Transcript
Page 1: * All living things need energy to carry out their life activities. * Carbohydrates are the foods most commonly broken down for energy. * When food is
Page 2: * All living things need energy to carry out their life activities. * Carbohydrates are the foods most commonly broken down for energy. * When food is

* All living things need energy to carry out their life activities.

* Carbohydrates are the foods most commonly broken down for energy.

* When food is broken down part is released as heat the rest is stored as chemical energy.

Page 3: * All living things need energy to carry out their life activities. * Carbohydrates are the foods most commonly broken down for energy. * When food is

ATP - Adenosine Triphosphate

PPP

1 adenine

1 ribose

adenosine

3 phosphate groups Triphosphate

*Energy is stored in the phosphate bonds

Page 4: * All living things need energy to carry out their life activities. * Carbohydrates are the foods most commonly broken down for energy. * When food is

• Energy is released by breaking the last phosphate bond “high energy bond” and this transfer to another compd is called:

Phosphorylation

PP P P P P+

ATP ADP + Pi (Adenosine Diphosphate)*has less energy than ATP

Page 5: * All living things need energy to carry out their life activities. * Carbohydrates are the foods most commonly broken down for energy. * When food is

ATP

Energy from food Energy for cell use

ADP + Pi

ATP CYCLE

Page 6: * All living things need energy to carry out their life activities. * Carbohydrates are the foods most commonly broken down for energy. * When food is

Glucose is the most common food substance from which we obtain energy.

*Glucose itself contains too much energy for the cell to use all at once so it is broken down and stored in ATP.

1 Glucose = 38 ATP 1 Triglyceride = 146 ATP 1 Protein = 38 ATP

Page 7: * All living things need energy to carry out their life activities. * Carbohydrates are the foods most commonly broken down for energy. * When food is

Hydrogen Receptors (coenzymes) -NAD : Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide -FAD : Flavin adenine dinucleotide*Each of these 2 molecules can accept hydrogen atoms.

FAD + 2H FADH2NAD + 2H NADH

As the hydrogens are transferred the coenzymes gain energy (temporarily)

Hydrogen is passed along in this wayuntil the last step in the pathway whenanother substance is used as a final acceptor.*The energy is used to make

ATP from ADP + Pi *either oxygen or another substance

Page 8: * All living things need energy to carry out their life activities. * Carbohydrates are the foods most commonly broken down for energy. * When food is

light energy chemical energy

6CO2 + 12H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O

LIGHT DEPENDENT VS LIGHT INDEPENDENT-only in light (day) - light or dark (day/night)

-takes place in thylakoid - dependent on chemical membrane of chloroplasts products of light rxns

- take place in stroma of chloroplasts

light

Page 9: * All living things need energy to carry out their life activities. * Carbohydrates are the foods most commonly broken down for energy. * When food is

Grana

Thylakoid

Stroma

•Light dependent rxns : membrane of thylakoid•Light independent rxns : stroma

Page 10: * All living things need energy to carry out their life activities. * Carbohydrates are the foods most commonly broken down for energy. * When food is

* Take place in thylakoid membrane

Light absorption = 1st step

2 Light Absorbing Forms* Photosystem II* Photosystem I

Purpose : Convert ADP ATP Convert NADP NADPH

Energy from electrons (e-)

(contain chlorophyll)

Page 11: * All living things need energy to carry out their life activities. * Carbohydrates are the foods most commonly broken down for energy. * When food is

e-

e-

electron acceptor

ADP + P

ATPE.T.C(thylakoidmembrane)

e-

e- acceptor

2 NADPH

2 NADP

Photosystem IPhotosystem II (chlorophyll)

2H2O 2H2 + O2

(chlorophyll)

2 H+

Page 12: * All living things need energy to carry out their life activities. * Carbohydrates are the foods most commonly broken down for energy. * When food is

1. Sunlight absorbed by photosystem II2. H20 is split into ½ O2 and 2H3. Hydrogens pumped across the thylakoid membrane and e-’s passed along ETC.4. Sunlight absorbed by photosystem I, e- energy used to produce NADPH5. Using the hydrogen gradient ATP Synthase makes ATP

2H2O + Light ATP + NADPH + O2

Light Dependent Rxn : Thylakoid membrane

Page 13: * All living things need energy to carry out their life activities. * Carbohydrates are the foods most commonly broken down for energy. * When food is

Carbon fixation - incorporation of CO2 into an organic compd during photosynthesis.

Calvin Cycle = light independent rxn = dark rxn

(RuBP - 5 carbon sugar starting &ending compound

Calvin Cycle/Light independent rxn : stroma6CO2 C6H12O6

glucose

Page 14: * All living things need energy to carry out their life activities. * Carbohydrates are the foods most commonly broken down for energy. * When food is

CO2

1. Carbon Fixation CO2 + RuBP

6 carbon sugar

2. The 6-carbon compd splits into 2 PGA (3 carbon compds)

2 PGA2 ATP

2ADP + 2P2 NADPH

2 NADP

PGAL 3. ATP & NADPH produced in light rxn provide energy to convert PGA to PGAL

PGAL

PGAL/G3P

4. SIX cycles produces 2 PGAL which combine to form 1 glucose molecule

Glucose (2PGAL/G3P)

RuBP

ATP

ADP + P

5. ATP and PGAL rebuild RuBP so that the cycle can begin again

Page 15: * All living things need energy to carry out their life activities. * Carbohydrates are the foods most commonly broken down for energy. * When food is
Page 16: * All living things need energy to carry out their life activities. * Carbohydrates are the foods most commonly broken down for energy. * When food is

6CO2 + 12H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O light

Page 17: * All living things need energy to carry out their life activities. * Carbohydrates are the foods most commonly broken down for energy. * When food is

CO2 + RuBP 2 PGA (3 carbon compd) 2 PGAL/ 2 G3P RuBP

ATP & NADPH provide energy

Used to make more

6 CO2 12 PGAL (G3P) -10 PGAL

Used to makemore RuBP

2 PGAL/2G3P

1 GlucoseFORM

http://www1.teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?video_id=62625&title=Photosynthesis

Page 18: * All living things need energy to carry out their life activities. * Carbohydrates are the foods most commonly broken down for energy. * When food is

Aerobic : presence of oxygen

Anaerobic : absence of oxygen

*Both aerobic and anaerobic respiration start with thesame rxn: Glycolysis

Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of cells

Page 19: * All living things need energy to carry out their life activities. * Carbohydrates are the foods most commonly broken down for energy. * When food is

C-C-C-C-C-C

C-C-C C-C-CPGAL PGAL

Glucose

C-C-C C-C-C

NADNADH

2 ADP + 2 P2 ATP

NADNADH

2 ADP + 2 P 2 ATP

Pyruvate Pyruvate

2 ATP

2 ADP + 2 P

PGAL (Phosphoglyceraldehyde) is oxidized by losing 2 hydrogen atoms and changes to another 3-carbon compound called Pyruvate.

*4 ATP - 2 ATP (used) = 2 ATP (Net)

2 ATP used

4 ATP made

http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/cellularrespiration.html

Net Production*2 NADH*2 ATP

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter25/animation__how_glycolysis_works.html

Page 20: * All living things need energy to carry out their life activities. * Carbohydrates are the foods most commonly broken down for energy. * When food is

*Anaerobic respiration is very inefficient. It takes 20 Glucose molecules to make as much ATP as an aerobic organism can make with 1 Glucose molecule.

Fermentation : conversion of Pyruvate to some other product with no further release of energy.

- yeast converts to CO2 and Ethyl Alcohol- some bacteria create substances into cheese- your cells make lactic acid

Page 21: * All living things need energy to carry out their life activities. * Carbohydrates are the foods most commonly broken down for energy. * When food is

Glucose

Glycolysis (2 ATP)

Pyruvate

Fermentation

Lactic Acid Ethyl Alcohol + CO2

Without O2

yeastAnaerobic bacteria, Mammal muscles

Page 22: * All living things need energy to carry out their life activities. * Carbohydrates are the foods most commonly broken down for energy. * When food is
Page 23: * All living things need energy to carry out their life activities. * Carbohydrates are the foods most commonly broken down for energy. * When food is

*Aerobic Respiration begins with Glycolysis. The remaining steps take place in the mitochondria.

C-C-C C-C-C

Pyruvate Pyruvate

C-C C-C

Acetyl - CoA Acetyl - CoA(2 carbons) (2 carbons)

CoA CoA

CO2CO2

Kreb Cycle Kreb Cycle

NAD NAD

NADH NADH

Net Production*2 NADH*2 CO2

http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/cellularrespiration.html

Page 24: * All living things need energy to carry out their life activities. * Carbohydrates are the foods most commonly broken down for energy. * When food is

* 2 CYCLESAcetyl-CoA

6 Carbons

5 Carbons

4 Carbons

4 Carbons

4 Carbons2 Carbons

CO2

CO2

NAD

NADH

NAD

NADH

FADH2

NADH

NAD

FAD

ADP + PATP

NET Production after 2 Cycles: 2 ATP6 NADH2 FADH2

4 CO2

(citric acid)

Page 25: * All living things need energy to carry out their life activities. * Carbohydrates are the foods most commonly broken down for energy. * When food is

Net Production:

1. Glycolysis = 2 ATP = 2 NADH

2. CoA = 2 NADH= 2 CO2

3. Kreb Cycle = 6 NADH= 2 FADH2

= 2 ATP = 4 CO2

Total = 10 NADH 2 FADH2

6 CO2

4 ATP

Electron Transport Chain

http://www.sumanhttp://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/cellularrespiration.htmlasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/cellularrespiration.html

Page 26: * All living things need energy to carry out their life activities. * Carbohydrates are the foods most commonly broken down for energy. * When food is

Electron Transport Chain (ETC) - a highly organizedsystem of enzymes, coenzymes and proteins in the inner membrane of the mitochondria.

•NADH and FADH2 contain stored energy that will be used to create additional ATP.

http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/cellresp/review4.html

Page 27: * All living things need energy to carry out their life activities. * Carbohydrates are the foods most commonly broken down for energy. * When food is

10 NADH 2 FADH2

12 H+12 H+ or e- are used to produce ATP

The e-’s from the hydrogen receptors are passed down the proteins in the ETC and a H+ gradient is formed. ATP Synthase converts the energy from the Hydrogens to 34 ATP (per glucose). The final hydrogen acceptor for the H+ ions is Oxygen.

12 H2+ + 6 O2 12 H2O

34 ATP http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/cellresp/review4.html

Page 28: * All living things need energy to carry out their life activities. * Carbohydrates are the foods most commonly broken down for energy. * When food is

C6H12O6 + 6 H2O + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 12 H2O + 38 ATP

Per Glucose : ETC = 34 ATP Glycolysis = 2 ATP Kreb Cycle = 2 ATP

38 ATP

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0IJMRsTcwcg


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