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INTRODUCTION TO VLSIRaveesh S, Dept of ECE, SIT,Tumkur
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Transistor
The First Transistor -1947
William Shockley, John Bardeen,Walter Brattain of Bell Laboratories
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Planar Transistor
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Field Effect Transistor
In 1959 M. M. John Atalla and Dawon Kahng ofFairchild at Bell Labs achieved the first successfulinsulated-gate field-effect transistor (FET)
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Chip classification according to number of
active elements and minimal feature size:
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Why VLSI?
Integration improves the design
Lower parasitics = higher speedLower power consumptionPhysically smaller
Integration reduces manufacturing cost - (almost)no manual assembly
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VLSI Applications
VLSI is an implementation technology for
electronic circuitry - analogue or digitalIt is concerned with forming a pattern ofinterconnected switches and gates on the surfaceof a crystal of semiconductorMicroprocessors
Personal computers Microcontrollers
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VLSI Applications
Memory - DRAM / SRAM
Special Purpose Processors - ASICS (CD players,DSP applications)
Optical Switches
Has made highly sophisticated control systemsmass-producable and therefore cheap
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Moores Law
Gordon Moore: co-founder of Intel
In 1965 Predicted that the number of transistorsper chip would grow exponentially (double every18 months)
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Moores Law
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Moores Law
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Moores Law
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ITRS
International Technology Roadmap forSemiconductors (ITRS)
ITRS, is the fifteen-year assessment
of the semiconductor industrys future
technology requirements. These future
needs drive present-day strategies
for world-wide research and development
among manufacturers research facilities,
universities, and national labs.
ITRS Reports - 2000-2010http://www.itrs.net/home.htmlIn 90s it was known as NTRS (International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors )
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ITRS Interconnect Predictions
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What is a Silicon Chip?
A pattern of interconnected switches and gates on thesurface of a crystal of semiconductor (typically Si)
These switches and gates are made of areas of n-type silicon areas of p-type silicon areas of insulator lines of conductor (interconnects) joining areas together
Aluminium, Copper, Titanium, Molybdenum, polysilicon, tungsten
Connections from the chip to the outside world are madearound the edge of the chip to facilitate connections to otherdevices
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Silicon Wafer
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VLSI - Processors
Millions of Transistors
Need computers toVerify layoutCircuit performanceProcess design, etc.
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Design Methodology
Full Custom DesignDirect control of layout and device parametersLonger design operationFaster OperationMore Dense
Standard cell DesignEasier to implementLimited cell library selections
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Design Methodology
Gate Array or
Programmable Logic array Design
Fastest design turn aroundReduced performance
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Stages in The CAD process
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Levels of Abstaction
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CAD TOOLS
Cadence, Synopsys, Mentor Graphics are the major
(Electronic Design Automation) EDA software toolvendors.Xilinx, Altera, Actel holds the major market share inFPGA/CPLD.Tanner, Microwind.
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Assignment-1
Q1.Compare and contrast the following technologies
BJT and CMOS
Q2. Write short notes on ITRS
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TEXT Books:
Introduction to VLSI Circuits andSystems - John P Uyemura,
John Wiley 2002
Basic VLSI Design Douglas A.Pucknell & Kamran Eshraghian,
PHI 3rd Edition (Original Edition 1994), 2005
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REFERENCE Books:
Principles of CMOS VLSI Design-Neil H. E. Weste and Kamran
Eshraghian, 2nd edition, Addison-Wesley, 1993.
CMOS Digital Integrated circuits Sung-Mo Kang, Yusuf Leblebici,
Third edition, TMH