AfricaAfrica
Early AfricanEarly African
• General GeographyGeneral Geography• Plateau: Africa shaped like an upside down bowlPlateau: Africa shaped like an upside down bowl• Rivers: Rivers: Nile, Congo, Niger all blocked by rapids Nile, Congo, Niger all blocked by rapids
and hard to travel upstream (isolation and lack of and hard to travel upstream (isolation and lack of tratrade)de)
• DesertsDeserts– Sahara DesertSahara Desert: Covers one-fourth of Africa (North): Covers one-fourth of Africa (North)
– Kalahari and Namib Deserts (South) Kalahari and Namib Deserts (South)
• Savannas: Dry grasslands south of the Sahara Savannas: Dry grasslands south of the Sahara desert and north of Kalahari and Namib Desertsdesert and north of Kalahari and Namib Deserts
• Tropical RainforestTropical Rainforest: Center of Africa (equator): Center of Africa (equator)• Mountains: Mount Kilimanjaro and Mount KenyaMountains: Mount Kilimanjaro and Mount Kenya
Early AfricaEarly Africa
LanguageLanguage BantuBantu: Early African Language….appeared to have spread : Early African Language….appeared to have spread
over a lot of Sub Saharan Africaover a lot of Sub Saharan Africa
TradeTrade Early peoples appear to have had some interactions with AsiaEarly peoples appear to have had some interactions with Asia
SocietySociety MatrilinealMatrilineal: Ancestors and property traced back through : Ancestors and property traced back through
their mothers instead of fatherstheir mothers instead of fathers
ReligionReligion Similar to other areas…gods and spirits based on natureSimilar to other areas…gods and spirits based on nature
Ancient EgyptAncient Egypt
Egyptian GeographyEgyptian Geography Nile River: Where the first Civilizations Nile River: Where the first Civilizations
began..predictable flooding was a positive began..predictable flooding was a positive for development of Egyptfor development of Egypt
Sahara Desert: Made invasion impossibleSahara Desert: Made invasion impossible
Egyptian DevelopmentEgyptian Development Hieroglyphics: WritingHieroglyphics: Writing Papyrus: Plant that was made into early Papyrus: Plant that was made into early
paperpaper
Ancient EgyptAncient Egypt
Leaders/RulersLeaders/Rulers Pharaoh: Absolute power…both religious and politicalPharaoh: Absolute power…both religious and political
KingdomsKingdoms Old (2680 BC-2180 BC): Built Pyramids/SphinxOld (2680 BC-2180 BC): Built Pyramids/Sphinx Middle (2050-1780 BC): Invaded by foreigners Middle (2050-1780 BC): Invaded by foreigners New (1570 BC-1080 BC): Strongest EmpireNew (1570 BC-1080 BC): Strongest Empire
Famous Pharaohs Famous Pharaohs Hatshepsut: 1Hatshepsut: 1stst Female Pharaoh Female Pharaoh Thutmose III: King Tut…one of few tombs found intactThutmose III: King Tut…one of few tombs found intact Ramses II: Last great Pharaoh..eventually Egyptians lost their freedoms Ramses II: Last great Pharaoh..eventually Egyptians lost their freedoms
when invaded by Persians in 300 BCwhen invaded by Persians in 300 BC
Ancient EgyptAncient Egypt
• ReligionReligion• Gods based of natureGods based of nature• Mummification: Process to prepare the body for Mummification: Process to prepare the body for
life after death. Tomb of Pharaohs would be filled life after death. Tomb of Pharaohs would be filled with valuables to take with them to afterlifewith valuables to take with them to afterlife
• TradeTrade• Caravans: groups of people traveling together Caravans: groups of people traveling together
and trading together (safety) and trading together (safety)
East Africa TradeEast Africa Trade
• TradeTrade• There were no real large kingdoms in the lands located There were no real large kingdoms in the lands located
along the Indian Ocean.along the Indian Ocean.• More small villages that were centered on trade. More small villages that were centered on trade. • Traded gold, ivory, hides and fellow African slaves.Traded gold, ivory, hides and fellow African slaves.• A lot of interactions with Muslims from Arabia and PersiaA lot of interactions with Muslims from Arabia and Persia
• SwahiliSwahili• African culture that developed in Eastern AfricaAfrican culture that developed in Eastern Africa• Language that combine Bantu with Persian and ArabicLanguage that combine Bantu with Persian and Arabic• Became popular up and down the east coast of AfricaBecame popular up and down the east coast of Africa• Big on trade. Tippu Tip-famous trader and lead Big on trade. Tippu Tip-famous trader and lead
Europeans into AfricaEuropeans into Africa
West AfricaWest Africa
• TradeTrade• Salt for gold trade was important along South SaharaSalt for gold trade was important along South Sahara• Empires began to grow around this areaEmpires began to grow around this area
• GhanaGhana• Earliest empire of West Africa (300 AD)Earliest empire of West Africa (300 AD)• Tunka Manin: Ghanaian ruler at the peak of power Tunka Manin: Ghanaian ruler at the peak of power
(1067 AD). (1067 AD). • Huge Army: 200,000 warriors, bows/arrows/spearsHuge Army: 200,000 warriors, bows/arrows/spears• Destroyed when the Berbers invaded across the area Destroyed when the Berbers invaded across the area
in 1100 AD. in 1100 AD. • Berbers carried Islam across North AfricaBerbers carried Islam across North Africa
West AfricaWest Africa
MaliMali Neighbors of Ghana; gained control of area in 1235 ADNeighbors of Ghana; gained control of area in 1235 AD Mansa Musa: Leader of Mali during its peak of powerMansa Musa: Leader of Mali during its peak of power Timbuktu: Became the leading city of Mali; educational and trade Timbuktu: Became the leading city of Mali; educational and trade
center. center.
SonghaiSonghai Sonni Ali captured Timbuktu after Musa’s death, created a new Sonni Ali captured Timbuktu after Musa’s death, created a new
empire called the Songhai. empire called the Songhai. Gao and Timbuktu became main trading centers for people from Gao and Timbuktu became main trading centers for people from
Europe, India, and China.Europe, India, and China. Eventually defeated by an army from Morocco that had a new Eventually defeated by an army from Morocco that had a new
weapon…guns. weapon…guns.
European InvolvementEuropean InvolvementSlave TradeSlave Trade
Portugal began with a positive relationship with African tribes…then Portugal began with a positive relationship with African tribes…then they became greedy and wanted gold and slaves.they became greedy and wanted gold and slaves.
Dutch, English and French would all get involved by the 1600s.Dutch, English and French would all get involved by the 1600s. Middle Passage: Middle Passage: Trip the slaves made from Africa to America’s…Trip the slaves made from Africa to America’s…
awful. Part of Triangular Trade. Slaves would be sold in return for awful. Part of Triangular Trade. Slaves would be sold in return for ““New WorldNew World”” goods headed to Europe and Africa. goods headed to Europe and Africa.
Over 10 million slaves survived the journey to the Americas. Over 10 million slaves survived the journey to the Americas.
West Africa Slave TradeWest Africa Slave Trade Strong states began to emerge in West Africa as partners in the Strong states began to emerge in West Africa as partners in the
slave trade. slave trade. Slavery of other people was a popular practice in Africa (although Slavery of other people was a popular practice in Africa (although
freedom was often times granted and not considered property)freedom was often times granted and not considered property) Problem: Over time, the loss of so many people had awful effects Problem: Over time, the loss of so many people had awful effects
on the development of the area.on the development of the area.
1880-1914 New 1880-1914 New ImperialismImperialism
New Imperialism: competition among European nations to grow New Imperialism: competition among European nations to grow their empire around the world as much as possible. their empire around the world as much as possible. This led to conflict among the European nations as well as This led to conflict among the European nations as well as
conflict with the natives.conflict with the natives.
The Scramble for AfricaThe Scramble for Africa Colonization of nearly all of Africa by the European nations Colonization of nearly all of Africa by the European nations Before 1880 only 10% of Africa was controlled by European Before 1880 only 10% of Africa was controlled by European
powers. Mainly along the coast of W. Africa for the slave powers. Mainly along the coast of W. Africa for the slave trade.trade.
By 1900 only Ethiopia and Liberia remained free from By 1900 only Ethiopia and Liberia remained free from European control European control
How and why did it How and why did it happen?happen?
1) 1) Attraction of Imperialism: Glory of the Attraction of Imperialism: Glory of the ConquestConquest
2) “White Man’s Burden” to “rescue” the 2) “White Man’s Burden” to “rescue” the rest of the world from themselves and rest of the world from themselves and “civilize” the native people of Africa and “civilize” the native people of Africa and Asia. Asia.
Leopold and BelgiansLeopold and Belgians Leopold II becomes King of Belgium and Leopold II becomes King of Belgium and
begins Imperialist rant, pushing for glories begins Imperialist rant, pushing for glories and exploration.and exploration.
He sent He sent H.M. Stanley up the Congo River H.M. Stanley up the Congo River to establish trading posts and began to establish trading posts and began colonization and competition for Africacolonization and competition for Africa
1884-1885 Berlin 1884-1885 Berlin ConferenceConference
The Berlin ConferenceThe Berlin Conference (1885) was a series of (1885) was a series of meetings between the major powers of meetings between the major powers of Europe. They laid down the rules for dividing Europe. They laid down the rules for dividing up Africa. up Africa.
They established the principle of They established the principle of “effective “effective occupation”occupation” to claim territory. to claim territory. They agree to recognized any areas that are They agree to recognized any areas that are
already developed by other European nations. already developed by other European nations. Then the Then the powers rushed to establish the areas powers rushed to establish the areas unoccupied by other European powers. unoccupied by other European powers.
Which European Which European countries were countries were fighting for a fighting for a position in position in Africa?Africa?
Is the cartoon Is the cartoon accurate? Does it accurate? Does it really show what really show what was going on?was going on?
How did the How did the Berlin Berlin Conference lead Conference lead to the situation to the situation shown?shown?
After the Berlin After the Berlin ConferenceConference
France France conquers much of Western Africa (some of conquers much of Western Africa (some of Central)Central)
BritishBritish greatly expand their holding by pushing into greatly expand their holding by pushing into the south interior and continued interest in Egypt.the south interior and continued interest in Egypt.
GermanyGermany enters the fray with colonies in West Africa, enters the fray with colonies in West Africa, SW Africa, and German E. AfricaSW Africa, and German E. Africa
ItalyItaly gets into the act in Libya and Somalia gets into the act in Libya and Somalia
SpainSpain establishes colonies in coastal W. Africa establishes colonies in coastal W. Africa
• United States InvolvementUnited States Involvement• Defended Liberia; a county for freed American slaves to Defended Liberia; a county for freed American slaves to
return to.return to.• Only independent country in the area.Only independent country in the area.
1800s: Effects of European 1800s: Effects of European ImperialismImperialism
Bad EffectsBad Effects Europeans controlled all aspects of governmentEuropeans controlled all aspects of government They did not create borders that aligned with the tribes of the area. They did not create borders that aligned with the tribes of the area.
Often put rival tribes within the same borders which led to conflict. Often put rival tribes within the same borders which led to conflict. Paternalism: Belief that African’s were not able to effectively rule Paternalism: Belief that African’s were not able to effectively rule
themselves. themselves. Alliances: Some Africans tried to form alliances with European Alliances: Some Africans tried to form alliances with European
countries…usually this worked out bad for the African countries countries…usually this worked out bad for the African countries (Ethiopia and Italy)(Ethiopia and Italy)
Most Africans never accepted European rule and culture. Europeans Most Africans never accepted European rule and culture. Europeans wanted them to assimilate. Did not happen.wanted them to assimilate. Did not happen.
Good EffectsGood Effects New things: crops, ways of farming, roads, and railroads all helped New things: crops, ways of farming, roads, and railroads all helped
improve communications.improve communications.
Independence TimeIndependence Time
Post WWIPost WWI After WWI a lot of British colonies began demanding self-rule.After WWI a lot of British colonies began demanding self-rule.
IssuesIssues Africans had helped GB/France during WWI…now they wanted Africans had helped GB/France during WWI…now they wanted
freedom.freedom. Soldiers returning from war had new ideas on nationalism, Soldiers returning from war had new ideas on nationalism,
independence, racism, etcindependence, racism, etc
More Calls for IndependenceMore Calls for Independence
African OrganizationsAfrican Organizations By the 1930’s most Africans were calling for By the 1930’s most Africans were calling for
independence rather than reform.independence rather than reform. This made European countries and tribal chiefs upsetThis made European countries and tribal chiefs upset LeadersLeaders
Nnamdi Azikiwe (Nigeria), Jomo Kenyatta (Kenya) and Nnamdi Azikiwe (Nigeria), Jomo Kenyatta (Kenya) and Leopold Senghor (Senegal). Leopold Senghor (Senegal).
This leaders followed the non-violent teachings of Gandhi to This leaders followed the non-violent teachings of Gandhi to gain support for independencegain support for independence
African during WWIIAfrican during WWII
Italy/EthiopiaItaly/Ethiopia Ethiopia: one of the few independent countries in Africa during Ethiopia: one of the few independent countries in Africa during
the 1930s.the 1930s. Mussolini: Leader of Italy, invaded a defeated Ethiopia in 1935. Mussolini: Leader of Italy, invaded a defeated Ethiopia in 1935. Ethiopia had asked for help, no one helped them. Fought them Ethiopia had asked for help, no one helped them. Fought them
off and remained independent.off and remained independent.
Fighting in AfricaFighting in Africa Germany, led by commander Erwin Rommel had taken control of Germany, led by commander Erwin Rommel had taken control of
Libya. Tank warfareLibya. Tank warfare Eventually Axis forces were defeated by Americans/British forces Eventually Axis forces were defeated by Americans/British forces
in 1942…forced to retreat back to Tunisia.in 1942…forced to retreat back to Tunisia. Eventually Dwight Eisenhower (SA) and Bernard Montgomery Eventually Dwight Eisenhower (SA) and Bernard Montgomery
(GB) were able to trap Rommel’s troops in Tunisia. (GB) were able to trap Rommel’s troops in Tunisia. Allies gained complete control of Northern Africa and Suez CanalAllies gained complete control of Northern Africa and Suez Canal
Back to more independenceBack to more independence
Independence MovementIndependence Movement Grew tremendously after WWII. Most Africans no longer Grew tremendously after WWII. Most Africans no longer
accepted being under the control of European Countriesaccepted being under the control of European Countries Pan Africanism: Cultural unity of people of African heritage Pan Africanism: Cultural unity of people of African heritage
in their struggle for freedom. in their struggle for freedom.
Europe’s ResponseEurope’s Response Not all European countries were so eager to give up their Not all European countries were so eager to give up their
lands in Africalands in Africa
British Colonies in AfricaBritish Colonies in AfricaGhanaGhana
Kwame Nkrumah (en-KROO-muh) was the leader and began to organize Kwame Nkrumah (en-KROO-muh) was the leader and began to organize political changepolitical change. .
Boycotts turned into riots…eventually stopped by GBBoycotts turned into riots…eventually stopped by GB Convention Peoples Party (CPP): Founded by Nkrumah and was determined Convention Peoples Party (CPP): Founded by Nkrumah and was determined
to get immediate self-governmentto get immediate self-government In 1957, the Gold Coast was given its freedom from Great Britain….renamed In 1957, the Gold Coast was given its freedom from Great Britain….renamed
Ghana to celebrate African heritageGhana to celebrate African heritage
KenyaKenya Countries with more white settlers (like Kenya) were more against giving Countries with more white settlers (like Kenya) were more against giving
AfricanAfrican’’s any sort of self rules any sort of self rule.. Arguments over who would control the wealthy land that coffee was grown Arguments over who would control the wealthy land that coffee was grown
on (whites had control of it).on (whites had control of it). This led to a bloody conflict between the Kikuyu (KenyaThis led to a bloody conflict between the Kikuyu (Kenya’’s largest ethnic s largest ethnic
group) and the whites/Africans that were loyal to GB.group) and the whites/Africans that were loyal to GB. Jomo Kenyatta: Leader of the Mau Mau (secret Kikuyu group) was Jomo Kenyatta: Leader of the Mau Mau (secret Kikuyu group) was
imprisoned..eventually freed in 1961. imprisoned..eventually freed in 1961. Kenyatta easily won election in 1964…Kenya was freeKenyatta easily won election in 1964…Kenya was free
Post Independence AfricaPost Independence Africa Ghana and Political ViolenceGhana and Political Violence
Kwame NkrumahKwame Nkrumah: Leader of Ghana…took control of cocoa (very : Leader of Ghana…took control of cocoa (very profitable, made a ton of money and power)profitable, made a ton of money and power)
Turned Ghana into a one-party state and had absolute power. Turned Ghana into a one-party state and had absolute power. Cocoa prices fell, Ghana lost money and Nkrumah turned violent Cocoa prices fell, Ghana lost money and Nkrumah turned violent
towards his own people. towards his own people. Military Coup (takeover) forced Nkrumah out of powerMilitary Coup (takeover) forced Nkrumah out of power Jerry Rawlings: brought back civilian rule to GhanaJerry Rawlings: brought back civilian rule to Ghana Transition was not an easy thing for people of Ghana but today Transition was not an easy thing for people of Ghana but today
Ghana is a stable democracy in West AfricaGhana is a stable democracy in West Africa
British Colonies in AfricaBritish Colonies in AfricaCentral AfricaCentral Africa
South Rhodesia: Large white population; granted self South Rhodesia: Large white population; granted self government during the 1920government during the 1920’’s. s.
North Rhodesia and Nyasaland: Mostly black, governed by GBNorth Rhodesia and Nyasaland: Mostly black, governed by GB GB attempted to unite all 3 of them…did not work. GB attempted to unite all 3 of them…did not work.
ChangeChange North Rhodesia became ZambiaNorth Rhodesia became Zambia Nyasaland became MalawiNyasaland became Malawi
South RhodesiaSouth Rhodesia South Rhodesia (mostly white) would not give up its control…South Rhodesia (mostly white) would not give up its control…
led to civil unrest and fighting. led to civil unrest and fighting. In 1980 Robert Mugabe won an election and made turned In 1980 Robert Mugabe won an election and made turned
South Rhodesia into ZimbabweSouth Rhodesia into Zimbabwe
French ColoniesFrench ColoniesPost WWIIPost WWII
French Union: All the French colonies were united. They were French Union: All the French colonies were united. They were also able to send representatives to French National Assembly in also able to send representatives to French National Assembly in Paris. Paris.
Not really true independence….leaders like Leopold Senghor Not really true independence….leaders like Leopold Senghor (Senegal), Felix Houphouet-Boigny (Ivory Coast) and Sekou Toure (Senegal), Felix Houphouet-Boigny (Ivory Coast) and Sekou Toure (Guinea) began to demand more change.(Guinea) began to demand more change.
French Response (1958)French Response (1958) Charles de Gaulle (French President) gave colonies a choice: be Charles de Gaulle (French President) gave colonies a choice: be
apart of French Community (receive aid from France) or be apart of French Community (receive aid from France) or be independent (cut off all ties with France/aid)…independent (cut off all ties with France/aid)…
Guinea was the only one to cut ties…they became isolated and Guinea was the only one to cut ties…they became isolated and turned to the USSR for aid. turned to the USSR for aid.
This freaked out France…let all the other countries have their This freaked out France…let all the other countries have their independence in 1960. independence in 1960.
Today Today France is intervening in the Central African Republic France is intervening in the Central African Republic
Belgian and Portuguese Belgian and Portuguese ColoniesColonies
Differences in OpinionDifferences in Opinion Both Belgium and Portugal did not want to give any self-rule to their Both Belgium and Portugal did not want to give any self-rule to their
African colonies….different than GB and France. African colonies….different than GB and France. This led to more violenceThis led to more violence
Belgian CongoBelgian Congo Belgium did not want to give up great wealth in timber and mineral Belgium did not want to give up great wealth in timber and mineral
resources of Congo.resources of Congo. Congo was made up of many different regions/tribesCongo was made up of many different regions/tribes Began to unite during and after WWII. Began to unite during and after WWII. Violent uprisings began in 1959…granted independence in 1960. Problem Violent uprisings began in 1959…granted independence in 1960. Problem
was that the Congo was made up of so many different groups of people.was that the Congo was made up of so many different groups of people. Patrice Lumumba: Won the first election…all non AfricanPatrice Lumumba: Won the first election…all non African’’s feared him s feared him
and immediately left the country…caused Congo to go into Civil War.and immediately left the country…caused Congo to go into Civil War. Joseph Mobutu: Military leader who overthrew Lumumba and ran the Joseph Mobutu: Military leader who overthrew Lumumba and ran the
country into the 1990s. Renamed to Zaire. country into the 1990s. Renamed to Zaire. Today it is called the Democratic Republic of Congo Today it is called the Democratic Republic of Congo
Belgian and Portuguese Belgian and Portuguese ColoniesColonies
PortugalPortugal Would not give any sort of self government to its coloniesWould not give any sort of self government to its colonies
ResponseResponse African leaders in Portuguese Guinea, Portuguese West African and African leaders in Portuguese Guinea, Portuguese West African and
Portuguese East Africa all began to form liberation armies to fight Portuguese East Africa all began to form liberation armies to fight against the Portuguese. against the Portuguese.
Wars ended when leaders of Portugal were overthrown in 1974…new Wars ended when leaders of Portugal were overthrown in 1974…new leaders took Portugal out of Africa. leaders took Portugal out of Africa.
Guinea-Bissau, Angola, Mozambique all were created and all had Guinea-Bissau, Angola, Mozambique all were created and all had problems. problems.
Post Independence Ethnic Post Independence Ethnic ViolenceViolence
Why Ethnic Violence Why Ethnic Violence Europeans had group people together that had no common Europeans had group people together that had no common
heritage..would lead to internal fightingheritage..would lead to internal fighting
NigeriaNigeria By 1963, Nigeria was essentially divided into 4 separate areas By 1963, Nigeria was essentially divided into 4 separate areas
(different groups lived in those areas)(different groups lived in those areas) Eastern portion of Nigeria tried to leave the country to form its own Eastern portion of Nigeria tried to leave the country to form its own
country called (Biafra). country called (Biafra). Civil War followed, millions of BiafraCivil War followed, millions of Biafra’’s dieds died Nigeria remained a whole country. Nigeria remained a whole country. Nigeria is AfricaNigeria is Africa’’s most populous country and has one of the fastest s most populous country and has one of the fastest
growing/largest economies in Africa. growing/largest economies in Africa.
Post Independence Ethnic Post Independence Ethnic ViolenceViolence
Rwanda, Burundi and ZaireRwanda, Burundi and Zaire Rwanda and Burundi: Tensions began to grown between two Rwanda and Burundi: Tensions began to grown between two
groups groups (Tutsi(Tutsi’’s and Hutus and Hutu’’s)s) TutsiTutsi’’s had long been favored by the Europeans b/c they s had long been favored by the Europeans b/c they
believed they had come from white decent. believed they had come from white decent. Generally, there is very little difference between to the two Generally, there is very little difference between to the two
groups. groups. A genocide in Rwanda resulted in the HutuA genocide in Rwanda resulted in the Hutu’’s killing and raping s killing and raping
between 800,000-1,000,000 Tutsibetween 800,000-1,000,000 Tutsi’’s (20% of population). This s (20% of population). This was a result of Rwandawas a result of Rwanda’’s Hutu Presidents Hutu President’’s plane being shot s plane being shot down.down.
Eventually the TutsiEventually the Tutsi’’s turned the tide and were able to force out s turned the tide and were able to force out the Hututhe Hutu’’s (and kill) hundreds of thousands of them. Most of s (and kill) hundreds of thousands of them. Most of the refugees went to neighboring Zaire. the refugees went to neighboring Zaire.
Post Independence Ethnic Post Independence Ethnic ViolenceViolence
Continued ViolenceContinued Violence The Rwandan Hutu refugeeThe Rwandan Hutu refugee’’s did not get along with the s did not get along with the
TutsiTutsi’’s that were native to Zaire.s that were native to Zaire. TutsiTutsi’’s and other groups fought back against the Hutu s and other groups fought back against the Hutu
refugees and the government of Zaire (led by Mobutu refugees and the government of Zaire (led by Mobutu Sese Seko).Sese Seko).
Eventually the Tutsi and anti-Mobutu forces wonEventually the Tutsi and anti-Mobutu forces won Laurent Kabila was the new ruler and Zaire became the Laurent Kabila was the new ruler and Zaire became the
Democratic Republic of Congo. Democratic Republic of Congo. The Democratic Republic of Congo has had tremendous The Democratic Republic of Congo has had tremendous
violence towards women and others. Awful place violence towards women and others. Awful place today!today!
UN is now trying to keep the peace against the HutuUN is now trying to keep the peace against the Hutu’’s s that live along the border between DRC and Rwandathat live along the border between DRC and Rwanda
ProblemsProblemsEconomic ProblemsEconomic Problems
Limited Economies: Many African countries were dependent Limited Economies: Many African countries were dependent on 1 crop or industry. on 1 crop or industry.
Ghana (Cocoa), Nigeria (Oil), Zambia (Copper), Sudan (Cotton), Ghana (Cocoa), Nigeria (Oil), Zambia (Copper), Sudan (Cotton), DRC (Cobalt)DRC (Cobalt)
This has caused most African countries to really struggle This has caused most African countries to really struggle financially….led to extreme poverty throughout a good majority financially….led to extreme poverty throughout a good majority of the continent. of the continent.
Nigeria and South Africa are two of the economic success Nigeria and South Africa are two of the economic success stories from Africa.stories from Africa.
Population and Environmental ProblemsPopulation and Environmental Problems Desertification: spread of the desert….aided by cutting down of Desertification: spread of the desert….aided by cutting down of
trees. trees. Droughts have brought starvation to millions of peopleDroughts have brought starvation to millions of people AIDS and Ebola virus have killed millions as wellAIDS and Ebola virus have killed millions as well
US and Soviet InvolvementUS and Soviet Involvement• AngolaAngola
• Civil War that was aided on both sides by the United States and Civil War that was aided on both sides by the United States and the USSRthe USSR
• NamibiaNamibia• Became independent when Cuban forces withdrew from the Became independent when Cuban forces withdrew from the
countrycountry
• EthiopiaEthiopia• Overthrew emperor in 1974, turned to a Marxist form of Overthrew emperor in 1974, turned to a Marxist form of
government with the help of USSR. (liked them better than government with the help of USSR. (liked them better than Somalia)Somalia)
• SomaliaSomalia• Socialist government also supported by the USSR. Socialist government also supported by the USSR.
• General HelpGeneral Help• Both Somalia and Ethiopia called on foreign aid from both the USA Both Somalia and Ethiopia called on foreign aid from both the USA
and USSR during awful droughts during the 1980sand USSR during awful droughts during the 1980s
US and Soviet InvolvementUS and Soviet Involvement
Collapse of Soviet Union (1991)Collapse of Soviet Union (1991) Led to a collapse in governments in both Ethiopia and Led to a collapse in governments in both Ethiopia and
Somalia. Somalia. Somalia: Fell into an awful civil war. Foreign aid to the Somalia: Fell into an awful civil war. Foreign aid to the
people of Somalia was denied…led to US involvement in people of Somalia was denied…led to US involvement in 1992-19931992-1993. .
Other Current IssuesOther Current Issues Arab Spring (Egypt, Libya) in 2011-2013Arab Spring (Egypt, Libya) in 2011-2013 Benghazi AttacksBenghazi Attacks Genocide in the Sudan (Darfur) Genocide in the Sudan (Darfur)
