandeconomy?Doesfoodcounter-cultureprovideachallengetowidersociety?Isfoodcounter-cultureaboutmiddle-classidentityratherthansocialchange?6.ReadingWeekNoclassesthisweek.Thisweekisfreeforyoutocatchuponreadingandworkonyouressays.7.GreensocietyThisweekwe'llbelookingatwhatkindofalternativesocietyyouneedtoachieveecologicalsustainability.Formanythisinvolvesnotjusteconomicandtechnologicalinnovationbutalsosocial,politicalandculturalchange.Somearguethatsustainabilitycanbeachievedwithincapitalismorindustrialism,evenbymorecapitalism.Otherssayitneedslowgrowthorde-growthandtheendofmarkets,profitandprivateownership.Ifwearetohavelowornogrowththenthisalsomeansachangetoconsumeristculture,topursuinghappinessthroughacquisitionandmaterialism,andhavingasocietybasedonotherformsofsatisfaction.Therearedebatesoverwhethersolutionsneedtobeviathestateorcommunities(likeeco-villages),globalorlocal,andtherearelibertarianconcernsaboutgreensolutions.Someargueforbioregionalismorevenspiritualapproaches,anddifferentphilosophiesofwhatwevalue.Forsomegreensanimportantissueiswhetherecologyneedstobeanarchist,feministorsocialist.Doesecologymeanwehaveto

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haveasocietythatisnothumancentred?Andifwearetoachieveagreensocietythroughwhichsocialgroupsandpoliticalmeanscanwegetthere?-whatkindsofsocietycanbegreen?-Doweneedmorecapitalism,socialism,decentralisedlocalcommunities,authoritariancentralism,bioregionalism,orjustlowergrowthandconsumption.-whatwouldalessconsumeristandproductivistsocietylooklike?Wouldstructuralchangeoranewkindofconsciousnessbeneededtounderpinthis?-whatkindsofculturalandsocialchangeareneededforsustainability?-doesagreensocietyneedtobesmallandlocalorglobalandtop-down?-whatisbioregionalismallabout?-isthereagreenkindofpoliticalsystem?-whatkindofeconomyisneededforsustainability?-doesasustainablesocietyhavetobesocialist?-areconservatismorliberalismthemostgreenapproaches?-isfeminismmoregreen?-doessustainabilityrequireustogiveupanthropocentrismandinstrumentalvaluesandtakeonecocentrismandintrinsicvalue?-whoaretheagentsandwhatarethepoliticalmeansforgreenchange?-whatimplicationsdoesgreatersustainabilityinrichcountrieshavefordevelopingcountries?-whatcriticisms/concernsarethereaboutgreensolutions?*A.Dobson,TheGreenReader,1991,sectionsonTheGreenSocietyandGreenEconomics,butotherpartsrelevanttoo.Extractsonideasforamoregreensociety.*A.Dobson,GreenPoliticalThought,2007,chapteronTheSustainableSociety,butotherchaptersrelevanttoo.S.Latouche,FarewelltoGrowth,2009T.Jackson,ProsperitywithoutGrowth:EconomicsforaFinitePlanet,2009,basedonaSustainableDevelopmentCommissionreportwithsametitleanddateG.D’Alisaetal,De-growth:avocabularyforanewera,2014R.DietzandD.O'Neill,EnoughisEnough:BuildingaSustainableEconomyinaWorldofFiniteResources,2013D.Pepper,ModernEnvironmentalism,1996,pp56-97,onpropertyrights,community,capitalism,marketsandtechnologyaspossiblebasesforsustainabilityTheEcologist,ABlueprintforSurvival,aclassic,advocatesdecentralization,1972,onlineandonSyD,extractinDobson’sGreenReaderEFSchumacher,SmallisBeautiful,1973,anotherclassic,discussestheproblemofproductionandadvocatesappropriatescale,greeneconomicsandappropriatetechnology.ExtractsinDobson’sGreenReaderandAllabyThinkingGreen.M.Parkeretaleds,TheRoutledgeCompaniontoAlternativeOrganization,2014,chs15and16DianeCoyle,TheEconomicsofEnough:Howtoruntheeconomyasifthefuturematters,2011RobertandEdwardSkidelsky,HowMuchisEnough?MoneyandtheGoodLife,2013R.Goodin,GreenPoliticalTheory,1992,advocatesaglobalapproachandcriticisesmoredecentralistandlifestyleproposalsR.Eckersley,EnvironmentalismandPoliticalTheory,1992,discusseswhatkindofpoliticaltheoriesfitwithenvironmentalismthebest

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P.Saunders,Capitalism:asocialaudit,1995,ch3arguesthatcapitalismisthesolutiontoenvironmentalproblemsJonathanDawson,Ecovillages:NewFrontiersforSustainability,2006PaulChatterton,TowardsanAgendaforPost-carbonCities:LessonsfromLilac,theUK’sFirstEcological,AffordableCohousingCommunity,InternationalJournalofUrbanandRegionalResearch,37,5,September2013ChristinaErgas,AModelofSustainableLiving:CollectiveIdentityinanUrbanEcovillage,OrganizationandEnvironment,23,1,2010D.Pepper,CommunesandTheGreenVision:counterculture,lifestyleandthenewage,1991,studyofUKgreencommunesL.LeonardandJ.Barry,(eds)TheTransitiontoSustainableLivingandPractice,2009,ongreenalternativesD.Pirages(ed)TheSustainableSociety,1977,espchs1,5and7M.Jacobs,TheGreenEconomy,1992,ontheeconomicsofsustainabilityS.IrvineandA.Ponton,AGreenManifesto,1988,strongpolemicalassertionofradicalgreenproposalsB.Frankel,ThePost-industrialUtopians,1987,criticizessomeofthemoreanti-statistanddecentralistapproachesM.Allaby,ed,ThinkingGreen,1989,pp69-78,181-93,231-44,collectionofecologicalwritingsR.Garner,EnvironmentalPolitics,2000,pp29-41,looksbrieflyatproposalsforchangedgrowth,technologicaldevelopmentsanddecentralizationK.Sale,MotherofAll:anintroductiontobioregionalism,1983Schumacherlecture,onlineandonSyDK.Sale,DwellersintheLand:thebioregionalvision,2000J.Porritt,SeeingGreen:thepoliticsofecologyexplained,1984,pt3B.Tokar,TheGreenAlternative:creatinganecologicalfuture,1992,chs1,3,4,5,6W.andD.Schwarz,BreakingThrough:theoryandpracticeofholisticliving,1987,espchs3-6and9-12T.Trainer,AbandonAffluence,1985,ch12,advocatesdecentralisationandfrugalityandanswerscriticsofsuchapproachesP.Ekins,TheLivingEconomy,1986,Pt1,Pt2chs1and6,Pt3chs8,10and12H.Daly,(ed)TowardsaSteadyStateEconomy,1973,espintroandpiecesbyDalyandBoulding,extractinAllabyThinkingGreenArneNaess,Ecology,CommunityandLifestyle,1989,deepgreenperspectiveCatrionaSandilands,LesbianSeparatistCommunitiesandtheExperienceofNature,OrganizationandEnvironment,15,2,2002RobertHall,Theecovillageexperienceasanevidencebasefornationalwellbeingstrategies,IntellectualEconomics,9,2015S.HongandH.Vicdan,Re-imaginingtheutopian:Transformationofasustainablelifestyleinecovillages,JournalofBusinessResearch,69,2016MarkBeeson,TheComingofEnvironmentalAuthoritarianism,EnvironmentalPolitics,19,2,2010BruceGilley,AuthoritarianenvironmentalismandChina’sresponsetoclimatechange,EnvironmentalPolitics,21,2,2012T.AndersonandD.Leal,FreeMarketEnvironmentalism,1991http://www.perc.org/PropertyandEnvironmentResearchCentrewebsite,promotesfreemarketenvironmentalismJanNarveson,TheCaseforFreeMarketEnvironmentalism,JournalofAgriculturalandEnvironmentalEthics,8,2,1995.

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TonySmith,TheCaseAgainstFreeMarketEnvironmentalism,JournalofAgriculturalandEnvironmentalEthics,8,2,1995.RobynEckersley,FreeMarketEnvironmentalism:FriendorFoe?EnvironmentalPolitics,2,1,1993EssaytitlesDoesasustainablesocietyhavetobeadecentralisedsociety?Canweabandongrowthtoachieveagreensociety?Isde-growthaviableapproach?Ismorecapitalism,notless,thesolutiontoenvironmentalproblems?Isauthoritarianismtheonlywaytosolveenvironmentalproblems?Doesecologyneedfeminism?Doesagreensocietyhavetobeasocialistsociety?Isenvironmentalismcompatiblewithliberalism?Isthereasocialbaseforchangetoagreensociety?8.SocietybeyondpaidworkDoweputtoomuchemphasisinsocietyonworkasaformoffulfillmentandarouteoutofpovertyandforequality?Isasocietybasedonradicallyreducedpaidworktimepossible?Gorzarguedthatwecanredistributeworkingtimesoallworkbutallworkless.He,MarxandKeynessuggestedthattechnologyallowsustoworklessinpaidworkandhavemoretimeforcreative,autonomousworkofourownandsocialandpoliticalactivities,friendsandfamilies.Someargueforauniversalbasicincomethatwouldallowustoescapefrompaidwork.Aretheseideasviableordesirable?Howcouldtheybeachieved?Whatwouldtheobstaclesbe?Whowouldsupportit?-whyshouldweworkless?What’stheproblemwithwork?-howwouldasocietywhereweworklessbepossible?-whatvalueandbehaviorchangeswouldbeneededfor,orfollowfrom,asocietywithlesspaidwork?-throughwhatpracticalmeanscouldweachievelesspaidwork?-doesalowworksocietyactuallymeanlesswork?-whatwouldbethebenefitsofalowworksociety?Whatwidersocialproblemswouldlessworkhelpussolve?-wouldalowworksocietybebetterforwomen?-howdoeslesspaidworkrelatetounemploymentandretirement?-howpracticalisasocietywithlesswork?Howcoulditbeachieved?-whatisauniversalbasicincomeandhowwouldthathelp?Coulditreallywork?-islessworkappropriateforausterityordevelopingsocieties?-whataretheobstaclestoorproblemsofalowworksociety?Isitreallyviable?-whatareright,liberalandleftconcernsaboutreductionsinwork?-whowillsupporttransitiontoasocietywithlesspaidwork?Whichsocialgroupsorpoliticalideologies?*NewEconomicsFoundation,21hours:Whyashorterworkingweekcanhelpusalltoflourishinthe21stcentury,2010,arguesfora21hourworkingweek

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DavidSpencer,TheCaseforWorkingLess,TheConversationorPieria,2014,goodshortsummaryofkeypointsA.CooteandJ.Franklin,(eds)TimeonOurSide:whyweallneedashorterworkingweek,2013,anotherNEFpublicationA.Gorz,PathstoParadise:ontheliberationfromwork,1985A.Gorz,ACritiqueofEconomicReason,2011A.Gorz,ReclaimingWork:beyondtheage-basedsociety,1999A.Gorz,FarewelltotheWorkingClass:anessayinpost-industrialsocialism,1982K.Weeks,TheProblemwithWork:feminism,Marxism,antiworkpoliticsandpostworkimaginaries,2011N.SrniekeandA.Williams,InventingtheFuture:PostcapitalismandaWorldwithoutWork,2015P.Lafargue,TheRighttobeLazy,1883,onlineandonSyDB.Russell,InPraiseofIdleness,1935,onlineandonSyDTraceyWarren,Work–lifebalance/imbalance:thedominanceofthemiddleclassandtheneglectoftheworkingclass,BritishJournalofSociology,66,4,2015,classperspectiveonwork-lifeissuesJ.Boulinetal(eds),DecentWorkingTime:newtrends,newissues,2006,ILOreportR.andE.Skidelsky,HowMuchisEnough?MoneyandtheGoodLife,2013,touchesonsomeofthethemesofthisweekandlastweek.A.Hayden,SharingtheWork,SparingthePlanet:WorkTime,Consumption,andEcology,1999.NancyFraser,AftertheFamilyWage:genderequityandthewelfarestate,PoliticalTheory,22,4,1994,aboutworkandcareinamoregender-equalsocietyKristianNimietz,WhenPaternalismmeetsBogusEconomics:theNewEconomicsFoundations21HoursReport,2010,critiqueofNEF’s21hoursreportfromright-wingperspectiveC.BerryandM.Kenny,AndréGorz:Freedom,TimeandWorkinthePost-IndustrialEconomy,NewPoliticalEconomy,13,4,2008J.Kay,WrongtoWork?Twoperspectivesontheabolitionofwork’,libcom.org,3Jan2013,looksattechnologyandgenderdimensionsS.Jaffe,OptingforFreeTime:Something’smissingfromthework/lifebalancedebate,inthesetimes.com,12August2013,discusseslessworkasafeministissuePeterFrase,FourFutures:LifeAfterCapitalism,2016JeremyRifkin,TheEndofWork,1997Onbasicincome:AnthonyPainterandChrisThoung,CreativeCitizen,CreativeState:theprincipledandpragmaticcaseforaUniversalBasicIncome,RSA,2015,reportfromtheRoyalSocietyfortheencouragementofArts,ManufacturesandCommerceHowardReedandStewartLansley,UniversalBasicIncome:anideawhosetimehascome?,2016,reportfromCompasspressuregroupMoreonbasicincomeonSyD.EssayquestionsWeshouldallworkless.Discuss.Wouldasocietywithlesspaidwork,work?Islesspaidworkafeministissue?Isasocietywithlesspaidworkunviable?Doweneedtogobeyondcapitalismtoworkless?

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Howcanwegettoasocietywithlesspaidwork?Whowillsupportasocietywithlesspaidwork?9.GlobalSocietywithoutBordersWeliveinwhatissaidtobeaglobalisedworld,wheremoneymovesacrossboundarieseasilyandculturehasbecomemoreinterpenetratedglobally.Butweputheavyrestrictionsontheglobalisationofwhatmustbethemostimportantthing-people.Wecomplainifpeoplearenotallowedtoleavetheircountry,asinso-calledcommunistcountries,butputcontrolsonpeopleenteringcountries.Humanrightsandfreedomarestressedinwesterncountries,buttherightandfreedomtomovedoesnotseemtobeonethatisverymuchheldto.Weseemtobelievethatweshouldhelpourownfirstandhavelessobligationstothosebeyondourborders.Buthowproblematicismigration?Whatwouldhappenifwetookawaybordercontrolsandletpeoplemovecompletelyfreely?Whatarethephilosophicalargumentsfordoingthis?Whatwouldbetheeconomic,politicalandsocialconsequences?Whatwoulditbelikeifwehadanalternativeglobalsocietywithoutborders?-whatkindsofalternativeglobalsocietyarepossible?-shouldhumanrightsincludethefreedomtomove?Shouldmigrationbearightlikeotherrights?Howdoesmigrationlinktootherrights?-shouldcosmopolitanideasofinternationalobligationscomebeforecommunitarianideasofobligationstoourowncommunity?-whatareright-wing,leftandliberalargumentsforopenborders(oragainstthem)?-inwhatwaycanopenbordersbeakindofnon-racisminalternativesocieties?-whatarethenegativeeffectsandbenefitsofmigration?-wouldopenbordersleadtomassmovementsandchaos?-areproblemsoffreemovementmoreculturalandanthropologicalthaneconomicorpolitical?-wouldopenbordersbedisastrousfordevelopingcountries?-mythsaboutmigration-doesmigrationcausetheproblemsthatpeoplesayitdoes?-doesimmigrationtakejobs,reducewagesandleadtoadrainonwelfareandpublicservices?-areopenbordersfeasibleanddesirable?-doimmigrationcontrolswork?-whatisthebestbasisonwhichtoargueforopenborders?-whoinsocietywillsupportopenborders?-whatwouldaglobalborderlesssocietybelike?*T.Hayter,OpenBorders:thecaseagainstimmigrationcontrols,2004,especiallychapter5‘re-opentheborders’.Morepolemicalthanacademicbutbringstogethersomekeyissues.*No-oneisIllegalgroup,No-oneisIllegalManifesto,September2003,noii.org.uk*PhillipCole,TheEthicsofOpenBorders,2012lecture,politicalphilosophermakestheethical/philosophicalissuesaccessible,onSyDandalsoonhisacademia.edusite.Asusualfeelfreetolookatreadingsotherthanthemainonesifyouwouldliketo.JonathonMoses,InternationalMigration:Globalization’sLastFrontier,2006,arguesforfreeinternationalmigration

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PhilippeLegrain,Immigrants:yourcountryneedsthem,2009,arguesforfreermigration.Legrainhasawebsiteatphilippelegrain.comNigelHarris,ThinkingtheUnthinkable,TheImmigrationMythExposed,2002,arguesthatmigrationisbeneficialandshouldbeallowedopenlyClass,WhyImmigrationisGoodForAllofUs,2014,classonline.org.uk,shortpamphletofkeyargumentsA.PecoudandP.deGuchteneire,eds,MigrationWithoutBorders:EssaysontheFreeMovementofPeople:AnInvestigationintotheFreeMovementofPeople,2007OpenBorderswebsiteopenborders.infohasmaterialmakingthecasefor(andagainst)openborders.P.Cole,TakingMoralEqualitySeriously:EgalitarianismandImmigrationControls,JournalofInternationalPoliticalTheory,81,2,2012,politicalphilosophersaysthatifwetreatallpeopleequallythenimmigrationcontrolscan’tbejustified.P.Cole,TowardsaRighttoInternationalMovement,2011conferencepaper,onSyDandonhisacademia.edusite.Saysthatpeopleshouldhaveapositiverighttomovetohaveagencyinthefaceofpower.C.H.WellmanandP.Cole,DebatingtheEthicsofImmigration:IsThereaRighttoExclude?2011,twopoliticalphilosophersdebatebothsidesM.Huemer,IsthereaRighttoImmigrate?SocialTheoryandPractice,36,3,2010,anarcho-capitalistpoliticalphilosopheranswersyes.M.Huemer,CitizenismandOpenBorders,atopenborders.info,onlineandonSyD,moralcaseforimmigrationD.Miller,Immigration:theCaseforLimits,inCohenandHeathWellmaneds,ContemporaryDebatesinAppliedEthics,2005,politicaltheoristarguesforrestrictionsonmigrationJ.H.Carens,AliensandCitizens:TheCaseforOpenBorders,TheReviewofPolitics,49,2,1987KieranObermann,CanBrainDrainJustifyImmigrationRestrictions?Ethics,123,3,2013,onbraindraineffectsofmigration,especiallyindevelopingcountriesD.KapurandJ.McHale,ShouldaCosmopolitanWorryaboutthe"BrainDrain"?EthicsandInternationalAffairs,20,3,2006.RogerNett,TheCivilRightwearenotReadyfor:therightoffreemovementofpeopleonthefaceoftheearth,Ethics,81,3,1971MathiasRisse,Immigration,EthicsandtheCapabilitiesApproach,UNDP2009S.Parekh,Beyondtheethicsofadmission:Statelesspeople,refugeecampsandmoralobligations,PhilosophyandSocialCriticism,40,7,2013T.Hayter,NoBorders:TheCaseagainstImmigrationControls,FeministReview,73,2003B.Andersonetal,Editorial:whynoborders?,Refuge,26,2P.Sturgisetal,Ethnicdiversity,segregationandthesocialcohesionofneighbourhoodsinLondon,EthnicandRacialStudies,37,8,2014.Ondiversityandcommunity.K.Schmidetal,NeighborhoodEthnicDiversityandTrust:TheRoleofIntergroupContactandPerceivedThreat,PsychologicalScience,25,3,2014.Ondiversityandtrust.TherearealotofthingsonSyD,herearesomeofthem,butlookthereforothers:M.Lafsky,TheCaseforOpenImmigration:AQ&AWithPhilippeLegrain,freakonomics.com,October2007M.Clemens,AWorldwithoutBordersmakesEconomicSense,TheGuardian,5September2007

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S.Bowman,Timetorejectfalsechoicesandfearsaboutimmigration,NewStatesman,17September2012,exampleofpro-migrationargumentfromtherightP.Legrain,Don'tbelievethisclaptrap.Migrantsarenothreattous,TheGuardian,15January2007B.Powell,AnEconomiccaseforImmigration,LibraryofEconomicsandLiberty,June72010O.Neville,Sixfactsyouneedtoknowtohaveanhonestdebateonimmigration,thebackbencher.co.uk,Nov42013IRIN,MigrationMythsDebunked,irinnews.org,21Nov2013.EssayQuestionsShouldpeoplebefreetomove?Wouldtheconsequencesofopenbordersmakeitunviable?Arerightsorequalityorcommunityorobligationsthereasonweshouldhaveopenborders?(Orchooseoneortwoofthesebasesandwriteanessayonthat)Shouldweargueforopenbordersonphilosophicaloreconomicandsocialgrounds?Ispublicopiniontooanti-immigrationforopenborderstobepossible?Whyshouldwebeagainstopenborders?Whyshouldwebeforopenborders?Shouldwesupportnobordersratherthanopenborders?10.AlternativeEducationAlternativevisionsofeducationarebasedonfreedomanddemocracyineducation,student-lededucationwiththeauthorityoftheteacherdiminished,andeducationoutsidetheschoolandformalinstitutions.A.S.NeillwasthefounderandheadofthefamousalternativeschoolSummerhill,andtherearemanyotheralternativeschoolsthatexist.NeillwasinfluencedbyFreudandthoughttheschoolshouldfitaroundthehappinessofthechild.LessonsarenotcompulsoryatSummerhillandtheschoolisrunbyaschoolmeetingofstudentsandstaff.PauloFreireadvocatedapedagogyoftheoppressedbasedoncriticalconsciousness,beyonda‘banking’conceptofeducationtoonebasedmoreonproblemposing,dialogicalrelationsanddevelopinggenerativethemesineducation.Illichproposeddeschoolingsocietyandeducationbeyondformalinstitutionsandthecertificated.Hesaidlearningisnotthesameasteachingandshouldbeaboutconvivialityinnetworks.Therehavealsobeeninterestingexperimentsindevelopingco-operativefreeuniversities,inpartinresponsetothemarketisationofhighereducation.-howdoesSummerhillwork?Whatisfree,equalanddemocraticaboutit?-whatwereASNeill'smainprinciplesandwhydidhebelieveinthem?WhatweretheaimsofeducationforNeill?Whatwaslessimportanttohim?-whatdidNeillthinkchildrenarelike?WheredidNeillthinkgoodnessandaggressioncomefrom?-whyarelessonsnotcompulsory?Howdoesthatwork?WhatisthestructureofthedayatSummerhill?-howaredecisionsmade?Howdotheschoolmeetingswork?-arethepupils'doasyoulike'kids?WhatistheplaceofrulesatSummerhill?-whatistheroleofindependenceanddependencyinNeill'sapproach?WhatdidNeillseeastheroleofparents?

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-whatdoes'freedomnotlicence'mean?-whatisthequalityofeducationlike?WhatwasNeill'sattitudetoclassroompedagogy,educationandlearning?Whatdidhethinkofbooks?Whatwashisviewofpracticalactivitiesandplay?-WhatdidNeillthinkofintellectandfeeling?WhatdidNeillthinkofcharismaticteaching?-WhatcriticismshavebeenmadeofSummerhill?-aretheregenderedandclass-dividedaspectstoSummerhill?-whatisthe'pedagogyoftheoppressed'andwhat'sthealternative?-what’sthedifferencebetweeneducationasbankingandFreire’sapproachtoeducation?-what’sinvolvedinproblem-posingeducation,dialogicsandgenerativethemesineducation?-whatdoes'deschoolingsociety'involve?WhyisIllichcriticalofinstitutionaleducation?Howdoeseducationhappenbeyondtheschool?-howdoesIllichseeusgainingaccesstoeducationalresourcesbeyondtheschool?Trytoreadfromoneortwoofthemainreadings.*A.S.Neill,Summerhill,1960,forewordbyFrommandintroductionandch.1byNeill*PauloFreire,PedagogyoftheOppressed,1971,ch2andpp87-96(firsthalf)ofch3*IvanIllich,DeschoolingSociety,1971,ch6onlearningwebsmostrelevantbutotherpartsrelevanttoo.OnIllich,Freireandcriticalpedagogy:M.Hern,ed,Everywhere,AlltheTime:anewdeschoolingreader,2008IvanIllich,AfterDeschooling,What?,1973IanLister(ed),Deschooling:areader,1974J.I.Zalidvar,RevisitingtheCritiquesofIvanIllich’sDeschoolingSociety,InternationalJournalforCross-DisciplinarySubjectsinEducation,1,1,2011IanHart,DeschoolingandtheWeb:IvanIllich30yearson,EducationMediaInternational,38,2-3,2001Rose-BrunoJofreandJ.IZaldivar,IvanIllich’sLateCritiqueofDeschoolingSociety’EducationalTheory,62,5,2012DaveWhittingtonandAlanMcLean,VocationalLearningOutsideInstitutions:onlinepedagogyanddeschooling,StudiesinContinuingEducation,23,2,2001.JamesBlackburn,UnderstandingPaoloFreire,CommunityDevelopmentJournal,35,1,2000LesleyBartlett,Dialogue,Knowledge,andTeacher-StudentRelations:FreireanPedagogyinTheoryandPractice,ComparativeEducationReview,49,3,2005WayneAu,EpistemologyoftheOppressed:TheDialecticsofPauloFreire'sTheoryofKnowledge,JournalforCriticalEducationPolicyStudies,5,2,2007AndresMejia,TheProblemofKnowledgeImposition:PauloFreireandCriticalSystemsThinking,SystemsResearchandBehavioralScience,21,2004R.D.Glass,OnPauloFreire'sPhilosophyofPraxisandtheFoundationsofLiberationEducation,EducationalResearcher,30,2,2001RobinBarrow,RadicalEducation:acritiqueoffreeschoolinganddeschooling,1978.E.Reimer,SchoolisDead:anessayonalternativesineducation,1971J.I.Zaldivar,Deschoolingforall?ThethoughtofIvanIllichintheeraofeducation(andlearning)forall,ForodeEducation,13,18,2015

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D.WhittingtonandA.McLean,VocationalLearningOutsideInstitutions:Onlinepedagogyanddeschooling,StudiesinContinuingEducation,23,2,2001RichardKahnandDouglasKellner,PauloFreireandIvanIllich:technology,politicsandthereconstructionofeducation,PolicyFuturesinEducation,5,4,2007RichardKahn,CriticalPedagogyTakingtheIllichTurn,InternationalJournalofIllichStudies,1,1,2009N.Bauer,DeschoolingSociety,UncoveringIllich,KappaDeltaPiRecord,9,1,1972InternationalJournalofIllichStudies,ingeneralR.H.Haworth,ed,AnarchistPedagogies,2012P.McLarenandC.Lankshear,eds,PoliticsofLiberation:PathsfromFreire,1994P.McLarenandP.Leonard,eds,PauloFreire:aCriticalEncounter,1993HenryGiroux,LessonstoBeLearnedFromPauloFreireasEducationIsBeingTakenOverbytheMegaRich,Truthout,23November2010,onlineHenryGiroux,PedagogyandthePoliticsofHope,1997PeterMcLaren,APedagogyofPossibility:ReflectinguponPauloFreire'sPoliticsofEducation,EducationalResearcher,28,2,1999JaredGibbs,‘ForTomorrowwillworryaboutitself’:IvanIllich’sDeschoolingSocietyandtheRediscoveryofHope’,WesternNewEnglandLawReview,34,2012GlobalEducationMagazine,CriticalPedagogyAgainstCapitalistSchooling:TowardsaSocialistAlternative.AnInterviewwithPeterMcLaren,April2013,explainshowhisowncriticalpedagogydiffersfromthatofothersS.Ledwith,Lessonsinliberation:pedagogyoftheoppressed,Counterfire,30September2012,onFreireRadicalEducationForum,RadicalEducationWorkbook,2010,onSyDAlanaJelinek,DeschoolingSociety,JournalofVisualCulture,11,1,2012M.P.Hederman,PauloFreire’sPedagogyoftheOppressed,TheCraneBag,6,2,1982DavidHicks,RadicalEducation,inS.Ward,ed,EducationStudies:AStudentGuide,2004HenryGiroux,OnCriticalPedagogy,2011MikeCole,SchoolingforCapitalismorEducationforTwenty-FirstCenturySocialism?,CulturalLogic:MarxistTheory&Practice,2013PeterMcLaren,RevolutionaryPedagogyinPost-revolutionaryTimes,EducationalTheory,48,4,1998OnSummerhillandalternativeschooling:Summerhillwebsite,atsummerhillschool.co.uk,includesoutlineofitsapproachandsuggestedfurtherreadingA.S.Darling,A.S.NeillonDemocraticAuthority:alessonfromSummerhill?OxfordReviewofEducation,18,1,1992H.Hart,ed,Summerhill:forandagainst,1970,collectionofcommentariesonSummerhillEmmanuelBernstein,Summerhill:AFollow-upStudyofitsStudents,JournalofHumanisticPsychology,8,2,1968RichardBailey,A.S.Neill,2013,onNeill’stheory.M.Vaughanetal(eds),SummerhillandA.S.Neill,2006,includesupdatesbyZoeRedheadandongovernmentinspectionsR.Hemmings,FiftyYearsofFreedom:astudyofthedevelopmentoftheideasofA.S.Neill,1972H.Lucas,AfterSummerhill:whathappenedtothepupilsofBritain’smostradicalschool?,2011

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BrynPurdy,A.S.Neill:BringingHappinesstoSomeFewChildren,1997,byaformerSumerhillteacherDanëGoodsman,Summerhill:theoryandpractice,UniversityofEastAnglia,PhDthesis,1991,availableviaBritishLibrary.DavidGribble,RealEducation:VarietiesofFreedom,1998,onalternativeschoolsglobally.JessicaShepherd,So,kids,anyonefordoublephysics?(Butnoworriesifyoudon'tfancyit),TheGuardian,1December2007AngelaNeustatter,Summerhillschoolandthedo-as-yer-likekids,TheGuardian,19August2011D.Sabia,Democratic/UtopianEducation,UtopianStudies,23,2,2012M.Cotéetal,eds,Utopianpedagogy:radicalexperimentsagainstneoliberalglobalization,2007M.FieldingandP.Moss,RadicalEducationandtheCommonSchool:ademocraticalternative,2011J.Fortune-Wood,DoingitTheirWay:home-basededucationandautonomouslearning,2000,onhomeeducationRichardBarrett,Freedom,LicenseandA.S.Neill,OxfordReviewofEducation,7,2,1981ShulasmithFirestone,TheDialecticofSex,1970,sectiononSummerhillinch.10D.Cooper,OpeningUpOwnership:CommunityBelonging,Belongings,andtheProductiveLifeofProperty,LawandSocialInquiry,32,3,2007,versioninherbookEverydayUtopiasch7AnneCassebaum,RevisitingSummerhill,ThePhiDeltaKappan,84,8,2003A.S.Neill,FreedomnotLicence,1978,NeillonhowmuchfreedomchildrenshouldhaveM.A.F.Wilson,Radicaldemocraticschoolingontheground:pedagogicalidealsandrealitiesinaSudburyschool,EthnographyandEducation,10,2,2015JournalforCriticalEducationPolicyStudies,onlinejournalusefulforthistopicOtherEducation:thejournalofeducationalalternatives,onlinejournalOnSyDtherearemoreresourcesincludinglinksonfreeuniversities.EssayQuestionsOutlineanddefendoneapproachtoalternativeeducation(egFreireorIllichorSummerhillorco-operativeuniversityetc)CriticallyassessNeil/Freire/Illich’sapproachtoeducation.Shouldeducationberundemocratically?Shouldeducationbefree?Shouldstudentsnotteachersleadeducation?Shouldtherebealternativeeducationornoeducation?Canwehaveeducationwithoutschools?Shouldwedeschoolsociety?11.TheSlowSocietyPeoplelikeCarlHonorésaythattheproblemwithmodernsocietiesisthateverything’stoofastandweneedtoslowdownandtakemoretimeforthings.Aslow

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movementhasdevelopedthatencompassesslowfood,slowfashion,slowscience,readingandacademia,thedangersofITandsocialmedia,slowmedia,slowparenting,work/lifebalance,slowdemocracyandjustice,andemphasisesqualityoflifeissues.OneusefulbookisHonoré'sInPraiseofSlowness.Slowingdownsoundsnice.Andgoingtoofastsoundsstressful.Butwhat’sslowreallyaboutandwhenpeopletalkaboutslowisslowreallytheproblem?-what’stoofastaboutsociety?-Isfasttodowiththemarket,orwork,ortheinternetandsocialmedia,orpersonalchoice?-whatdopeoplemeanwhentheytalkaboutslow?Whatdoesslowinclude?-whatsortofthingscanyoudoslowly?-howcanpeopleslowdown?-whatconditionsareneededforslow?-howequalisslow?-isslowaconservativeidea?-arefastinternetandsocialmediaregressive?-whocangoslow?Isslowachoice?-howdoesslowrelatetoinequality?-canslowbeanindividualchoiceorisstructuralchangeneeded?-isslowcompatiblewithcapitalism?-isslowaboutslow?-whenpeopletalkaboutslow,isspeedreallywhattheproblemis?*CarlHonoré,InPraiseofSlowness:challengingthecultofspeed,2004,introductionandconclusion,butotherpartstoo,freee-book.Advocacyofslowinanon-academicwaybyaslowguru.CarlHonoré,TheSlowFix,2013,moreofapracticalmanualondoingslowCarlHonoré,UnderPressure:PuttingtheChildBackInChildhood,2009onslowparentingCarlHonoré'swebsitecarlhonore.comincludesblogpostsbyhimondifferentaspectsofslowRebeccaSolnit,Diary,LondonReviewofBooks,35,16,29August2013,discussestheinformationsociety,mediaandfast/slowHarryR.Lewis,SlowDown:GettingmoreoutofHarvardbydoingless,letterfromtheDeanofHarvardCollegetonewstudents,2004,advisingthemtogoslow,onSyDandonlineD.Pels,UnhasteningScience:autonomyandreflexivityinthesocialtheoryofknowledge,2003,contributiontotheslowscienceargumentG.Andrews,TheSlowFoodStory:politicsandpleasure,2008W.Parkins,OutofTime:FastSubjectsandSlowLiving,TimeandSociety,13,2/3,2004Y.HartmanandS.Darab,ACallforSlowScholarship:ACaseStudyontheIntensificationofAcademicLife,andItsImplicationsforPedagogy,ReviewofEducation,Pedagogy,andCulturalStudies,34,2012HeatherMendick,SocialClass,GenderandthePaceofAcademicLife:WhatKindofSolutionisSlow?ForumQualitativeSocialResearch,15,3,2014HeatherMendick,IsSlowAcademiaConservative?Celebyouth.org,5December2013,questionsslow

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F.Vostal,Shouldacademicsadoptanethicofslownessorninja-likeproductivity?Insearchofscholarlytime,LSEImpactofSocialSciencesblog,Nov20th2013,saystherealissueisnotslowbutautonomyAlisonMountzetal,ForSlowScholarship:AFeministPoliticsofResistancethroughCollectiveActionintheNeoliberalUniversity,ACME,14,4,2015L.Simonetti,TheIdeologyofSlowFood,JournalofEuropeanStudies,42,2,2012SlowMediaManifesto,en.slow-media.net/manifestoEricHsu,Theslowfoodmovementandtimeshortage:Beyondthedichotomyoffastorslow,JournalofSociology,51,3,2015SarahPink,UrbanSocialMovementsandSmallPlaces:SlowCitiesassitesofactivism,City,13,4,2009F.Vostal,Academiclifeinthefastlane:TheexperienceoftimeandspeedinBritishacademia,TimeandSociety,2014M.O’Neill,TheSlowUniversity:Work,TimeandWell-Being,ForumQualitativeSocialResearch,15,3,2014J.Carter,InPraiseofSlowJustice,ActionInstitute,December12th2013,identifiesslowwithconservativepoliticsJ.Miedema,SlowReading,2009S.Heritage,SlowTV:theNorwegianmovementwithuniversalappeal,TheGuardian,4October2013S.O'Reilly,Lifeinslowmotion,TheGuardian,19May2008,onslowworkH.Dotan,CarloPetrini'sSlowFood,AReview,October3st2008,GreenProphet,makessomecriticalpointsaboutslowfoodS.ClarkandW.Teachout,SlowDemocracy,OpenDemocracy,20November2013SeeSyDformore.EssayQuestionsOutlineandassessslow,usingselectedexamples.Isslowwhattheslowmovementisreallyabout?Isslowonlyachoiceforthebetteroff?Isslowtooindividualistic?Isslowaclassissue?Howcansocietybemoreslow?12.AlternativeRoutestoAlternativeSocietiesThisweekwe'lllookatgetting'fromheretothere'.Thiswillbeabouthowtogettoanalternativesocietyandwe'llbelookingatalternativewaysofdoingso,ietypesofpoliticsbeyondconventionalpolitics,suchasoccupy,protest,socialmovements,etc.Andwe'lllookatthemnotjustasroutestoalternativesocietiesbuthowtheybecometypesofalternativesocietyinthemselves.Hollowayhassaidthatratherthantryingtooverthrowcapitalismviathestateweshouldpursuealternativesinthecrackswithinit.Recentyearshavethrownuptheoccupyandprotestmovements(notleastatSussex!)whichhavenotonlytakenalternativeroutestoalternativesocietiesbutsomearguehaveprefiguredwhatanalternativesocietycouldbelikeintheirownorganisationandprocesses.Masontalksabouttheglobalandhorizontalnatureofprotestsandtheroleofsocialmedia.Healsodiscusseswhotheagentsarebehindthepoliticsoftryingtoachievealternativesocieties.

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-doweneedalternativeroutesforgettingtoalternativesocieties?-arepartypoliticsthewaytopursuealternativesocieties?-ispoliticsoutsideparties,parliamentsandthestatethewaytogettoalternativesocieties?-shouldroutestoalternativesocietiesbelocalistorglobalist?-domovementslikeoccupyoffernewtypesofpoliticsforachievingalternativesocieties?-arethegraduatewithoutafutureandtheprecariatthenewagentsforchangetoalternatives?-whatisthegenderbalanceandsocialcompositionofalternativepolitics?-dotheinternetandsocialmediachangethewaysthroughwhichwecangettoalternativesocieties?-doeschangetoalternativesneedtoberevolutionaryorgradual?-arealternativesocietiesthemeanstochangeasmuchastheend?-arealternativepoliticsrelevantindevelopingcountries?*P.Mason,Twentyreasonswhyit'skickingoffeverywhere,BBCNewsIdleScrawlblog,5February2011*J.Holloway,Crackcapitalism:WeWanttoBreak,Roarmag.org,December4th2012P.Mason,Whyit'sKickingoffEverywhere:thenewglobalrevolutions,2012J.Holloway,CrackCapitalism,2010,sayschangewillhappeninthecracksincapitalism,ratherthanviathestateoritsoverthrowalJ.Holloway,12thesesonchangingtheworldwithouttakingpower,libcom.org,December16th,2005.P.Mason,Whyit'sStillKickingoffEverywhere,NewLeftProject,26April2013P.Mason,Wherewillitkickoffnext,TheGuardian,27December2013G.Standing,Whowillbeavoicefortheemergingprecariat?,TheGuardian,1June2011,theoristoftheprecariatlooksatitspoliticaldimensionsA.Lunghietal,OccupyEverything:reflectionsonwhyit'skickingoffeverywhere,2011.G.Standing,ThePrecariat:thenewdangerousclass,ontheprecariat,itspoliticaldimensionsandtheneedforabasicincome,2011TrapeseCollective,DoitYouself,ahandbookforchangingourworld,2007J.Holloway,ChangetheWorldwithoutTakingPower:themeaningofrevolutiontoday,2002IIRE,ChangetheWorldwithouttakingpower…or…takepowertochangetheworld,pamphletcollectingarticlesdebatingabout/withHollowayAlexSnowden,CrackCapitalism,JohnHolloway,Counterfire,criticalreviewofCrackCapitalism,15July2010I.CaderandM.Pal,OccupySussex:anewwindblowingthroughstudentpolitics?,Anti-CapitalistInitiative,19February2013JeffreyWeber,'SilentGrinding,BitbyBit':intheOccupationattheUniversityofSussex,interviewwithMaiaPal,SocialistResistance,March3rd2013G.Pleyers,Alter-Globalization:becomingactorsintheglobalage,2010DonatelladellaPorta,SocialMovementsinTimesofAusterity,2015A.Dobson,TheGreenReader,1991,sectionongreenpoliticalstrategies,discussesdifferentpossibilities,relevantbeyondenvironmentalism

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A.Dobson,GreenPoliticalThought,2007,chapteronstrategiesforgreenchange,alsooutlinesdiverseapproachesthataremoregenerallyrelevanttothistopicAsusual,seealsoSyDwheretherearemorepiecesonMason,HollowayandOccupy,etc.EssayQuestionsDorecentprotestssignalnewtypesofsocialmovements?Shouldalternativesocietiesbepursuedoutsidethestateandwithincapitalismratherthanviathestateandagainstcapitalism?Whoaretheagentsforchangingtoalternativesocieties?IsMasonrightthatit’skickingoffeverywhere?Canchangetoanalternativesocietyhappeninthecracks?Aretheprecariatthesocialbaseforadifferentsociety?Isthegraduatewithnofuturetheagentforanalternativesociety?Withnewtechnologydomovementsforchangenolongerneedleaders?Isprotestpoliticallyineffective?AssessmentCriteria0-19Amarkinthisrangeisindicativethattheworkisfarbelowthestandardrequiredatthecurrentlevelofyourdegreeprogramme.Itindicatesthattheworkisextremelyweakandseriouslyinadequate.Thiswillbebecauseeithertheworkisfartooshort,isbadlyjumbledandincoherentincontent,orfailstoaddresstheessaytitleorquestionasked.Itwillshowverylittleevidenceofknowledgeorunderstandingoftherelevantmodulematerialandmayexhibitveryweakwritingand/oranalyticalskills.20-39Amarkinthisrangeisindicativethattheworkisbelow,butattheupperendisapproaching,thestandardrequiredatthecurrentlevelofyourdegreeprogramme.Itindicatesweakworkofaninadequatestandard.Thiswillbebecauseeithertheworkistooshort,isverypoorlyorganized,orispoorlydirectedattheessaytitleorquestionasked.Itwillshowverylimitedknowledgeorunderstandingoftherelevantmodulematerialanddisplayweakwritingand/oranalyticalskills.Essayworkwillexhibitnoclearargument,mayhaveveryweakspellingandgrammar,veryinadequateorabsentreferencesand/orbibliographyandmaycontainmajorfactualerrors.Quantitativeworkwillcontainsignificanterrorsandincorrectconclusions.40-49Amarkinthisrangeisindicativethattheworkisofanacceptablestandardatthecurrentthelevelofyourdegreeprogramme.Workofthistypewillshowlimitedknowledgeandunderstandingofrelevantmodulematerial.Itwillshowevidenceofsomereadingandcomprehension,buttheessayoranswermaybeweaklystructured,coveronlyalimitedrangeoftherelevantmaterialorhaveaweaklydevelopedorincompleteargument.Theworkwillexhibitweakessaywritingoranalyticalskills.Itmaybepoorly-presentedwithoutproperlylaidoutfootnotesand/orabibliography,orinthecaseofquantitativework,itmaynotbepossibletofollowtheseveralstepsinthelogicandreasoningleadingtotheresultsobtainedandtheconclusionsreached.

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50-59Amarkinthisrangeisindicativethattheworkisofasatisfactorytoverysatisfactorystandardatthecurrentlevelofyourdegreeprogramme.Workofthisqualitywillshowclearknowledgeandunderstandingofrelevantmodulematerial.Itwillfocusontheessaytitleorquestionposedandshowevidencethatrelevantbasicworksofreferencehavebeenreadandunderstood.Theworkwillexhibitsoundessaywritingand/oranalyticalskills.Itwillbereasonablywellstructuredandcoherentlypresented.Essayworkshouldexhibitsatisfactoryuseoffootnotesand/orabibliographyandinmorequantitativeworkitshouldbepossibletofollowthelogicalstepsleadingtotheanswerobtainedandtheconclusionsreached.Argumentsandissuesshouldbediscussedandillustratedbyreferencetoexamples,butthesemaynotfullydocumentedordetailed.60-69Amarkinthisrangeisindicativeofthattheworkisofagoodtoverygoodstandardforthecurrentlevelofyourdegreeprogramme.Workofthisqualityshowsagoodlevelofknowledgeandunderstandingofrelevantmodulematerial.Itwillshowevidenceofreadingawidediversityofmaterialandofbeingabletouseideasgleanedfromthisreadingtosupportanddeveloparguments.Essayworkwillexhibitgoodwritingskillswithwellorganized,accuratefootnotesand/orabibliographythatfollowstheaccepted‘style’ofthesubject.Argumentsandissueswillbeillustratedbyreferencetowelldocumented,detailedandrelevantexamples.Thereshouldbeclearevidenceofcriticalengagementwiththeobjects,issuesortopicsbeinganalyzed.Anyquantitativeworkwillbeclearlypresented,theresultsshouldbecorrectandanyconclusionsclearlyandaccuratelyexpressed.70–84Amarkinthisrangeisindicativethattheworkisofanexcellentstandardforthecurrentlevelofyourdegreeprogramme.Theworkwillexhibitexcellentlevelsofknowledgeandunderstandingcomprisingallthequalitiesofgoodworkstatedabove,withadditionalelementsoforiginalityandflair.Theworkwilldemonstratearangeofcriticalreadingthatgoeswellbeyondthatprovidedonreadinglists.Answersoressayswillbefluently-writtenandincludeindependentargumentthatdemonstrateanawarenessofthenuancesandassumptionsofthequestionortitle.Essayswillmakeexcellentuseofappropriate,fullyreferenced,detailedexamples.85-100Amarkinthisrangeisindicativeofoutstandingwork.Marksinthisrangewillbeawardedforworkthatexhibitsalltheattributesofexcellentworkbuthasverysubstantialelementsoforiginalityandflair.Marksattheupperendoftherangewillindicatethattheworkhasthepotentialtobepublishable.PlagiarismBecarefultoavoidplagiarism.Itisatypeofmisconductandwillbepenalised,evenifdoneaccidentally.Plagiarismistheuse,withoutacknowledgement,oftheintellectualworkofotherpeople,theactofrepresentingtheideasordiscoveriesofanotherasone’sowninwrittenworksubmittedforassessment.Tocopysentences,phrasesorevenstrikingexpressionswithoutacknowledgementofthesource(eitherbyinadequatecitationorfailuretoindicateverbatimquotations),isplagiarism;toparaphrasewithoutacknowledgementislikewiseplagiarism.Wheresuchcopyingorparaphrasinghasoccurredthemerementionofthesourceinthebibliographyshallnotbedeemedsufficientacknowledgement;eachsuchinstancemustbereferred

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specificallytoitssource.Verbatimquotationsmustbeeitherininvertedcommas,orindented,anddirectlyacknowledged.Seealsodefinitionsofothertypesofmisconductintheexaminationsandassessmentregulationshandbook.Theseincludecollusion,personation,misconductinexams,andfabricationofresults.

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Hopeyouenjoyedthemodule!