Key ConceptsKey Concepts Capitalism- Capitalism- An economic system based on private ownership of An economic system based on private ownership of

capital and the means of production (standing wealth and other capital and the means of production (standing wealth and other forms of property).forms of property).

Cold War- Cold War- The hostile relations between the two superpowers, The hostile relations between the two superpowers, the United States of America and the former Soviet Union.the United States of America and the former Soviet Union.

G-8- G-8- Group of Eight.Group of Eight. Global- Global- covering or affecting the whole world.covering or affecting the whole world. Global Politics- Global Politics- the state will no longer be at the centre of the state will no longer be at the centre of

attention- but neither will it be marginalized.attention- but neither will it be marginalized. Globalization- Globalization- increasing integration of the world in terms of increasing integration of the world in terms of

communications, culture, and economics.communications, culture, and economics. IMF- IMF- International Monetary Fund.International Monetary Fund. IPE- IPE- International Political Economy.International Political Economy. Sovereignty- Sovereignty- A state’s right, at least in principle, to do whatever A state’s right, at least in principle, to do whatever

it wants within its own territory.it wants within its own territory. WB- WB- World Bank.World Bank. WTO- WTO- World Trade Organization.World Trade Organization.

Dimensions of GlobalizationDimensions of Globalization

Three main dimensions of Three main dimensions of globalization:globalization:

i.i. Economic Dimensions of Economic Dimensions of GlobalizationGlobalization

ii.ii. Socio-cultural Dimensions of Socio-cultural Dimensions of GlobalizationGlobalization

iii.iii. Political Dimensions of GlobalizationPolitical Dimensions of Globalization

Economic Dimensions of Economic Dimensions of GlobalizationGlobalization

Economic globalization is one of the most Economic globalization is one of the most frequently used in discussions of frequently used in discussions of development, trade, and IPE.development, trade, and IPE.

It is a process by which the economies of It is a process by which the economies of the world become increasingly integrated, the world become increasingly integrated, leading to global economy and, leading to global economy and, increasingly, global economic increasingly, global economic policymaking, for example, through policymaking, for example, through international agencies such as WTO, IMF, international agencies such as WTO, IMF, and WB.and WB.

Socio-cultural Dimensions of Socio-cultural Dimensions of GlobalizationGlobalization

Social globalizationSocial globalization means processes whereby means processes whereby many social relations become relatively delinked many social relations become relatively delinked from territorial geography, so that human lives from territorial geography, so that human lives are increasingly played out in the world as a are increasingly played out in the world as a single place.single place.

Cultural globalizationCultural globalization refers to an emerging refers to an emerging “global culture”, in which people more often “global culture”, in which people more often consume similar goods and services across consume similar goods and services across countries and use of common language.countries and use of common language.

Examples: Examples: Coco-Cola, Mc Donald and use of Coco-Cola, Mc Donald and use of English.English.

Political Dimensions of Political Dimensions of GlobalizationGlobalization

In political studies globalization ideas have In political studies globalization ideas have been significant in thinking about been significant in thinking about ideology ideology and in and in political behaviour political behaviour in in terms of issue areas such as terms of issue areas such as ecopolitics ecopolitics and and human rightshuman rights..

In terms of the environment and human In terms of the environment and human rights clear evidence of the need for global rights clear evidence of the need for global codes of conduct.codes of conduct.

In terms of ideology writers like In terms of ideology writers like Hungtington and Fukuyama have pointed Hungtington and Fukuyama have pointed to the globalization of liberalism following to the globalization of liberalism following the end of the Cold War.the end of the Cold War.

History of GlobalizationHistory of Globalization It is hard to determine a specific moment when It is hard to determine a specific moment when

globalization started or to describe exact stages of its globalization started or to describe exact stages of its historical development.historical development.

History shows no obvious time on which everyone will History shows no obvious time on which everyone will agree.agree.

Although considerable groundwork for globalization was Although considerable groundwork for globalization was laid in earlier times, the noun “globalization” entered a laid in earlier times, the noun “globalization” entered a dictionary for the first time in 1961.dictionary for the first time in 1961.

Generally speaking, commentators have linked Generally speaking, commentators have linked globalization:globalization:

- to the rise of the - to the rise of the information societyinformation society,,- the beginning of - the beginning of late capitalismlate capitalism,,- the end of communism, and even - the end of communism, and even the the

end of history.end of history.

Theories of International RelationsTheories of International Relations

RealismRealism LiberalismLiberalism MarxismMarxism

Analytic Analytic

UnitsUnits

Sovereign States in an Sovereign States in an Anarchic International Anarchic International SystemSystem

State, Sub-State State, Sub-State Actors(firms,Actors(firms,

NGOs), International NGOs), International OrganizationsOrganizations

States, Classes, States, Classes, Societies, Nonstate Societies, Nonstate actors as part of actors as part of Capitalist World SystemCapitalist World System

View of ActorsView of Actors States as Unitary States as Unitary ActorsActors

Domestic actors and Domestic actors and processes of processes of decision making decision making mattermatter

Determined by the Determined by the historical and economic historical and economic circumstancescircumstances

Behavioural Behavioural

DynamicsDynamics

Concern about the Concern about the potential use of force. potential use of force. Maximize national Maximize national security:diplomacy, security:diplomacy, deterrence,allying,wardeterrence,allying,war

Interests are broadly Interests are broadly defined(legitimacy,econodefined(legitimacy,economic,security). Bargaining mic,security). Bargaining is central means.is central means.

States and groups States and groups act within patterns act within patterns of dominanceof dominance

IssuesIssues National National Security,Conflict,Security,Conflict,PeacePeace

Broad AgendaBroad Agenda Economic issues Economic issues (dependency)(dependency)

Realism and GlobalizationRealism and Globalization

For For realistsrealists, states hold sovereignty, , states hold sovereignty, and globalization does not cause and globalization does not cause obsolete the struggle for political obsolete the struggle for political power between states.power between states.

Globalization does not weaken the Globalization does not weaken the importance of the threat of the use importance of the threat of the use of force.of force.

Liberalism and GlobalizationLiberalism and Globalization

Liberalism Liberalism focuses on a much wider set focuses on a much wider set of interactions between states and non-of interactions between states and non-state actors.state actors.

For liberals, globalization is the end point For liberals, globalization is the end point of the transformation of world politics.of the transformation of world politics.

Liberals are particularly interested in the Liberals are particularly interested in the revolution in technology and revolution in technology and communications represented by communications represented by globalization.globalization.

Marxism and GlobalizationMarxism and Globalization

MarxistsMarxists seen globalization as a seen globalization as a negative process.negative process.

For Marxists, globalization is not new For Marxists, globalization is not new process, and it is the latest stage in process, and it is the latest stage in the development of international the development of international capitalism by West.capitalism by West.

Globalization further deepens the Globalization further deepens the existing divide between the rich and existing divide between the rich and poor countries.poor countries.

Anti-Globalization MovementAnti-Globalization Movement

The anti-globalization The anti-globalization movement developed movement developed in the late 20in the late 20thth century century to fight the to fight the globalization of globalization of corporate economic corporate economic activity and the free activity and the free trade with developing trade with developing nations that might nations that might result from such result from such activity. activity.

Anti-Globalization MovementAnti-Globalization Movement

Members of the anti-globalization Members of the anti-globalization movement generally advocate anarchist, movement generally advocate anarchist, nationalist, socialist, social democratic or nationalist, socialist, social democratic or environmentalist alternatives. environmentalist alternatives.

Although supporters of the movement Although supporters of the movement often work together, the movement itself often work together, the movement itself is diverse.is diverse.

Demonstrations: the Seattle (Washington-Demonstrations: the Seattle (Washington-USA) WTO meeting of 1999, Genoa USA) WTO meeting of 1999, Genoa (Italy)G8 summit (Italy)G8 summit in 2001.in 2001.