Download - 4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP All cells need chemical energy Cell Energy = ATP ATP = Adenosine Triphosphate

4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP

All cells need chemical energyCell Energy = ATPATP = Adenosine Triphosphate


• ATP transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules to cell functions.

– Energy is released when a phosphate group is removed.– ADP – adenosine diphosphate

– ADP is changed into ATP when a phosphate group is added.triphosphateadenosine

adenosine diphosphate

tri=3

di=2


Molecules in food store chemical energy in their bonds

Starch molecule

Glucose molecule


• Fats store the most energy.

– 80 percent of the energy in your body– about 146 ATP from a triglyceride

• Proteins are least likely to be broken down to make ATP


Autotroph - manufacture own food

• most use photosynthesis– converts sunlight into chemical E– chemical E is stored in the form of sugars

Heterotrophs – rely on other sources for E


A few autotrophs do not need sunlight and photosynthesis as a source of energy.

• live in places that never get sunlight.• Chemosynthesis

– uses chemical E (S) instead of light E to make food

– Chemosynthetic bacteria – hydrothermal vents


Photosynthetic organisms are autotrophs = producers

• Photosynthesis captures E from sunlight to make food – sugar

• Glucose• All sugars end in -ose• 2 phases of photosynthesis

1. light-dependent reactions 2. light-independent reactions

4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis


1. Visible spectrum – wavelengths the human eye can see2. different colors have different wavelengths3. Pigment - absorb specific wavelengths of light


crest

Trough

I----------------------------I wavelength


Why are Leaves Green?

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aAQYpra4aUs&list=PLElB7nLNHZvhSor-RW0mv1FE_IDi9ZuiA&index=9



Chloroplast contains pigments to capture light• Chlorophyll - reflects green light & absorb all others• Carotenoids – reflect orange light & absorbs all others• Anthocyanine – reflect purples and red light & absorbs all others



The light-dependent reactions– chlorophyll absorbs E from sunlight

– PhotolysisPhotolysis – – water molecules are split – HH22O O H + O H + O

– Takes place in the thylakoids (grana)– Increase surface area to increase amount of H2O split– Oxygen is released as waste

4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis4.3 Photosynthesis in Detail


The light-independent reactions

– Takes place in the Stroma – space between the thylakoids– needs carbon dioxide (CO2) from atmosphere– Calvin cycle - Carbon fixationCarbon fixation

– Use E and H from light dependent reaction to build a 6 carbon chain of sugar (glucose)

– C6H12O6

4.3 Photosynthesis in Detail


• Sugar can be used, or stored as starch, and some is built into cellulose• We obtain E from plants by eating the stored sugar• http://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-simple-but-fascinating-story-of-

photosynthesis-and-food-amanda-ooten

4.3. Photosynthesis in Detail


• The equation for the overall process is:6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2

C6H12O6

granum (stack of thylakoids)

thylakoid

sunlight

1 six-carbon sugar

6H2O

6CO2

6O2

chloroplastchloroplast1

2

43

energy

stroma (fluid outside the thylakoids)

4.3 Photosynthesis in Detail


Light Dependent Light Independent


1. Glycolysis - splits glucose into two molecules ofpyruvate (pyruvic acid)

– C-C-C-C-C-C C-C-C + C-C-C– Produces some ATP molecules– Takes place in cytoplasm

4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration

4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration

1. Glycolysis

With O2

Without O2

2. Aerobic Respiration

2. Anaerobic Respiration(Fermentation)


Aerobic Respiration – with Oxygen1. The Krebs cycle – Citric Acid Cycle

– takes place inmitochondrial matrix

– breaks down pyruvic acid– makes a small amount of ATP– releases carbon dioxide

6H O2

6CO 2

6O 2

mitochondrionmitochondrion

matrix (area enclosedby inner membrane)

inner membrane

ATP

ATP

energy

energy from glycolysis

1

2

4

3

and

and

and

Krebs Cycle

4.4 Overview of Cell Respiration


Aerobic Respiration2. The Electron Transport Chain

• takes place on the cristae• Makes a large amount of ATP• Water is released as a waste product

4.5 Cellular Respiration in Detail


• The equation for the overall process is:

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O • The reactants in Photosynthesis are the same as the products of Cellular

Respiration• The reactants in Cellular Respiration are the same as the products of

Photosynthesis

4.4 Overview of Cell Respiration4.5 Cellular Respiration in Detail

13.1 Ecologists Study Relationships

Anaerobic Respiration:Two Types

1. Lactic Acid Fermentation

2. Alcoholic Fermentation

4.6 Fermentation


• Lactic acid fermentation occurs in muscle cells.1. Glycolysis – Glucose Pyruvate 2. Converts pyruvate lactic acid– Muscle pain and weakness

4.6 Fermentation


Alcoholic fermentation1. Glycolysis – Glucose Pyruvate2. Split pyruvate ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide

- Yogurt, cheese, bread

4.6 Fermentation


Extra Credit

• Create an alphabet picture book for middle school kids with ideas relating to cell biology

• Due: Thursday Oct 17th

Download - 4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP All cells need chemical energy Cell Energy = ATP ATP = Adenosine Triphosphate

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