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TARGETING THE CO-EXISTANCE OF ECOLOGICAL AND INCOME POVERTY: A STUDY BASED ON
WASTELAND MAPPING IN INDIA
Sanjay K Srivastava
SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE IN INDIA – A HOPE OR HYPE ???
1990s 2000Poor 320 260% Population 36 19
0 20 40 60
South
West
East
North
Central
1999-001983-84
% of population below poverty line
Poverty in India
Millions of poor, malnourished and food insecure population cannot be the foot soldiers fighting the cause of sustainable agriculture
(in Million)
Strategy: • Combating poverty• Empowering people• Using core competence in science
& technology – including space applications
• Setting ecological integrity
Who will feed India ? – small and marginal farmers
(FAO/RAP- 2001)
Poverty- geographical profile
WASTELAND ATLAS OF INDIA
• On 1:50,000 scale digital at village/micro-watershed level
Total wasteland : 63.8 MhaCultivable wasteland: 45 Mha
Looking Beyond wasteland mapping…..Poverty Trap ..
Source: Wasteland Atlas of India NRSA 2000
Marginal Agri. Land
POSSIBLE LINKAGES…
POPULATION BELOW POVERTY LINE
They are often visible in proximity to each other highlighting the direct link between the two ?
Ecological Poverty
Income Poverty
POSSIBLE LINKAGES…
AREA (sq. km.)
Area > 30% = 5,67,525Area 5 - 30% = 2,29,080
Marginal Agri. Land
FOOD INSECURE POPULATION
Ecological Poverty Depth of Hunger
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
% Waste land
% P
op
ula
tio
n b
elo
w P
ov
ert
y L
ine
Assam
Bihar
Maharastra
Rajasthan
Andhra Pradesh
R2 = 0.0167
HP
o Bihar, for example, is characterized by just 6 % wastelands with 57% population below poverty line.
o Jharkhand, with 19% wastelands, has got more than 60% population below poverty line.
o Uttar Pradesh has 9% wastelands with more than 44% population below poverty line.
o Similarly, West Bengal with just over 6 % wastelands has got more than 40 % population below poverty line.
Does Ecologicaland Income PovertyCo-exists? No…
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
% Waste land
% P
op
ula
tio
n b
elo
w P
ov
ert
y L
ine
Assam
Bihar
Maharastra
Rajasthan
Andhra Pradesh
R2 = 0.0167
HP
• For example, Assam with more than 25 % wastelands has got more than 45 % population below poverty line.
• Similarly, Rajasthan is characterized by more than 30 % wastelands and 26 % incidence of poverty.
• On the other hand, there are States like Punjab with just 4% wastelands and 11% population below poverty line, followed by Andhra Pradesh, Haryana, Kerala, Gujarat etc.
Does Ecologicaland Income PovertyCo-exists? Yes…
Incidence of Poverty
Interventions - Program,
Technology
Natural Resources
Institutional/ Social Factor
Labour & Capital Flow/Mobility
Spatial Integration of Economic activities
New Lively hood opportunities
ECOLOGICAL AND INCOME POVERTY - DYNAMICS
Databases on relationship to examine
the direction of policies/interventions?
Powerlessness of poor to gain access
or use available natural resources
Role of economic policies and
interventions in altering the relationship
Inequitable access land, Information, market and credit
Number of people moved out of poverty as a result of additional Rs.1Million spending by Government
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
R&D Road IrrigationEducationPower Rural Dev.Soil &Water
Health
Persons
Source: IFPRI Report, 1999-1.0
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
2
4
6
8
R&D Road IrrigationEducationPower Rural Dev.Soil &Water
Health
Increase in productivity
Poverty reduction
Percent
Increase in growth of productivity and
reduction in poverty as result of Government
expenditure
Government Spending,
Growth, and Poverty
in Rural India
Government Policy and Programme towards Poverty Reduction
• Self Employment Programme Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana
Synergy and Convergence of (IRDP, TRYSEM, DWCRA and MWS)
Wage Employment Programme Jawahar Gram Samiti Yojana (JGSY) Employment Assurance Scheme
• Infrastructure Development Programme
Indira Awas Jojana
Pradhan Mantri Gramadaya Yojana
Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana
Rural Electrification
• National Social Assistance Programme
National Maternity Benefits Scheme
National Old Age Pension Scheme
Annapurna
• Micro finance- NABARD, SHG linkages
Whether the various policies & interventions are well-targeted, and addressing poverty alleviation and natural resources development?
Do they allow the economic and spatial integration of poor and marginalized to market forces to happen ?Are they opening up new marginal income earning opportunities in the informal sector of economy ?
Did they succeed in reducing their dependence on natural resource base for livelihoods?
REACHING OUT DOWN THE LINE???
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 10 20 30 40 50 60Wasteland (%)
Ru
ral
infr
astr
uct
ure
Assam
Bihar
Maharastra
RajasthanAndhra Pradesh
0
40
80
120
0 20 40 60 80
Population Below Poverty Line (%)
Ru
ral
Infr
astr
uct
ure
In
dex
(%
)
R2 = 0.50
Maharastra
HP
Bihar
W. Bengal
The spatial dynamics of poverty seem to be influenced by the rural infrastructure, availability of transport links, and the growth of production and consumption linkages.
Bihar, West Bengal .. need investments in rural infrastructure towards poverty reduction, while Maharastra, HP..need other priority
Economic &Spatial
Integration toMarket Forces
0
1
2
3
4
5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
% of wasteland
Def
icit
in
fo
od
pro
du
ctio
n (
rati
o)
AssamBihar Maharastra
Rajasthan
Andhra Pradesh
Jharkhand
Kerala
On contrary, Kerala and Bihar, both being also highly food insecure States need to have interventions in other areas for poverty alleviation, as wastelands are quite low in these States,
Jharkhand, Assam, Rajasthan .. wasteland to be put to use towards income generation, employment creation..
The interventions in food secured States Punjab, Chattisgarh, Himanchal, Haryana, Uttaranchal, Uttar Pradesh and Karnataka need to be focused on off-farm income generation.
Policy Interventions towards Food Security
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 10 20 30 40 50
Wasteland %
Inci
den
ce o
f P
ove
rty
(% p
oo
r)
Adilabad
R2 = 0.26East Godavari
Chittor
Regression coefficient (R square) between incidence of poverty and wastelands increased from 0.0167 at State levels to as good as around 0.5 for quite a few States at the district level.
It may increase further at village level and thus calling for dis-aggregated wasteland mapping to establish closer linkages with incidence of poverty.
Disaggregated Poverty Mapping
Wasteland mapping could be used to examine the impact of policies and interventions towards poverty reduction,
In a typical state, the focus should be on spatial integration of rural poor to the market forces and creation of alternate livelihood systems,
Evolving the economic policy instruments which could lead to substantial poverty reduction as well as enrichment of natural resources base.
For micro-level interventions, disaggregated poverty mapping depicting the relationship between ecological and income poverty is called for.
He and She are poor;Not because they are borne so;In fact, it is the failure of the institutions, polices and programmethat they continue to be poor andmarginalized.
- A Perception