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Koryŏ II
Foreign Invasions &
Shatter of Domestic Tranquility
Koryŏ Foreign Relations
• Khitan Liao (907-1125) • Jurchen Jin [Chin] dynasty (1115-1234)• Chinese Song dynasty (960-1126)• Southern Song dynasty (1127-1279)
Liao
KORYO
Song
Chin
Invasions of Kithan (Liao)
– Established the state of Liao (946)– Claimed to be the heirs of Koguryŏ– In 993, demanding the return of Koguryŏ’s
territory => invaded Koryŏ• General Sŏ Hui convinced the Liao => Koryŏ
is descendents of Koguryŏ– In 1010: Invaded with 400,000 troops =>failed– In 1018: Invaded with 100,000 troops => failed– Koryŏ – Song China (960-1279) – Liao:
balanced relationship
KORYO
Liao Jurchen
Invasion of Jurchen (Jin)- Jurchen (malgal) united tribes => the state of Jin
- In 1125, Jin destroyed Liao Þ claimed Koguryŏ’s ancestryÞ demanding tributary relationshipÞ Koryŏ government acceptedÞ disconnected with Song China
Jin (Jurchen)_
KORYO
Tripitaka Koreana (Koryŏ Tripitaka)• Buddhist scriptural canon• 1087: first carving in response to
Khitan invasions– destroyed in 13th C. Mongol
invasions• 1251: new edition completed
– Currently located at Haeinsa temple
– Considered finest of twenty versions originating in East Asia for accuracy, beauty, and carving
Additional info @• http://www.ocp.go.kr/english/treasure/dom_hae.html
Koryŏ Tripitaka
Myochŏng• His suggestions to the Injong– Suggested to move the capital to P’yŏngyang
(geomancy) => getting away from the powerful clans in the capital
– To attack the state of Jin– Injong to declare himself emperor
Jin
Koryo
P’yŏngyang
Kaesong
• Kim Pusik and Kaegyŏngs hereditary aristocrats disapproval
• Myoch’ ŏng revolts in 1135– Established the state of Taewi in P’yongyang– Defeated by government forces in 1136
Military Rule• Koryŏ was a society dominated by a civil
aristocracy• A son of a powerful civil official burnt Chŏng
Chungbu’s long beard • 1170 military coup led by Chŏng Chungbu– Extensive purge of civil officials– Support from retainers and house slaves– 1170-1196:instability => • center: generals plotted against each other• Local: peasants and slaves revolt
• Ch’oe Ch’unghŏn (Presentation)
Ch’oe Ch’unghŏn• Seized power in 1196 => stability– Dissatisfaction with King Myŏngjong (1170-1197)• Corruption => direct control over local
institutions• Inferior officials => selected civil officials by the
civil exam, attracted intellectuals• Interference of Buddhism in politics => broke
the power
- Rule by Ch’oe familiy (1196-1258)
• Stabilized government• Set the effective institutions that secured their
power• Office of Decree Enactment (Kyojŏng togam): real
locus of power, highest administrative organ• Power to collect taxes• Investigate wrongdoings by officials
Peasant Rebellions
- 8 peasant rebellions: 1199, 1200, 1202 1202-1204, 1203, 1208, 1217, 1217
- Economic causes- Rise of some commoners and slaves- Political discontent- Breakdown in local government- Manjŏk: slave revolt => failed (1198)
Manjŏk- “Since the 1170 coup and the 1173
countercoup, the nation has witnessed many high officials rising from humble status, How could these generals and ministers be different from us in origin? If one has the opportunity, anyone can make it. Why should we suffer and toil under the whip?”
(Manjŏk, 1198)
Koryŏ III
Koryŏ under Mongol Domination
Koryŏ Foreign Relations
• Khitan Liao (907-1125) • Jurchen Jin [Chin] dynasty (1115-1234)• Chinese Song dynasty (960-1126)• Southern Song dynasty (1127-1279)
• Mongol Yuan (1206-1368)
Jin (Jurchen)_
KORYO
Mongol Warriors
Mongol (Yuan) (1206-1368) Genghis Khan (ca. 1162-1227): grandson Khubilai Khan (1215-1294)
The Mongol Empires c. 1280
The Mongol Empires 1287
Khublai Khan
Mongol clothing
Mongol Invasions1231-1270
– 7 times from 1231 to 1270
– Subjugate Khitans and demanded tribute from Koryŏ
=> Koryŏ refused and killed the mongol envoys
=> invaded in 1231
– In 1232, the military government declared all –out
resistance => moved to Kanghwa Island
Two capitals, Kaesŏng, P’yŏngyang
Kanghwa Palace Remains(escape by royal family and Ch’oe family)
Ship found near Sinan: Remains and Reconstruction
14th century hand cannon
Restoration of Cannon Works
– Land destruction was devastating
– Kim Chun overthrew Ch’oe government seeking the
peace with Mongol in 1258
– In 1270, moved back to Kaegyŏng and surrendered
– Sambyŏlch’o (Three Elite Patrols: Ch’oe clan
controlled military forces) resisted until 1273
Mongol Invasions1231-1270
Mongol Invasions1270-1356
• “son-in-law” nation• Koryŏ monarchy (ch’ung/loyalty in reign title)• visits to Mongol court• jurisdiction over Koreans in Manchuria• 1274 and 1281 expeditions against Japan• tribute payments (including gold, grains, 12-15
years of girls, and hunting hawks)
Peace under Mongols- King Wŏnjong (r. 1259-74)- Ch’ungnyŏl (r. 1274-1308)- Ch’ungsŏn (r. 1308-13)- Ch’ungsuk (r. 1313-30, 1332-39)- Ch’unghye (r. 1330-32, 1339-44)- Ch’ungmok (r. 1344-48)- Ch’ungjŏng (r. 1348-51)
–King Ch’ungnyŏl (r. 1274-1308) married a daughter of the Yuan Emperor–Koryŏ kings had princesses of the Yuan imperial
house as their primary consorts => sons of these queens usually succeeded to the throne–Crown princes resided in Beijing as hostages until
they ascending to the throne– The organs of government were renamed => less
prestige
Mongol Invasions1270-1356
–Koryŏ became a member of one of the world’s most cosmopolitan societies• Opportunities of travelling• Opportunity for social advancement => marriage alliance with Mongols•Many Korean adopted Mongol clothing
and hairstyles• Number of foreigners to Koryŏ => government officials, merchants
Mongol Origins of Bridal Headdress
Decline of Yuan– Base of two efforts to conquer Japan• Koryŏ shipbuilders, sailors, soldiers, fleets wee
used to invade Japan in 1274 => typhoon season => failed => kamikaze (divine wind)• Second invasion in 1281 => failed again
(typhoon)
– Mongol was indirect => the court and bureaucracy in Kaegyŏng continued to function
King Kongmin’s (r. 1351-1374) Reform
– In 1368, the Ming China established
=> drove out Yuan from Beijing
– Taking advantage of Yuan weakness and destroyed pro-
Mongol faction from the government.
- allied with Ming China (f. 1368)
- advised by monk Shin Ton (National Preceptor) who tried to
curb powerful families
Kongmin and Noguk (?)Painting from Kongmin’s Spirit Shrine
King Kongmin (r. 1351-1374)
– Pursued an anti-Mongol and Pro-Ming policy– Abolished the Eastern Expedition Headquarters
(Mongol kept eye on Koryŏ)– Abolished Yuan commandery– The Ming recognized Kongmin as king => adopted
the Ming calendar, re-establish tributary relationship
A slave monk, Sin(Shin) Ton
– Birth name: P’yonjo. His mother was a slave– King Kongmin selected a slave monk, Sin Ton, as
his chief officer => redistribution of lands and slaves
– Sin Ton was exiled and killed
– Kongmin was assassinated
– Pro-Yuan vs. Pro-Ming– The Ming were suspicious of the new
administration
- Princess Noguk (wife of Kongmin)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W--jCGOY7cc6:13
Mongol Origins of Bridal Headdress
Policy of Accommodation• T’amna Commandery
(Cheju-do Island): supply post for horses in preparation for attack on Japan
- Koryo under Mongol- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W--jCGOY7cc- 6:13 Noguk princess and King Kongmin
- 14:20 5th year of King Kongmin- http://www.dramafever.com/drama/131/1/Shin_
Don/?ap=1
Empress Ki, Chinese portrait
Empress Ki, per Ki family
Culture of Koryo
– Cotton and cotton clothing making
• Cotton seeds: Mun Ikchŏm in 1363
• Gunpowder and cannons: Ch’oe Musŏn learned the
formula from Chinese
– Papermaking and printing: the world’s first moveable
metal type
– Medicine texts
• General Ch’oe Yŏng became a military commander => mobilize the country for an attack on the Ming => sent Yi Sŏnggye
– Yi Sŏnggye opposed => turned back his army at Wihwa island => took power
– End of Koryŏ => Yi Sŏnggye: founder of Chosŏn in 1392
The U-turn that Founded a Dynasty
• Yi stops at Wihwa Island – Submits 4-point memorial against the campaign – Memorial ignored
• Yi turns back and strikes Kaesông
• Yi declares the new dynasty of Chosôn in 1392
Kaesông
Wihwa-do
