Download - 1 Solid and Hazardous Waste Solid and Hazardous Waste

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Solid and Hazardous WasteSolid and Hazardous Waste

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Wasting ResourcesWasting Resources United States

4.6% of the world's population33% of the world's solid waste 75% of its hazardous waste

Waste OverviewWaste OverviewSolid Waste

any unwanted material that is solid

The U.S. produces 11,000,000,000 tons (22,000,000,000,000 lbs) per year

Some of this solid waste can be recycled (agricultural waste), but much has to dealt with

Waste Stream: the steady flow of wastes that humans produce from all sources

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Solid Solid WasteWasteSource ReductionSource Reduction

ReuseReuse

RecyclingRecycling

CompostingComposting

IncinerationIncineration

LandfillsLandfills

Hazardous WasteHazardous Waste

Superfund SitesSuperfund Sites

Where does U.S. waste come from?Where does U.S. waste come from?

Sources of U.S. wasteSources of U.S. wasteMining waste makes up 75% of all waste, but much of that is used soil or spoil

Industrial solid waste: scrap metal, plastics, paper, fly ash (power plants) and sludge

most is burned or buried on-site

Municipal solid waste (MSW)from homes and businesses

700kg per person per year

60% dumped, 24% recycled, 16% burned

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Solid WasteSolid Waste Problems

Disease (Rodent and pest reduction)

Fire potential

Decrease in the aesthetic quality of the environment

www2.tltc.ttu.edu/jackson/solid%20waste.ppt

http://www2.tltc.ttu.edu/jackson/solid%20waste.ppt

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Municipal Solid Waste Municipal Solid Waste MSW—more commonly known as trash or garbage—consists of everyday items

Product packagingGrass clippingsFurnitureClothingBottlesFood scrapsNewspapersAppliancesPaintBatteries

http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non-hw/muncpl/facts.htm


*Includes rubber and textilesSource: EPA Office of Solid Waste, Municipal Solid Waste Fact Sheet

www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non-hw/muncpl/facts.htm

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MSWMSW

In 1999, U.S. residents, businesses, and institutions produced more than 230 million tons of MSW

Approximately 4.6 pounds of waste per person per day (1680 pounds/year)

Up from 2.7 pounds per person per day in 1960



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MSWMSWSeveral MSW management practices prevent or divert materials from the wastestream

Source reductionReuseRecyclingComposting



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Agriculture WasteAgriculture Waste

Livestock produce sewage200,000 hens, 1200 head of cattle in a feedlot, & 10,500 hogs may produce as much waste as 20,000 people

In the U.S., there are 337 million hen, 96.1 million head of cattle & 58.7 million hogs which produce twice as much sewage as all the humans in the U.S.

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1. Source 1. Source ReductionReduction

Source reduction (waste prevention) means consuming and throwing away less

Purchasing durable, long-lasting goods

Seeking products and packaging that are as free of toxins as possible



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Source ReductionSource ReductionMay be as complex as redesigning a product

use less raw material in production

have a longer life

be used again after its original use is completed

Source reduction actually prevents the generation of waste in the first place, it is the most preferable method of waste management and goes a long way toward protecting the environment



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Source ReductionSource ReductionSince 1977, the weight of 2-liter plastic soft drink bottles has been reduced from 68 grams each to 51 grams

That means that 250 million pounds of plastic per year has been kept out of the waste stream

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2. Reuse2. Reuse

Reusing items by repairing them, donating them to charity and community groups, or selling them

Use a product more than once, either for the same purpose or for a different purpose

Reusing, when possible, is preferable to recycling because the item does not need to be reprocessed before it can be used again

Other Options: Reduce Other Options: Reduce WasteWaste

Reduce consumption

reduce manufacturing to produce less waste

reduce packaging (50% of domestic waste)

trash taxes

also, modify wastephotodegradable and biodegradable plastics

Other options: reuse Other options: reuse wastewaste

Glass bottles for beveragecharge high prices and give return rebate

use fabric bags for groceries

reuse car parts, motor oil etc.

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Ways to ReuseWays to Reuse Using durable coffee mugs Using cloth napkins or towels Refilling bottles Donating old magazines or surplus equipment Reusing boxes Turning empty jars into containers for leftover

food Purchasing refillable pens and pencils Participating in a paint collection and reuse

program

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3. Recycling3. RecyclingRecycling, including composting, diverted 64 million tons of material away from landfills and incinerators in 1999, up from 34 million tons in 1990

Typical materials that are recycled include batteries, recycled at a rate of 96.9%, paper and paperboard at 41.9%, and yard trimmings at 45.3%

These materials and others may be recycled through curbside programs, drop-off centers, buy-back programs, and deposit systems



Other options: Recycle Other options: Recycle wastewaste

Recycling is defined as the process of turning discarded materials into new materials

into same product (aluminum cans)

into a different product (fleeces)

Successes:

2/3 of all aluminum cans are recycled (2 months)

paper recycling is taking off (40%)

recycling Sunday papers would save 500,000 trees per week

In Japan, 50% of all household waste is recycled (20% in U.S.)

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http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non-hw/muncpl/mswdata.htm


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BenefitsBenefitsRecycling

Prevents the emission of many greenhouse gases and water pollutants

Saves energy, supplies valuable raw materials to industry

Creates jobs

Stimulates the development of greener technologies

Conserves resources for our children’s future

Reduces the need for new landfills and combustors

Reduce greenhouse gas emissions that affect global climate

In 1996, prevented the release of 33 million tons of carbon into the air—roughly the amount emitted annually by 25 million cars.

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Comparison of Countries’ Waste TreatmentComparison of Countries’ Waste Treatment

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4. Composting4. CompostingComposting is the controlled biological decomposition of organic matter, such as food and yard wastes, into humus, a soil-like material

Composting is nature's way of recycling organic wastes into new soil used in vegetable and flower gardens, landscaping, and many other applications



CompostingComposting

House-by-house recycling of organic material under aerobic conditions

green waste and plant food waste are broken down by soil organisms and turned into humus

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BenefitsBenefitsComposting

Keeps organic wastes out of landfills

Provides nutrients to the soil

Increases beneficial soil organisms (e.g., worms and centipedes)

Suppresses certain plant diseases

Reduces the need for fertilizers and pesticides

Protects soils from erosion

Assists pollution remediation



5. Incineration and 5. Incineration and Resource RecoveryResource Recovery

Also called “energy recovery” or “waste-to-energy”

trash is burned, and the heat is used to generate electricity

1000 plants word-wide (110 in U.S.)

IncineratorsIncineratorsTwo types:

refuse-derived trash is sorted before burning

less air pollution

higher quality fuel

mass burnall trash burned

more air pollution

10-20% of original mass is ash which must be disposed of as toxic waste

recycling is so effective in places that cities are having trouble with contractual agreements

Incinerator ExampleIncinerator Example

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6. Landfills6. LandfillsUnder the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), landfills that accept MSW are primarily regulated by state, tribal, and local governments EPA, however, has established national standards these landfills must meet in order to stay openThe number of landfills in the United States is steadily decreasing—from 8,000 in 1988 to 2,300 in 1999The capacity, however, has remained relatively constantNew landfills are much larger than in the past

LandfillsLandfillsBuilt to decrease problems with insect and rodent populations

litter is compacted and covered every day

newer ones have lining (only 15%)

up to 50% of all cities have used up landfill space

Landfills in Ohio

cities export trash (New Jersey)

http://www.dispatch.com/live/export-content/sites/dispatch/local_news/stories/extras/landfillgraphic.pdf

Traditional LandfillsTraditional Landfills

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Resource Conservation and Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Recovery Act

The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) was enacted by Congress in 1976 and amended in 1984. The act's primary goal is to protect human health and the environment from the potential hazards of waste disposal. In addition, RCRA calls for conservation of energy and natural resources, reduction in waste generated, and environmentally sound waste management practices.

Landfill DesignLandfill DesignThe bottom liner may be layers of clay or other synthetic material (clay, plastic, or composite), which is placed on compacted soil.

The bottom of the landfill is sloped and pipes along the bottom collect leachate. This leachate collections system must be very carefully planned and built by engineers. It is usually a system of pipes. (These pipes are among a gravel and sand layer.) The leachate is then pumped away and treated at a plant.

Trash is dumped onto the landfill and consistently layered with soil to promote safer and better decomposition.

A cover is placed over the landfill to keep water out (to prevent eventual leachate formation).

Landfills also must have a system to dispose of methane gas. The structure of this system must be carefully engineered.

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Federal Landfill Standards Federal Landfill Standards

Location restrictions ensure that landfills are built in suitable geological areas away from faults, wetlands, flood plains, or other restricted areas

Liners are geomembrane or plastic sheets reinforced with two feet of clay on the bottom and sides of landfills

Bioreactors start at 1:33

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=--fiEnVKXRA

Landfill DesignLandfill Design

Advanced LandfillsAdvanced Landfills

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Operating practices such as compacting and covering waste frequently with several inches of soil help reduce odor; control litter, insects, and rodents; and protect public healthGroundwater monitoring requires testing groundwater wells to determine whether waste materials have escaped from the landfill

Exporting WastesExporting Wastes

Wastes get exported from developed (wealthy) countries to developing (poor) countries

there is little control by receiving countries about what is in trash

in 1994 there was a ban on transporting toxic wastes

also happens within countries - trash goes to poor neighborhoods (and Am. Indians)

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Closure and postclosure care include covering landfills and providing long-term care of closed landfillsCorrective action controls and cleans up landfill releases and achieves groundwater protection standardsFinancial assurance provides funding for environmental protection during and after landfill closure (i.e., closure and postclosure care)

OverviewOverviewHazardous waste - any discarded material, liquid or solid, that contains materials known to be

fatal in low doses

toxic, carcinogenic, mutagens or teratogens

ignitable at less than 60C

corrosive

explosive

265 million tons a yearlargest source is in the chemical and petroleum industries

60 million enters the waste stream

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Household Hazardous WasteHousehold Hazardous WasteCommon household items such as paints, cleaners, oils, batteries, and pesticides contain hazardous componentsLabels – danger, warning, caution, toxic, corrosive, flammable, or poison identify products that might contain hazardous materialsLeftover portions of these products are called household hazardous waste (HHW)These products, if mishandled, can be dangerous to your health and the environment

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HW Facts and Figures HW Facts and Figures Americans generate 1.6 million tons of HHW per year

The average home can accumulate as much as 100 pounds of HHW in the basement and garage and in storage closets

During the 1980s, many communities started special collection days or permanent collection sites for handling HHW

In 1997, there were more than 3,000 HHW permanent programs and collection events throughout the United States

Producers of Hazardous WasteProducers of Hazardous Waste

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Proper HandlingProper HandlingThe best way to handle HHW is to reduce the amount initially generated by giving leftover products to someone else to useTo deal with household hazardous waste, many communities have set up collection programs to prevent HHW from being disposed of in MSW landfills and combustors – GlendaleThese programs ensure the safe disposal of HHW in facilities designed to treat or dispose of hazardous wasteMore than 3,000 HHW collection programs exist in the United States

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Benefits Benefits Proper HHW Management

Reduction and recycling of HHW conserves resources and energy that would be expended in the production of more products

Reuse of hazardous household products can save money and reduce the need for generating hazardous substances

Proper disposal prevents pollution that could endanger human health and the environment

What can be done about What can be done about hazardous waste?hazardous waste?

physical treatmentdistill, charcoal, fuse in glass

incinerationburn at very hot temps

chemical processingneutralization, oxidation

biological waste treatmentbacteria

store permanentlypermanent retrievablesecure landfills

deep well disposal

Love Canal

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About SuperfundAbout SuperfundYears ago, people were less aware of how dumping chemical wastes might affect public health and the environment

On thousands of properties where such practices were intensive or continuous, the result was uncontrolled or abandoned hazardous waste sites, such as abandoned warehouses and landfills

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About SuperfundAbout SuperfundCitizen concern over the extent of this problem led Congress to establish the Superfund Program in 1980 to locate, investigate, and clean up the worst sites nationwideThe EPA administers the Superfund program in cooperation with individual states and tribal governmentsThe office that oversees management of the program is the Office of Emergency and Remedial Response (OERR)

Superfund SitesSuperfund Sites

1290-4500 sites on the National Priority List

Usually sites that are leaking into ground water (56% have contaminated surface waters)

Problems EPA has only cleaned up 200 sites

money mismanagement

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Superfund LegislationSuperfund Legislation

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liabilities Act (CERCLA); 1980

“Superfund” to clean up abandoned sites

Hazard Ranking System (HRS)

National Priority List (NPL)

Reauthorized in 1986 (SARA)

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Intended as a solution to those previously contaminated sites with no-one to pay (no PRPs)Two levels

Emergency responseimmediate threat to human health or environment

Long term remediationif Hazard Ranking System (HRS) shows a score over 27.5, it is added to the National Priorities List (NPL) for Superfund cleanup1300 sites on NPL in 1990, more to come

Steel Mill17th Worst Site Ranked by EPA:

ARMCO Inc. Hamilton Plant in Butler OH

120 acres

Steel mill that is producing both coke and molten iron

Numerous owners since 1900

Armco has owned since 1937

Stopped production of coke in 1982

Closed completely in 1994

On PremisesCoke Production Facility and Blast Furnaces

Storage of Scrubber Sludge Waste Piles

4.5 ac. Landfill

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Contaminants DetectedContaminants Detected

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Ground Water Surface Water Air Soil Other2-METHYLNAPHTHALENE X

ANTHRACENE X

ANTIMONY X AROCLOR 1248 X

AROCLOR 1254 X

ARSENIC (ORGANIC OR INORGANIC COMPOUNDS)

X

BARIUM COMPOUNDS X

BENZ(A)ANTHRACENE X

BENZO(A)PYRENE X

BENZO(B)FLUORANTHENE X

BENZO(GHI)PERYLENE X

BENZO(K)FLUORANTHENE X

BERYLLIUM COMPOUNDS X

CADMIUM X CHROMIUM XCHRYSENE XCYANIDE COMPOUNDS X

DIBENZOFURAN X

FLUORANTHENE X

FLUORENE XLEAD X MANGANESE COMPOUNDS X

NAPHTHALENE X

NICKEL COMPOUNDS X

P-CRESOL X PHENANTHRENE X

PYRENE XSILVER COMPOUNDS X

ZINC X

AK SteelAK Steel

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Types of Superfund SitesTypes of Superfund SitesLandfills and dumps

industries bury metal drums on own property

Waste lagoons and injection wellspumped into uncontained sitesStringfellow

bet. 1956 & 1972, 120,000,000L of toxic chemicals were dumped into ponds - now threatening LA water

Warehousing and illegal dumpingstored in warehouses and abandonedoften flammable and poisonous

Where are Superfund Sites?Where are Superfund Sites?

Superfund In OhioDIAMOND SHAMROCK CORP. (PAINESVILLE WORKS)

CHEMICAL & MINERALS RECLAMATION

Hazardous Waste LegislationHazardous Waste Legislation

RCRA - Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976

“cradle to grave” record keeping

CERCLA - Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensate and Liability Act - Superfund Act - 1980

containment, clean up and remediation of abandoned toxic sites

EPA can sue for costs

anyone involved can be charged whole cost

amended in 1995 to be less strict

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