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Domestication of Marble Goby (Oxyeleotris marmorata) Indogenous Fish of Citarum River

Titin Herawati *1

, Ayi Yustiati 1, Atikah Nurhayati

1, Salzsa Sera Natadia

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1Lectures of Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Padjadjaran University 2Alumni of Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Padjadjaran University

Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km 21, UBR 40600

*email : herawati.h19@gmail.com

Abstract

Research on domestication of Marble Goby has been conducted from September 2014 until

March 2015 at Research Station, FPIK Unpad. The aim of the research is to find out optimum feed

rate that produce highest growth. This research used experimental method, there are three treatments

feeding living tilapia rates of 2%, 3% and 4%, respectively. Observed parameters are growth rate and

water quality. The results showed that the growth rate with feeding rate of 2% - 4% of marble goby

increase 0,52 – 0,82 g/d at the second month. However, at the third month, its growth rate tends to

decrease to be 0,32 – 0,44 g/d. Feeding up to 4% is not yet generating the optimum amount of feed to

get fish growth maximum. The quality of water i.e temperature, pH and dissolve oxygen are still in

optimum range. But the light penetration is below its optimum range.

Keywords: Citarum River; Domestication; growth rate; Marble goby; Oxyoleotris marmorata.

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INTRODUCTION

Marble Goby living in the Cirata Reservoir is Indogenous fish of Citarum River. The result of the

communication with the local fishermen claimed that the presence of populations on Cirata Reservoir is already

experiencing a downturn, nature catching businesses is difficult, yet the demand from the consumer is very

high and the continuity of production depends on natural conditions. Further mentioned that the selling

price in Cirata Reservoir differ depending on the level of the fishing types capture tool used at the moment of

arrest and the size of the fish, the fish fishing rods or nets between Rp.60,000 – Rp.80,000/kg of fish caught

with fish traps priced between Rp.80,000 – Rp.110,000/kg.

These fish have a great potential for cultivated because it has important economic value,

its existence in nature is already difficult and mostly are wild catch product and very little amount that comes

from cultivation, whether its fry or size of consumption.

Factors to look for in fish farming in Marble Goby outside its habitat is the procurement of stem and

frys as well as growth. Fish growth was slow, it need a necessary effort so that cultivated Marble Goby growth

can be maximized by the selection of the type and quantity of the proper feeding.

Darmawiyanti 2005, in 2013 Kordi stated that the feed is the factor that holds very important

and decisive in the success of the efforts of fisheries, and the availability of feed is one of the main factors to

produce the maximum production. Terms of a good feed that is has a high nutritional value, easily obtained,

processed, easily digestible; the price is relatively cheap and does not contain toxins.

The preliminary result of the study, the primary Marble Goby feeding in Cirata Reservoir is fishes,

crustacean, and Mollusca. Based on the results of the preliminary test, live fish, which feed naturally on

research this is Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), because it has a high tolerance to changes in the

environment, due to its nature that often are at the bottom of the waters so easily captured by Marble Goby, and

has a high protein content, test result proksimat Tilapia used as feed protein levels of 49,60%.

The aim of the research is to find out optimum feed rate that produce highest growth.

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RESEARCH METHODS

Research was conducted from September 2014 to March 2015. In September-November 2014 fish

procurement and acclimatization of fish to be used in research, in December 2014-March 2015 is the primary

research. Research conducted in outdoor experimental pool of Fisheries and Marine Science Faculty of

Padjadjaran University.

Tools used: fiber tubs 60 x 60 x 100 cm3, pond size 1.76 x 0.87 x 1.5 m

3, footbath, towel, sieve, box

sterofoam, weights, DO meter, pH meter, thermometer, and Sechi disk. Ingredients: 20 – 115 grams Marble

Goby, 0.3 – 1.0 grams Tilapia, and water hyacinth.

Research using randomized design with three treatments and four replication, Treatment A: feeding

quantity as much as 2%, B: 3% and C: 4% of the biomass of Marble Goby.

The parameters investigated are the growth of absolute weight was calculated by using the Effendie

formula (1997) as follows:

G = Wt – Wo

G = Growth (g)

Wt = Average weight end (g) after time (t)

Wo = Average initial weight (g)

Daily growth according to Effendie (1997) :

GR = 𝑾𝒕−𝑾𝒐

𝒕

GR = Pace of growth (g/days)

Wt = Average weight end (g)

Wo = Average initial weight (g)

t = time (days)

The data were analyzed using the variant analysis (Anova) with a 5% level, to find out the difference

between all the treatments, followed by BNT test (smallest value limit). To know the influence of feeding

against the regression equation using weights added (Wibisono, D., 2013) and the water quality analysed are

descriptive.

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RESULT

THE ABSOLUTE WEIGHTS AND WEIGHTS ADDED DAILY

The absolute weights and weights added daily on Marble Goby during two months of cultivation with

different feeding are presented in Figure 1 and 2.

Figure 1. Absolute Weights added to Marble Goby during two months cultivation

Figure 2 Daily weights added to Marble Goby during two months cultivation

Figure 1 and 2. shows that the more the given feed higher value added, in biggger fish, the griwth is

bigger than smaller fish, this proves that a small sized Marble Goby growth slower than larger fish. This is in

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accordance with statement of Kordi (2013) which says that the fish Marble Goby are small growth lower than

fish large. Arifin and Rupawan (1997), stated that Marble Goby that fed with live fish produces the highest

weights are added.

Marble Goby weigh between 20 – 50 grams given feed as many as 2% for 2 months of the the

cultivation generating absolute weights 18 grams with daily weights added 0.29 g/day, fish weigh 51 –75 gram

added weights 29 grams of absolute weigh daily 0.47 g/day, fish weigh 76 – 100 grams of absolute weights

added 37 grams with a daily weight 0.6 g/day , and fish with weigh > 100 grams of absolute weights added 44

grams with daily weights 0.71 g/day.

Marble Goby weigh between 20 – 50 grams with feeding as many as 3% of the value of the absolute

weights 20 grams with daily weight 0.32 g/day, fish weigh 51 – 75 gram weights 40 grams of absolute weighing

daily 0.68 g/day, fish weigh 76 – 100 grams absolute weight added 40 grams with daily weight 0.65 g/day, and

fishwith weigh > 100 grams absolute weight added to 50 grams daily weighing 0.81 g/day.

Marble Goby weigh between 20 – 50 grams with feeding as many as 4% of the value of the absolute

weight of 21 grams with daily weights 0.34 g/day, fish weigh 51 –75 gram absolute weight added 41 grams

with daily weight 0.66 g/day, fish size 76 – 100 grams of absolute weight added 52 grams with daily weight

0.84 g/day, and fish size > 100 grams of absolute weights added 90 grams with daily weights 1.45 g/day.

The average value of the absolute weights of Marble Goby on all size with feeding groups of 2%, 3%,

and 4% are presented in table 1.

Table 1. The average value of the absolute weights of Marble Goby on all size after 2 months of cultivation

Treatment Average Absolute Weights

Added (gram)

A (2% Feeding) 32.0 (a)

B (3% Feeding) 37.5 (ab)

C (4% Feeding) 51.0 (b)

Description: the average value of the marked similar letters not different of BNT assay based on the real extent

of 5%

The absolute weights of Marble Goby on all group sizes with feeding as much as 2%, 3% and 4%,

respectively yielded an average value of the absolute weight of 32 grams, 37.5 grams, and 51.0 g, on average the

highest weight value added is obtained by feeding the 4% (table 1).

The results of the statistical analysis using the F test show that feeding effect on absolute weight

Marble Goby added. Advance test BNT test feeding 2% yield increase the weighting of different real absolute

feeding with 3% and 4%, while feeding a 3% and 4% did not differ markedly in the extent of 5%.

Marble Goby weights added during cultivation relatively low, low weights are alleged to be caused by

the murky water conditions or light penetration into the water is low, the penetration of light in outdoor

experimental range 15 – 34 cm, the penetration of the Sun's light is needed in order to make the growth

optimum growing Marble Goby above 45 cm. Water conditions causing the closing of gills by the dissolved

and suspended materials , so that the binding process oxygen hampered especially in oxygen solubility 18.00 3.5

– 5.7 mg/l, by 23.00 WIB solubility of oxygen 2.4 – 5.9 mg/l, and 06 oxygen solubility 3.4 – 5.3 mg/l. Solubility

of oxygen in water is low causing disruption of metabolic processes.

The absolute weights added on 3rd month is decreased, absolute weights added in fish size between 20

– 50 grams with feeding as much as 2%, 3% and 4% of biomass produces absolute weights added 14 grams with

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daily weight 0,16 g/day, the 51 – 75 g sized fish produces the absolute weights added 10 grams daily with 0.24

g/day, fish size 76 – 100 g produce absolute weights added 23 grams with daily weights 0.26 g/day , and fish

size > 100 gram produces absolute weights added 54 grams with daily weight 0.60 g/day.

The absolute weights added in fish size between 20 – 50 grams with feeding as much as 3% is 18

grams daily with 0.20 g/day, the 51 – 75 grams sized fish is 39 grams with daily weight 0.43 g/day, fish size 76

– 100 grams by 33 grams with daily weight 0.37 g/day, and fish size > 100 grams by 47 grams daily weights

0.52 g/day.

The absolute weights added in fish size between 20 – 50 grams with feeding as much as 4% is 16

grams daily weight 0.18 g of fish/day, measuring 51 – 75 grams of 22 grams daily weight 0.24 g/day, fish size

76 – 100 grams of 46 grams daily weights 0.51 g/day, and fish size > 100 grams of 76 grams daily weight 0.84

g/day (Figure 3 and 4).

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Figure 3. Absolute Weight Increase in Marble Goby After 3 Months of Cultivation

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Figure 4. Daily weight Increase After 3 Months of Cultivation

Decline of fish weights added Marble Guby on 3rd month caused less efficient feed, water quality and

the process of spawning. Measurement results of 24 hours of temperature resulting difference of 2.5 °C, the

temperature of the water at 6 a.m. 23.5 °C and 26 °C 12.00 noon. The low temperature of the water at 06.00

WIB causing oxygen consumption decreased so that metabolic processes in the body of the fish declines

lowering the absolute weights of Marble Goby. In addition, the ingredients are dissolved and suspended height

which can cause closing on gills so it reduced and oxygen diffusion process can reduce fish vision in search of

feed, the observations indicate that the feed provided is not eaten, in addition on the 3rd month is the month of

March, there are some who do betutu spawning (Figure 5).

Figure 5. Marble Goby Eggs on a Pipe (Salzsa)

The spawning process causes the energy that comes from the feed will be used for the development of

the reproductive organs (gonads) and the spawning process. Pandu (1976), Utter at. el.. (1983), Pandu and Kole

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in Alwi (2009) stated that development of the gonads can inhibit or be a rival of the growth of somatic cells,

most of the nutrients or energy will be used for maturation of the gonads.

The average value of the absolute weights of Marble Goby for all feeding groups with sizes of 2%, 3%,

and 4% from biomass after 3 months of maintenance are presented in table 2.

Table 2. The average value of the absolute weights of Marble Goby on all size after 3 months of cultivation

Treatment Average Absolute Weight

Added (gram)

A (2% Feeding) 28.2 (a)

B (3% Feeding) 34.2 (a)

C (4% Feeding) 40.0 (a)

Description: the average value of the marked similar letters not different of BNT assay based on the real extent

of 5%

The results of the statistical analysis using the F test show that feeding does not have an effect on

absolute weight added to Marble Goby. 4% feeding produce the highest value added amounted to 40,0 g, the

high of absolute weights added is caused by availability of a lot of feed so chances of fish feed in order to get

high feeding chance, the 2% feeding yield increase of the absolute weight of 28.2 grams, and 3% produce 34.2

grams.

RELATION BETWEEN FEEDING WITH ABSOLUTE WEIGHT ADDED

To find out the number of optimum natural feed (Tilapia) that can generate the highest Marble Goby

growth, analyzed using regression equations.

Figure 6. Feeding Relation with Absolute Added Weight with 25-50 grams of weight Marble Goby during

Cultivation

Figure 6. is the regression equation models the relationships between feeding with absolute added

weight to Marble Goby with size 25-50 grams for 2 months, y = 5 x + 1, with determination coefficients (R2) =

0,96, coefficient of correlation (r) = 0.98. This shows that the growth Marble Goby is affected by the feed of

98%, which means that the existence of a high association between the number of feeding and growth, after 3

months of cultivation produce the equation y = x + 13, with the value of the coefficient of determination (R2) =

0.25, and coefficient of correlation (r) = 0.5. This shows that the growth of Marble Goby is affected by the feed

by 50%, meaning that the existence of a substitution between the number of feeding and growth. The amount of

growth that generates optimum feed on Marble Goby with size 25-50 grams of the highest is not achieved.

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Figure 7. Feeding Relation with Absolute Added Weight with 51-75 grams of weight Marble Goby during

Cultivation

Figure 7 is the regression equation models the relationships between feeding with absolute added weight to

Marble Goby with size 51-75 grams for 2 months cultivation y = 6 x + 18,67, with coefficient determination

(R2) = 0,812, correlation value (r) = 0.9, this shows that the growth of Marble Goby is affected by the feed by

90%, meaning that the existence of a high association between the number of feeding and growth, after 3

months of cultivation produce the equation y = 27,667 , with coefficients determination (R2) = 0, and a value of

correlation (r) = 0, this indicates that the growth of Marble Goby is not affected by the feed. The optimum

amount of feed that produced the highest growth of Marble Goby at size 51-75 grams is not achieved.

Figure 8. Feeding Relation with Absolute Added Weight with 76-100 grams of weight Marble Goby during

Cultivation

Figure 8 is the regression equation models the relationships between feeding with absolute added

weight to Marble Goby with size 76-100 grams for 2 months of cultivation y = 5 x + 7, 20.5, with the value of

the coefficient of determination (R2) = 0,89 correlation coefficient (r) = 0.94 this shows that growth betutu is

affected by feeding of 94%, meaning that the existence of a high association between the number of feeding and

growth. After 3 months, 5 x 11 y =-0.5, with coefficients of determination (R2) = 0.99. the coefficient of

correlation (r) = 0.99, this shows that the growth of Marble Goby is affected by the feed of 99%, meaning that

the existence of a high association between the number of feeding and growth. The optimum amount of feed that

produced the highest growth Marble Goby at size 76-100 grams is not achieved.

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Figure 9. Feeding Relation with Absolute Added Weight with >100 grams of weight Marble Goby during

Cultivation

Figure 9. is a regression equation relations model between feeding with Marble Goby absolute weight

added with size > 100 grams, y = 23x – 7.67, with the value of the coefficient of determination (R2) = 0.84,

coefficient of correlation (r) = 0.92, this shows that the growth of Marble Goby is affected by the feed of 92%,

meaning that the existence of a high association between the number of feeding and growth. After 3 months of

cultivation of y = 11x + 26, with a value of coefficient of determination (R2) = 0.55, coefficient of correlation (r)

= 0.72 This shows that Marble Goby growth is affected by the feed amounting to 72%, meaning a low

correlation occurred between the number of feeding and growth. The optimum amount of feed that produced the

highest growth at Marble Goby sized > 100 grams is not achieved.

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SUMMARY AND COMMENTS

SUMMARY

Based on the results of the study it can be concluded that Marble Goby can be domesticated outside its

habitat, for example ponds, fish can grow and can do does it weigh spawning naturally. Marble Goby that fed

2%, 3% and 4% live Tilapia generate daily weights added 0,52 g/day, 0,61 g/day and 0.82 g/day in the second

month, in the third month added weight has decreased compared to the second month i.e. 0.32 g/day, 0.38 g/day

and 0,44 g/day. Feeding up to 4% of the biomass is not yet generating the optimum amount of feed to get fish

growth Marble Goby maximum. Water quality such as temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen is still in a range

that is optimal for Marble Goby, except water brightness.

COMMENTS

Advice that can be given is to do advanced research with feeding live Tilapia more than 3% from biomass, with

the appropriate water quality for Marble Goby, so that the optimum amount of feed obtained.

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REFERENCES LIST

Alawi, Hamdan, Nuraini, dan Sapriana. 2009. Induksi Triploid Ikan Selais (Kryptopterus lympok)

Menggunakan Kejutan Panas. Jurnal Perikanan dan Kelautan, 14 (1): 37-47

Arifin, Z. dan Rupawan. 1997. Pertambahan Bobot dan Tingkat Sintasan Ikan Betutu (Oxyeleotris marmorata

Bklr)dengan Pemberian Pakan yang Berbeda. Jurnal Penelitian Perikanan Indonesia. III (3): 22-26.

Effendie, Moch. Ichsan. 1997. Biologi Perikanan. Yayasan Pustaka Nusantara. Yogyakarta.

Kordi K., M. Ghufran H. 2013. Panduan Lengkap Bisnis Budi Daya Ikan Betutu. Lily Publisher. Yogyakarta.

Wibisono D., 2013. Panduan Penyusunan Skripsi, Tesis dan Disertasi. Andi. Yogyakarta.