Transcript
Page 1: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Agriculture and Rural Land Use

Page 2: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Agriculture and Rural Land Use

Page 3: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Agriculture Most common

250,000 Hunters & Gatherers

Allows for…Settlement DevelopmentCivilization

Page 4: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

AgricultureCommercial Farming

Market

Subsistence Only enough

Page 5: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Agriculture Origin

Carl Sauer Vegetative Planting

Not seeds / Parts of plants SE Asia

Separation / Replanting Diffusion

China, Japan, Africa, SW Asia, etc

Page 6: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Agriculture Origin

Andes / West Africa Physical barriers

Page 7: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Seed Agriculture Plants from seeds

Improvement Higher yield

Page 8: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Agriculture and Rural Land Use

Page 9: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Agriculture and Rural Land Use

Page 10: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

! Quiz

Ferret!

Page 11: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Where does Carl Sauer believe the

first hearth of agricultural practices is located?

Quiz Ferret!

Page 12: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

SE Asia using vegetative planting!

Quiz Ferret!

Page 13: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

1st Revolution Agriculture / Neolithic Revolution

12,000 yearsDomestication Hunter / GathererStationary

Independent Development

Page 14: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Agricultural RevolutionW India

Wheat / Barley SW Asia

Barley, Wheat, Animals Sheep, Goats

Northern China Millet

S Mexico Squash / Corn

Page 15: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Agriculture Northern Peru

CottonSquash Bean

Page 16: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Industrial Revolution 2nd Agricultural

RevolutionEnclosure

Movement Land Divided Wealthier

Individuals Ownership of

Land

Page 17: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Industrial Revolution Social Changes

Move to cities Jobs

Improved Transportation New forms of energy

Page 18: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Industrial Revolution New Technologies

Horses Collars Field Drainage Irrigation Storage Understanding Soil Nutrients

Crop Rotation

Page 19: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Industrial RevolutionSelective Breeding

Plants and Animals

Page 20: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Industrial Revolution1800’s

Globalization / Industrialization Increased food supply

Agricultural Production / Fertilizers PesticidesFarming / Food production

Specialization From farm to factory

Page 21: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Industrialization Crops raised / processed / distributed Milk

1700’s1900’s

Page 22: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Agribusiness Modern Food

Production Large Corporate

farmsOwn most or all

parts of production

Seed -> Marketing and selling of produce

Page 23: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Agriculture and Rural Land Use

Page 24: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Agriculture and Rural Land Use

Page 25: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Green Revolution1950’s – Present

Norman Borlaug Hybrid Seeds / Fertilizers

Maximize output Help others support populations

Mexico India

Page 26: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Green Revolution Wheat / Maize / Rice

Pesticides and Fertilizers

World Hunger Grain production

increased45%

Page 27: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Green Revolution Africa

Problems Greater inequality Inadequate resources

Page 28: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Green Revolution Problems

Pollution Greater use of energy

Pesticides Water Diversity in seed strands

Page 29: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Bio-Revolution Genetic Modification

GMO’sImprove production

Genetic Engineering Faster / larger /

Pesticides / Drought Resistance

Page 30: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Bio-RevolutionAnimals

Meat Milk

Page 31: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Bio-RevolutionSupport

Output Reduce Cost Fertilizer More food for growing world

Page 32: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Bio-Revolution Criticism

Crop disease Genetic Diversity More pesticides Push out small farmers

Page 33: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

! Quiz

Ferret!

Page 34: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Who was the American

scientist who started the

Green Revolution?

Quiz Ferret!

Page 35: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Norman Borlaug!

Quiz Ferret!

Page 36: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Agriculture and Rural Land Use

Page 37: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Agriculture and Rural Land Use

Page 38: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Agricultural Practices Subsistence Commercial

Page 39: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Subsistence Agriculture Less Developed Nations

Provide for family Three Types

Shifting Intensive Subsistence Pastoralism

Page 40: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Subsistence AgricultureShifting Cultivation

Three Field System Rotate Fields Nutrients

Replenished Tropical Regions

Africa, Amazon River, SE Asia

Page 41: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Subsistence Agriculture • Thin top soil

– Nutrient Depletion • Heavy Rains

• Slash and Burn Agriculture – Clear land – Swidden – Labor intensive – Large amounts of

Land

Page 42: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Subsistence AgricultureSlash and Burn

Many types of seed Reduce crop failure risk

Environmental Issues Land cannot recover Cause permanent damage

Page 43: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Subsistence Agriculture Intensive Subsistence

Heavily populated areas Not much land China, India, SE Asia Terraced Farming

Page 44: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization
Page 45: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Subsistence AgricultureIntensive

Rice Rainfall

Wheat, corn, milletDouble Cropping

Multiple crops in one field

Page 46: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Subsistence Agriculture Pastoralism

Breeding and herding Not hospitable for crops Grasslands, deserts, steppes

Sedentary Living in one place

Nomadic Roaming

Page 47: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Subsistence Agriculture Pastoralism

Cows, Sheep, Goats, Camels Animal meat not usually for consumptions Use animals for fur, milk, and to trade

N Africa, Central / S Africa, ME, Central Asia (Mongolia)

Nomads move with cattle Cool highlands = summer Warm lowlands = winter

Transhumance

Page 48: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

! Quiz

Ferret!

Page 49: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Which category of agricultural practice is most likely

found in LDC?

Quiz Ferret!

Page 50: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Subsistence! Quiz

Ferret!

Page 51: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Agriculture and Rural Land Use

Page 52: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Agriculture and Rural Land Use

Page 53: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Commercial Agriculture For profit

Large Scale MDCCapital Intensive

Mediterranean Mixed Crop / LivestockDairyingRanchingLarge Scale Grain

Page 54: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Commercial Agriculture Mediterranean

Mediterranean Region Not Mediterranean

Region California, Chile, SA, S

Australia Hot, dry summers

Mild, wet winters Barley, wheat, olives,

grapes Sheep / goats

Page 55: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Commercial AgriculturePlantation Farming

Agricultural Estates 1 or 2 crops in high

demandCash crops

Not for immediate human consumption

Luxury items Not essentials

Money is made from high volume sales

Page 56: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Commercial Agriculture Europeans

Colonies Luxury items Coffee, tea, cotton, etc Climate not hospitable

Page 57: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Commercial Agriculture Mild / Tropical Climates Africa, LA, and Asia

Along coast Owned by overseas corporations

Page 58: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Commercial AgricultureMixed Crop /

Livestock Crops, Cattle,

Sheep, Goats Ducks, Chickens,

Crops grown to feed Cattle

Cattle produce fertilizer / other products

Depend on animals

Page 59: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Commercial Agriculture Mixed Crop / Livestock

Not dependent on weather Europe / E USA Not as much land available Crop Rotation

Page 60: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Commercial Agriculture Ranching

Pastoralism Lots of Land Sheep / Cattle

Meat / Wool Dry / Arid Climate

Western US, Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay

Page 61: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Commercial AgricultureRanching

Fattening Farms

Page 62: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

! Quiz

Ferret!

Page 63: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

What type of commercial

agriculture is practiced in

LDCs?

Quiz Ferret!

Page 64: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Plantation and

Mediterranean Agriculture!

Quiz Ferret!

Page 65: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Commercial AgricultureDairying

Milk based products Close to market

Perishable dairies Not as close

Nonperishable Dairies

Page 66: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Commercial AgricultureDairying

Smaller / Capital Intensive

Machines Milkshed

Produced and shipped

Transportation / technology

Move further away

Page 67: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Commercial AgricultureLarge Scale Grain

Production WheatGrown for

consumption US Western Europe

Cattle

Page 68: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Commercial Agriculture Industrial Revolution

More land / More efficient Machines

Combine Seed Drill Tiller Engine

Page 69: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Agriculture and Rural Land Use

Page 70: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Agriculture and Rural Land Use

Page 71: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Farm Locations Physical

Environment Features

Soil Relief

Shape Slope / Altitude

Climate Rainfall /

Temperature

Page 72: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Farm Locations Political / Cultural Factors

Culture Agricultural practices Cows / Pigs / Horses

Political Governments Control Prices Loan Programs Seed Types

Page 73: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Farm Locations Crops

National Treasures France and Grapes Germany and Hops

Page 74: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Farm Locations Economic Factors

Purchase price Coffee Beans Corn Land Rent

Rent farmer pays Influence placing of farm Further away from city

Page 75: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Farm Locations New Technologies

Hydroponics Vertical Gardens

Page 76: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Agriculture and Rural Land Use

Page 77: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Von Thunen Model used to predict

Explains agricultural land use pattern

Assumptions One city = One market place Maximum profit Equally farmable / Equally

productive 1 form of transportation

Transportation costs are fixed

Page 78: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Von Thunen • Two variables

– Distance from farm to market • Transportation Cost

– Cost of Land • Land Rent

• Giant Bull’s Eye– Market center– Rings – Extensive vs Intensive – Rent and Transportation Cost

Page 79: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Farm Location Ex:

Grain farmer Land / further away from city

Dairy farmer Land / closer to the city

Page 80: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Globalization European

Colonization Mercantilis

m Grow / give

/ sell

Grocery store Peripheral /

LDC

Page 81: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Truck Farms Tropical Countries

More Developed nations Organic Farming

Page 82: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Local Food MovementCSA (Community Supported Agriculture)

Back to local markets Small farmers Locally supported

Page 83: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Local Food MovementRegional Suppliers

Reduces pollution from trucks Food is fresh

No preservativesFewer fertilizers More expensive

More expensive methods Local Restaurant buyers

Page 84: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Urban Food Movement Growing food in urban areas

Learn about food supplyEat healthier Eat local

Page 85: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Agriculture and Rural Land Use

Page 86: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Agriculture and Rural Land Use

Page 87: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

! Quiz

Ferret!

Page 88: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

What are the two

important variables in

von Thunen’s model?

Quiz Ferret!

Page 89: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Transportation cost and land rent!

Quiz Ferret!

Page 90: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Human ImpactsChange nature of

farming operations Small farmers Larger corporations Cash Crop problems

Page 91: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Hunger and Food SupplyFood distribution / Access to food Under nutrition Famine

Page 92: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Hunger and Food Supply Political

Situations Civil War

Not a shortage Inability of food

to reach places Infrastructure

problem Corruption

Problem

Page 93: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Desertification and Soil Erosion Soil problems

Intense farming for profit Soil Erosion

Loss of top layer of soil Desertification

Expansion of Desert

Page 94: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Deforestation Loss of

forests Harvesting Clearing

land for plantations, ranching

Page 95: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Water Use As agriculture

expands more water is neededWater is used in

many waysClean water is not

always easy to come by

Page 96: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization

Government Action Debt-for-Nature

To preserve natural resources International Debts forgiven


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