doorsdarshan and all india radio summer training
TRANSCRIPT
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IN-PLANT TRAINING
SUBMITTED BY:NIBEDAN BHAWSINKA09BEC039BTECH-ECE
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PROGRAMMES / SERVICES
• Awareness by means of – krishi darshan, Kalyani, etc.
• Knowledge by means of – Hello Doctor, Ama raosi, etc.
• Entertainment by means of – Jhankaar & live Coverage of other activities, etc.
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CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION• TV STUDIO• VISION MIXER• AUDIO/ VIDEO CHAINS• MSR• EARTH STATION• TV Tx• ANTENNAS & SATELLITES
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INTRODUCTION
To Broadcasting• A process of sending information to a
distant place is called Broadcasting.
• Means of Broadcasting in India: 1. Terrestrial 2. Satellite 3. Internet
• Both AIR & DD make use of both Terrestrial & satellite.
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For Indian footprint, suitable range of slots is 45 deg to 110 deg.
Earlier, available slots : 74, 83, 95 degAfter, ISRO got additional slots: 48, 55, 111.5 degBasic Principal:
Signal from earth station of one channel should not affect the broadcasting of other channels.
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cont...• DD national has 1500 Transmitters and
70 Production centers across the Country.
• These centers are divided in 3 levels-
1. -National centers2. -Regional centers3. -Local centers
• transmission started on 20th sep. 1987.
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TV STUDIO
• A television studio is an installation in which television or video productions take place .
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COMPONENTS OF TV STUDIO
• Camera• Lighting• Microphones• Vision mixer and Audio consoles• MSR• VTR• Acoustics• Post production and video effects• Supporting services like AC, UPS
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CAMERA
3 parts:• Lens and Optics • Transducers• Electronics
Depending on the variation of the focal length, 18x, 24x Normal DD programs55x, 70x In-field production ( cricket match )
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2 filters used:• ND filter- To neutralize the density, i.e. it
reduces the light intensity. - ND-1: 15% - ND-2: 30% - ND-3: 50%• CC filter- Color correction 4 modes:1. F1- 3200K (in studio- gives a partial orange
light)2. F2- 4600K (cloudy weather)3. F3- 5600K (outdoor/sunny)4. F4- Opaque
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VISION MIXER
• A vision mixer (also called video switcher, video mixer or production switcher) is a device used to select between several different video sources and in some cases mix video sources together and add special effects.
• It has many input sources such as cameras, VCR/ server, Graphics/Character Generators,etc.
• Sources can be changed as cut to cut, dissolve, wipe and other special effects.
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SOUND WAVE
MOLECULES
SOUND WAVES
Source of
Sound
Region of High Pressure (Compression) and
Region of low pressure (Rarefaction)
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Audio Compression
100 dB
1 KHz
0 dB
Threshold of silence
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Compression is done by removing the components in threshold of silence , thus removing some redundancy.
This is done by :• MASKING• SUB-BAND CODING• TRANSFORM CODING
MP3( MPEG-1 LAYER 3) uses both sub-band and transform coding.
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TYPICAL VIDEO CHAIN
TYPICAL AUDIO CHAIN
DistributorVision Mixer LOGOGenerator
Earth station through
Optical Fiber
STLLink
Sources
DistributorAudio Console
Analog to AES
Converter
Earth station through
Optical Fiber
Sources
STL Link
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MSR
• It is the heart of the studio.
• Most of the switching electronics is kept e.g. camera base stations, switcher main frame, SPG, Satellite receivers, MW link, DDA & most of the patch panels.
• Signal is routed through MSR.
• Signal can be Monitored at various stages
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EARTH STATION
• Earth Station is a very important part of satellite communication system for broadcasting of signals.
• It is an uplink center from which the signals are fed to Satellite for distribution in a specified area covered by the Satellite.
• The signal is up-linked from the Earth Station and received by many down link centers in TV broad casting via PDA.
• Two Types: 1) Analog, 2) Digital
• Digital Earth Stations are widely used because of various advantages over analog.
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QPSK
ENCODER
R
G
B
270Mbps
135 Mbps
Video
Audio3- 15 Mbps
Normal - 5 MbpsSports - 7 MbpsNews - 3-3.5 Mbps
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Major Components of Digital Earth
Station
70 MHzQPSK
RS-Coding Interleaver Convolution coding
Modulator
Up-ConvertorHPA
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Types of TV Transmitters
• VLPT - Very Low Power Transmitter• LPT - Low Power Transmitter• HPT - High Power Transmitter
LPT is used in the less populated areasOf ODISHA, like sonapur, koraput, etc.
HPT is used in the highly populated areas like BBSR, cuttack, sambalpur,etc.
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Antennas & Satellites
• An antenna (or aerial) is a transducer designed to transmit or receive electromagnetic waves. In other words, antennas convert electromagnetic waves into electrical currents and vice versa.
Electromagnetic waveElectrical signal
Transmitting Antenna
Receiving Antenna
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TYPES
• Isotropic antenna (idealized)-
o Radiates power equally in all directions.
• Dipole antennas-
o Half-wave dipole antenna (or Hertz antenna)
o Quarter-wave vertical antenna (or Marconi antenna)
• Parabolic Dish / Reflective Antenna
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`
6 G
Hz
EARTH STATION
4 GHz
SET-TOPBOX
T.V
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Uplink Frequency : 6 GHzDownlink Frequency : 4 GHz
Uplink frequency is greater than downlink frequency coz we need narrow beam to reach the satellite and a wider footprint while downlink.
LNBC: It amplifies the received signal before sending it to the set-top box.
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Scalable video
Encodeonce
Decode according torequired QoS oravailable hardware resources.
Quality ~ deployed hardware resources
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ALL INDIA RADIO
FM
Up-Convertor
HPA
Audio Signal
70 MHz (IF)
6 GHz
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Basic Components of a Radio Production studio
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Thank You