DOCUMINT MUM

ED 279 182 FL 016 490

AUTHOR Tirkkonen-Condit, SonjaTITLE Towards a Description of Argumentative Text

Structure,PUB DATE 84NOTE 17p.; In: Ringbom, Bakens EC; Risoanen, Matti, Ed.

Proceedings from the Nordic Conference for EnglishStudies (2nd, Hanasaari/Henaholmen, Finland, Nay19-21, 1983); see FL 016 498. Appendix contains smallprint.

PUB TYPE Reports - Evaluative/Feasibility (142) --Speeches/Conference Papers (150)

MRS PRICE Mr01/PC01 Plus Postage.DESCRIPTORS Classification; *Cognitive Processes; Comparative

Analysis; *Discourse Analysis; *English; LinguisticTheory; *Persuasive Discourse; *Problem Solving;Rhetoric; Speech Acts; Structural Analysis(Linguistics); Writing (Composition)

ABSTRACTThe approach taken to discourse analysis that

classifies text types according to isolated linguistic features iscriticised, and an alternative approach to argumentative texts isproposed. This approach looks at the process of argumentation as aninstance of the problem-solving process. The argumentative text isthen seen as moving from the undesirable, problem state to thedesirable state or solution. Written and spoken argumentation wouldmanifest different strategies and features but would follow the sameproblem-solving process. Argumentative texts would also becharacterised by interaction both between the author and addresseeand between successive speech acts in the texts, and interactiveanalysis could be used for typological diagnosis of whole concretetexts. An advantage seen in interactive description of a text, ascontrasted with typological definition, is that interactivesequencing helps to reveal the text's hierarchical structure and toidentify representative speech acts. The concrete examples used inthis paper are taken from a sample text, a copy of which is appended.(MSE)

************************************************************************ Reproductions supplied by RDRS are the best that can be made ** from the original document. *

***********************************************************************

o fl

Clkol 04010 T104400;14011tCC) P44,4)101101 iltoTA41 :Or -4400101(.4! ttlitkite

rom4 VaiVereity Of 4000044

CNN, TOW0.§ PWOIPTIOU O AhiiOWNTATM TKO'

MLJ

C:21

1, T. ot tyt 0 40 464110iA1 *0

Ono woy tdonttfying toot typo* to tt titvo 4 140 Of 104.14104 Itnqototto footoroo tonic* tork owch tIpu, ueriv,)4 wilt)

potnto not ftvo toot typ001 4-00PC441-Ye4 p0rr0r.tyft4 041pPA11Oryi

ArTtifto'AeitrVe 4nd inotriwttvg, 611- ohti,744 Of..1r100 11114410k10f04,10F00$ tOt 00 CO4IT0r0 001+,0 footoroo of thooto typoo PO thohAolh of Lhot to itotod 10 tooblo I.

,....,...root liao Osttotttittl. Otootlivo Oefotoitoor Ato*.t000tto4look

NoilInsitAtitaliottot

4Oto

titstop000t000folios/1,44#ottlotsems.f,. 'Moto400 4004oitit4o lot001444 40444 44406,.

1I44II4Ili.4,

13. I

I.Mt4

------------

Otwou4l000w.o.

t*ootitoPto*4 le00.4.owttoottot40044444,o, 'Oa.1004 0 40644010 44 40640440'4110 61446

444 L.44Mo^swot/moo,*

.--

cwottly.4t4t43ol4ft$*44,4440. .11,'Pa 0000...4101Iitto 4oto$11114,to oho *til to040 1604440,44,"

. OtooIr.4,"00640044por4Isip3*4440641,to14,41t.0400040footle*01414,441

Oottetoti**40040414r140404,tiovootft

?thtoot. ow-4w000 atti 4.00441

n6r4 1"11

ul000mts131 0

twist Ttoopotot ittilisivor.

sorttoototc,f41141011los

TO*, *I'tootettvtltottoi

twist rtorotot

-...

moirtiot

o----104wket3vo. 484.Ireots03. 404**t3te

tooo Put,fttroomt

Foot rteloom ftwomtat

Table I. tsimpls of text typological markers

BESI COIY AVAILABI

2

=

140 Ib' tol 10.0000 t t411 4,41100 0,14iief 4WL0 04,1i

,Oro, 4.,40 I 4l1 P'44 4-0e 4 441 the 4..o411. 1,4'6

4-401.- 1,.= 41J0Pwq4041d 1401 14 eV0+441P-4, 104=1044 the 6e07

4c-4,1= 41,= c0410.0ts!104i, 14 041,444411' 4e0, 10 4-t,1l1,40=4f,0r

4 efitIty149 414 Ofeq1,41.1144411..1, !.,t C.i-AfI41,40 11,0,

,Asdi644.'11 44#10101 )4 4i43 q 41-30 1461. two*, te4a,

* el4vhc.t 11,0e ftstb4 4 I U 3b (i-0-41e4 !1,1 b4oce**iye x"-apierwe*,

hofofforho. rhohforo ood *0 oo, A* toe, 1 ohyo, Ayociiptivo

toot§ oto hoorofyritto4 hi ,/,.4tioi 40+4044i n4f1414N?4 14014 11

1_041,4441 oogoni:opi oopo*I4o4 y 4000 hi= 444it4k4 4h.1 4401i41

04,444W14 444 4tikkilte4F+4 41 1,44 Itetl ( 1.4 0;414 it 4 iVtg

(UO*Ordli, 11014s4 14 tohlo I 410 ttorely 44eplo0 0 14e

kInfl0 Of 1149414t117 p4e114.441ft4 tiot lc:AO Cre ;40#114ftiO4 06 n444Or0

of opowifig 1_4100 type*, 00 t4. 0 44;s44 of $1540 141e tnfti lit 10

401 44 I4 4 4 Ito 1.01114 00, 6Ay, 310eif313*41.01) $41wmelikattiN-4

C,4404100 fic,P4' 0 171441401.e 40001,1 1.014t 10 411Wo4t Of io,V100!h1o,

10 thy idontificotion of 'oociofo 4e04. with 4 6poi7iW. toot

41 4 o> 4."-*4.-1,0d 1e4t..0 11In 4*. *its rit4ki4e0 Ut t=t*I 4140301:

pc_4(oi Of 184( typo 0461 'then 4Al2. 14n4otOtc44 40 an 4natfgwIfvc

Ahoo the tylwAffdit-41 oo*olo*oont of c'Olteratto 0lo1 ,4

fitr 40414 priKtieml porpoodo, howYwor, it risoy ho ftefebk4fy

ful the teenier 10 LIO 0410 to 041e 4b0i4 4 eG,Ocrete teat Un4t 1t

,41t104t3 ly C04414 44 444 why. g4o-1'4406 4.t poch procticol

pkoo* oio tho *411.141 0f 41,44 tW,6 ond ootwootion, oo wooll oo

tro Y41io4o ped4kfit411C41 kn1tVQ044 Oko27.n 40 tho tooatinl of 11o400

sT9ftproto4nit101.1 ond tho 000noonosot of 4310 otodonto' wtitton work,

poci,00nn of 6410thor 0 111000 of writton wovo io 4 14q1t10,4110

sopr000ntotivo of 4 cnttoin tontost ootoloty of whythor It

corroctly 0411aa4f1100 4 pteCe of Wirik moot in thnoo '0000 hn

oodo In tooftlInguintic Iltyrotofo, too, It. 14

40ft4tiP44 ool9ootod thnt fonto oh(uld ho divided into !woo

oceordinq to their ovoroll 'illocotiooAry point' or 't!Otant4A1f4

t1,00 porp000. Ict. Anton !IMAM; Fhoo9PoonY 1/77 ottfl hotly)

1,4)1. for inotoncy tho difforyhro botwoon ympooftion ond

orquoontotion - 4cor4in1 to thio orttorion - io thot tho

point in coopooltion to to inforn tho rood:or, whornoo (ro pointr

)1 a

10 4f0.14400f44.1(.01 10 t0 1:00V10(14 NIO: 44-04 0*(0104 10 N.44 414 (8il

It 00.4 140101 N4* Pf 04* 00 loi01 fb440 0 It If N-i.0 N0-04 4440

14140410t1fitY,

rPf ef4 o:,41P41 4004 4'144'01* #44144i,0004 4004 N4440(10* Pt

164-4444.*0 441'14410741 44,4140,1* 404 4004 0P414 i4 00,44coi (toe*

414104 4f0 00. 0004IN, NORN0f 1* 4 0i141-04 1044141V0 4440.401"001

400 4eP104' Pf 'PO.144P440 Pt 4140 40041 Uo P0144 m01440404 Of

tho tWololicol dotioiti Pt <7..1,0-.010 110t oothiwi .aN111,1

114/e11414 Of Ift4440014 ON044041 4 1.-1...4011.4 tOl" 4(44'

00104.44_1P44 111 4* 004.014.4q12 411 044 j kNO .4401/c1'

1* 4,0 41.4.0444 4.14 444.:JW0 (NO 04.fo0iii0 UW1-'401101 00 44.40* (11114

cf040 4004.0 4* 410 104,4141y04 4(4(;(41z4 40 (0(1410 444404i

C41090f1014, 10 0414 popdr 44 411404,4 4t. 0440 (0 40.4c11(o 040

e trwtqre Pt 4t4 4r144*144t4tiVls t44101, The cP(Wctsf trooviple0 4#46

it 0* Viefi 0400 kr.:t5! rtee t

lho 4t4unontoiivo tei 40 4 pfPN100,=a0104100 *444k,4qt.il

It would ho i4o4I if ihe 404e/10101 0 the 0f1A,04c014114',J

ko04 gO1414 NO oit4o44o4 to tho doocriptioo of tho 44-444k001444.100

prw***, 114441*or i1*7,0*i 4io40614 thot tha 1Frow-eow of 4rlti6oh-

t41,4044 1.744.1 Po 4ee="414e4 44 40 111414F4C4 Of 4440 904,41v0 pf400**

of pit4ilon-4olviol. tworeliol to iliummor'n piwo941, the!

hont4tivo 4#40440r Pr writor 101 444411w4 tt8 1Z ho4ror or

ro44or gni hi* 40 44444011r4N40 '1011,14i p00141P0 40 4 *4440 cit

0(41(4, T00 O.* '14?41 14 4.0 e.0400e 1000 1014;41 100414.100 10 tho

Wit niod no th4t fl 41.1±1041-7NO.k- 404 1114.14414(0. 041414 VO 0400

V1OW Ot 1.+01 41.410 of 41j4iro. wo viow io tho 4o4.it4ttlo

ponition, tho gin41 ponition' to ho orlt4blinhod into 111'45 mind.

Thin qo4) in ro4g**4 V14 4 *01104 of o4U-10414, tho ninllo 411

4#414441i4 of tho otrounontiotion. W100 144r40M.441041 14 41400 40 4

problon-nolvinq procoon, tho initi41, undonir4hlo 4144e (4 tho

prattles 14nd tho final, donirahlo *IMO 14 the selut1444), The

4117Urgeht4tt00 to the ftweltelet t04400 th*;! 4041r4h10 ot4to,

Amordinl to 4U0440( 111/201I It 14 typk4I of tho pT,ohlon-

aolving pt,,2o4n in conorill 11*41 it '413owi. 044noon of 4).44-t1o4l8

gr 0t.r4t01104 within tho progwoo of tkolution 4n4 in hot hound to

4

4 pflowolil tio,' ro,,* 4* 44!*4 *4-i~,40i4,,,

44111,14044. *00.14 ç 1..ilfi01.1 p 1,10 f'11-04.14 443. ftw.!:40r

t ;.A f 4p *.e4,4s, owItf 06 y #4 q 4,6 1 wir

cf!..iiiiW 101;1144 ti:0*044* 4001,* 4111,

k4,44*.**;44*4 0005,114. *441. 1I$u * fos14

000 4101440 ,,;44114.ma 4,4;b4A 44f.

*444 kaA, r1:6- Atil4 .4.41c 441 41'3-411k44.4. 0-.44 ,:A.F4 v:+14c.111s.,4 A 41,ak;jsessis

it-JS 0,0t *fi:4400;i4,4 4

1t4.14.5 440flt,b06 11.00 0,1+0-4 4,.w

0,41 0.'4400,:j0II#AA 11.4 1044,0444144.? 14-4p .11 le7-141-31 10,,6 4.4s#1! 4,

4d104e,q 11-.8 $!0,00,0 44f,s:.i *4,4 #0,404slic

1A*11 0.101$4 A*A0 4**Ila 140%,.tr tv0414/**

4,s0n gka Cm 4.1491;;*$ vf1W11.06,

pfi7.4.4ep-,0m3.no 4.-3,e!si van hts.II xts

*4140.4110.; 4'4 444'1,414=.20 tI at-

4,41111.4.+,:0 4,4 444 -,4 Oie *1.f 4$ '4,!i/1A A41,441s

oi 'Mete 4Itt

IA 1h* R.1101 V4# WAdeltostAu 012,1e Itwo

4f44 Nf ,40 ti41, Adioito = k4:004N,

1441-44A A4P1 I* ft.t*drVe4 ft4f eVAI',SAII*4ii 4 Ow canezliOfe4

.,:;,,E.K.01110 AO-; 441,4 010c, T1,,& .6;4:04fi0 1* fik.,

f4115.04 it 4440,1.*N-44 41-41.0FIAls 10, fAi'14 *le*A Ite4,4*q

fPr. IP0 c444444VA # t4 RLy 11444eW 41vs*,

/f-i# ,44-9-414400.141.1 Pf.;40t1i6 ilet4ezAE4 TAT4 1140

kirpOisA 4.411 Ia Ult4jAi0 oii.411i,01 If /13 aff 41

4444o,f4ly V'41. 4VW,00404 444444144 4.,ifi»4411-1*,AtIliN* IMetiVrtrs,4*te

TAO *4V0I1**s An4 tiapa1I1Re0 11,40e*iAlAil 4.4f111* *AN.1.10A IA A ActIkkAA 1**1 41Visfs AA 4.w# 4 *10114A4 plItIA

O,.1P At 4.01,AA141 ft P.,0100.4 11.4,011`4 44til:ell 14104e -"I+,41 4

Irian4 U 100110440 4A4 Orine°4110*. is3i101C.,Atv* *or*, Arki PLIta,ladsh

0O41$1.4 4A114 Ow 044141 1041 IA CT,Oi*44-divel 10 64N40 tie.e11 e40104,

4114 4 ***Alt Ilto *04 prep144,71t, Ow 10444 431 4 e-0411Aki:414410iEl

/40441441-0 1.0440 OM% 4U fNW(FIV,idt0 4-0 th# Jai tiT.4144 41,,

*414444. All ktto tAqkt*, tw.wov#r. 44 P4i. N.e_11 4pri)A Ow

0,411AWA, 10, %boy 44 wot two? 4 OAOICA 0101 At 4114 thoy woctb-

ly 11141,444to 44kpocto 41 t44 14461#1m, §4mo 1.#A1,As *WI Ow

firthAtif NAP.d r0141 CP 41440V4.41 4:4f th.op proto *Okiti

qt-dv 4 gimp** co (44k Aoluti 444 p000i6ly 44.4c1111 41.4 Vie4144t1Pes

r

kr414' +5#.4kki-lw 4k. 17,1,

11/406+..44+ 14 OP, ".14 44i-6.4 +.

v,0141:

\:;01' tit

11 41 1r

c

14- c 4 ow 4 9.

ts1144,4.0 Vt-101,4e40.4,:04i.4 4:0).4 ail 1 w-.4,:otet *11,1-14:e

Ito kiimittsoirkl it5 the 4,14cre* svf '1 tl . tatr 2iO4.46:1 *A4m1liti no4A,44.43m*4 I fiC *2:4-04 4140*U-0 1141(4 10,1 aAixt 446,1 41:13<,c,-0, 14?; 4,rt

p*#41(-301-. 40vo_e4

4o4 Ii4t0 4,I+i*9 0!6 11.0rF? 40044_, 44-)*Ip 1:444A-M ,g,

*h.4 th0 t'Oft0 4+'3 It.. it,* 1 03frig,i00.* .04,10)

;WI* 1011til 0'4 # 71C.:4ep *.i9-t f 0,41_ It 4* #,Frres op..144_ 40 .**t

110191r pfloluoitrioN 474 II* 1#ol, 1,40 v*titucio

r r

44,11 #41.1...4.1 *4.401/ * 414 1111 . 4 4 .; 44+4-4 1 ** 4 -.1.

.,*4.# Cr.J+ 4, I `4 4 +.4.*'4.,4,.." '....; 4 4,1' '04

V441.44, 04* 1,44.4*1444-...10 44-. =4.1 44,44 ":4 N 4.1k474*

4,..04,4; 4 .010,4 40. ;440 4...4 .4 4 , 44, 4 144v, 4,45 4,- -4 *4. 4 4 $.4.:

; 101-41.4440:410,4 * 4 ;4.04; ; 4r 4 .44.«.1.4-44 4 4 j'Al 3y444 .044* +,4*14.* 4.4,6 444 40 4,4 3 4.4 4

,44 ; iv+ ; Zip: .4 4 **1-44, * . 4 41-* 4 41, *.* 4. .;

.414111:* 4 4 4.4 I -4 * 4*, 44 +4 4 -* 4 4

4.444. 4* 402... ; 0 44 4 4,1 ;*+4, 416 4 S #..44,444 444 -0 4 4

4 Au« « 4 g 4, 4 4 4 ,q,44 ;14 IE.'. *, 4 4,'1 4 4-..;,4* Ita ,A141,

7.-)44444, 4..1 41.4.4 0 :04#.4' 7io.sfs; 4 " 4 (" .04 441

.4444 * ,14',1444 *.v+ I, 4 *4 44 1...; 4 4 s- *. *4 4 .4:,3* 444

4:1,4 414,.44:44' *4 4 4;71,44 'ac 4,,,,4,14 4 1'4.4 4.4,6. ,.:4**, 4

.;f:;;;;;

4-74 4i:=:-..**!*,:r1: -,J',-- *4_4 .4 4 g- -211

4.-4* *4444 4"*".:Abfl1A4 '4,, 4 4** -1' ir4rk+4 *A il*A**+.4*1 4 0 4 5 #4,..s.5.,

14. 4 44 +4 .1,..* o41 ic.,* 0. .14 4 4 .4.-+ 48,1 tow rty, *44-

11,1444.111.1+1., 451 4 Atio4; 440 4.44c 1 4.1 i11*

74i 14A*41; 4* * 44+1..4 4 4 .411 44., 11,e 1,41:4+,;..- Ot +v,*: 44 '4,,

4 q.1 .-t4i*A1 -o, 4 4-kc.1. e *44 4, 3! 4

.-°,14*.iqjis 4 *-11,, 4. 01 4004 44 '4.4; *4 . 44 « o*: 4 41 *4 4 ; .16- 4. 4 4r

4 44* 4.4.4.'4 if 4_!' *I 404'4 ,0173-

q'41* ,,o4.41,41,...;;;K*4'-'ec Si.

14,4;4'.1L t.

* .04

..sk

4 4 44

444 :kr:,

ex to

.4,-. v444 ' 4404

4,05-14.,' 4 *4

4 7P..*4

g"t4,

t.

:74 4 46 4 vs k? Ois 4 1,4, Is,: 04 .44 4.;:i 4i:4 co,

44, 4* 44-0 101, d 41+4 1,4,1,1,,,A klAAil*4 41'054

4'.47'4 40'44*, 44444 404.444; 344, 4 4* 4i-4.44 4 4 ',LF. 4,4 +. ,1,4**.144

044 1.$40 $*.411.0 4+.11 $fitt, 4,44 4**4

tit 444 0.4- vo-*4 4 11'44 *it.ipoho4q1 -40! 4,14, 4 #14 :44 s* 4 ;

*414* 104.044 to, pm .";,13 +4.11 4,4 <7,.* 4 TAP i 4 1.4. ilorPily Os .1V 40:1

ita 4004; 4, i4 '41044 an*,110**115 if. ',VA.' .4' 4 68 4. 71' 4 44-.4

'Plif ***WA IN)* 4 4104 tv#1. 4444 4 4+5 11,4* I *14 4 .0.74.5+1

If* $ a *f"*4,44414=N44,*1114, 140 0.1$1,4.'Fi4,04. IV,* 4*

4 40V4111iF41 . %AU 441 40.0.4 #4410 :10.1.11 v441 4 ky6,1p1.

1 1'044 4 44411. *Pt* 111 k,404 po411_ 0,c,*) Ito t itsi. 01 41541.44

It* Ow. pit cost pir*Sisf,ol. 441 11:+fp -110,)1000 C*414914.*i. aew

414rA***44 co) 1011 t*". +45poli i31 ;Ow k#:41APiti.

1**+*4 *114 *4 4.*- 4 ***4 744404 ", 044.04 4 4,*0, *47,14014 *4 14''0,,

414+4*; ** 44** +44-4444 44.%v 414444. 3 4 xi /44.4 4., ** 4 4144;4,-4,

4444, 0.4 4 4 0 *4 * 44, .1 4 ; t 4..1*1-*,,- 4.4 4 0:4 4 4,44, 4 .1 0.,4

* owitd 4 4* 4 4 4 4i 4 -4 *4 v«.6s*,4 444 4 444, g4 .; t + 4.4.4444 4 4 4 "

44.,4.4641" .4 444.4.-444-0.1*4.4 -4"-44.4 4* 44-444 16+.4.4

q 44 44 4* 4* , 4 f wv ji 444 41,4 4 4 ;444 44,44404* +4

44.i i4y A t. *4 4 J.a, 44 4 4 4 i4.'441 .; 4 44

4 4, 4 04, .t.4 4 44t 4, a +0,44 .; , 444 ..; *iv,* 04.

4,4 444, ;1,444 #14.44 4 4 414,4 a 4* 414,4 4,44444.144 w; 41,r. *4 if 44-,1*,4,4*4 4

*4 4-4.* * 7 44.0 t 4 444414-4 4 .4' .44,40, 4,44 4:4,4 4,4 4,4 4 4 'a N444 4; 4

*4 *4* *.! !* 44 * 44.*41'44 *41'4 .1#.4 7" iitt44

4 10 4c - .,4. ° 4 *4 4 04wlitt41,e4 44,44, 444,.."444444.0414444 4 ii4-44.4 444 t 414+4 4* 4.

itre, Vq1 *** *41*444*-4 444* 441-444 +4,4,4***4* 44.*

00,4,41.4 u4-1.* t4,4-04444444,

4 .4.4 4.4**4 a .4444 41,4, A64 4 4 *1. 4.4

Cf 0.4 «4,4 44-444,W414t' 44 .4.4.44.401 44, 4 4, 4 4 4 4. ,46.4 4 44.4 i 444 t4

41AK.V4. *#* 414.44,*As.-4 4$0 1144"; .4'4*

M;,,444.0,44, 04,141aW44.44 t4,44..t40 4.044* 44,4 ,4,4,4441 0; 4,144 414+4

$04444 4440.44 4:4 44 * 4.44t 4. lz.4ot e.t c4.,44,04: 44;t; 1.3 -,Oelf4=4i.'464r

4 4 4* *4 4'.." '3" 443 '3'3'4 "4044+,04 4 "3 *4 tisOW4,4 0. 4 .,.= 4.* k 4 0 .04444P4#0+4i, 4.,$1,44:1,4e * 4+4.4 4* 40**44-044 4%* * 444444)4444

0 44 4* 1 * *411,40, 04,1*,k,34 4.1.* ;14.1 4.0t_*0 4$'.* 4w4.1 4,r14e, I. 4.we4 *

444.C. Ae44144tAl 4'WV '44,44 44,4*10' *.;-*444,44'

A, Ow 44,1f*c10,* 4,44404 4-4*4-0,4444q1 44.4 4,N* *4****-4;4*1.0w 4=44

Me clivt*P *-K*44* 44*$11 *m * si,V004,04114 1i10,11094

t0.4 10144411e0; 4444104004* et 04.16 'oofv4iFq., 111,9 404141

1.4A4v4*0;10 40 14044 41440401.004 4140 ta440041-44 1%00 *r4A4r4.4 414

Co1eff;44 4,Ue 44.4ef44441 ii 4,,etwe,e44 4ke *,141..;1 *;14

a44f***IA-09 iifo$ 04 04 fv41,fri*Ilt 444t=ct 4.31 4.,;ic 404404)0444

4,0*6404 *kii.,1?.***I4 * *1-mr.da p) 1141m.

M11**4 0.44' 414.V14 i*1-*#*0114:0 4* 4144444*44904 ** 14010ti44A1 1,0 41,4°

#WIlti*104 4,e-'00g0W4 1140 11koMi4 **4 *44lue*!hee we 404 414 4:1)e

1,4ftt 4* 41 44i0los4e, mw p4 1.100 4 4,c411-whe,e p * 111-0144?

8

4,*41.14,* ** 4i. 4 4"1-P'6"-A -4 * .0..44,, *4 444,...4,

441.444.44 ,14,...1.,04,2%*4q .044444,4.4,* 44t0t 0.4 .44,44,4 . .40444,44.-144,

;4404442 44. 41,.6-4,G 4444,2,44,!,144' ii,,,444,0,4' '4...4 41..

.4,twiwOlo *.4 44. 41,4644.,,, 4,, 44,m, 4-4.1444,-1.

:, '94c, "44 0 4, Imiptz 41,0,4 9 *44 -V

4 * *44.44- *4.i; 4,-1. .3.c4 41", 4*: ' 44; A 3,40

-94 41.A.4: 4.:-444:4 i.M, * i4.4 -44.044,,A JP 04"140,,,C*441.441 4,04 '4..4 4,-0400;4 #4.4.1* *199 rj-**4444. *40,4 4,* A,** **,.44,*4 44.o* 44-444*!' 4. 9.7)1,- 4vit,i4, 4 ;tutc 44.13i 1H4t.9)611. ,*910k-40'..-'4.44 9 4til ! 444 -

01c;

4%41

4 *

4,11".40 4^'.4.443-4*4*4010,4;: 4 0 4 4:: ,S1L,40 04 0

414* 4-"0,* , ; 44

0,440 */*.y 04.44.,4';',-4* fit*"!

.44

.4 4

4

41-*: 4.9* 44-4444 4*,. 4.444, *444,0-4.,

, ; ; 444 .4Ai:

41,444***4*444:444 404.*

444 *4:4

4.4,4

AA

4'1'444

4 4,4e

4 444,

*4,44

1'1,0 4 4

*44.

w44; 4#4 1'4.9.-1 44 4* -r4k44.4*4.4144 44, 44-44 ii-414+44-4 il**444,

4.*9*--V*4.*4 4 ..*9

4

A*,4" "..-; 4 A*

4.0rA, 4-41-

4144A 4.,04,*4 4 4..44i,

*.-.4 4 9;4 4 044,-

*.144,44,4404 444

**,4444,4444,

4* *4,4*

0 A

44444-0444-4. 4,F*44: 4 fer :44p4:4 44.444,40 *a. -1404.a: 4,4 4,,itvp-v-..:4) 44444-44,4

A * ' 4 *4...*, *4t4t 44*-4:,41** 4 4 4 4 ;/34 3 i 4i4AA0.:41

#:., 4 3 k:A V 3F;.4 IA.' 4 4 4,4'3. *O*11 * 9 fl4 4 .4-Vip .Va .1.44..;* 4.4;) 0 9 -Er 1.,-,*4 4 9.:- 014

nug .4.43,s0 *4,4 4 44. *4 C40:4..94 -0 43,4;

?lc fr,47-+- OfoiRO 344.0 ,1' 4 74.0 ;Iw41, I:" 4* 011 -J,4`g, C4..". 44.. 4 tL. ii744*,0 44,1 44F + 3 44+1 4:01-444.6 41 41-5"'

44*

*14 400. g, 4 ,th4,441 .0,4 9 4 i 44*4 s.411;* r. *4 .;

0,744,40 *I; A 0, 0441e... AA, IF 14*4* 4 4 *4 9 rirt 10,i 4 4 9.1' 0,04 4tc4 9 4i

1 40 414.4.4a4 4,44** i44041.10414.4 #04 4A10 01,144**4'*44,,,4i 4.40,4 4Uio4130.*4.001#40s 3.044 Alls4415#.404 00 44=f4q444t*

440.40o0 Woopo-10, 1*.0 givWtt 44A0 *440e401$4%.1,

9

4 44444

1,4,4144,4

*to 4,444,0,..$ 4.4

44, *-A<C4 04i

44.0itwaii:Oir -.44

44- t4ittt'4 4 0* *4 otitx0,-4.4.. pit 4.60,4 14 30 04 4 444; 4,4.44 4 4444,- *4-4A 4c44-,.... ..)4..

412 441.104,4Ae.

;4 4444 444.:4x4 4414 .4A, 4-4-5i 4 t+4 44 04,1 *4 a 4

44 4,4 irdp -.4.1* j4"'Fi 4 44,4 *or- oro+4,4,o-4,4

4* 1 -44;0* 3 !to, 4...*,* +to: 4t44.44- 44.41 4144. clt.,to +-t.,*4 4 0:0., 4 1.0_61. 41,

*4! 44. 14.4* i,4.04.441O, #4414 4 oYti

114o 844 .04 4 44 .44,1 444 4.4444 .P 44,4 4,411-1P-41' 4'14'411= 4 ki4V

44. -i14411, 1,141.14t4i *4 4 ovi 444410i i A4. Titm 4.444'4,iAr 41.! 144*1 1,')4,04 4..k. 410 ;4-4 -414,4444.4 4 .4)4 ; !lob.; 4;4i

*144 144 4 .".;) 4,o4.40,-;,,, 1 k .4 4 1.414. 4.4 !lug 01,4,04 11/0,1, 4 ooli

41,4,4 *04! .4414 44, ,i,4i#41,06;,, 41ile

4 4. 4i 44.4. 4

t, tiik 4 4

TP 4,

.+3.

4 ,4

1

4.4441 . I 4

4 ;

:

4,4

4.2 01, 4'1,41,2 X -44.

-4 1- ,4 r 414 A

44, 2 4

4 *A 44

44.

1.5

! -1.1

fr, -$' -$

4 A Ar4 44,41+,4-4 41

44i 4 AAA ;; 42+,440'1,

41 44 4 4 i 4

44.4 i;i4 4* o,,AV4i4,4to4.1 ".4

4 40i, 4 4 .4,', 4ti,41 43., ;1,...,4,4

#4.* p 4444 0'41 41,4. -.).4440,4 4,4 4. .4 4.

1 0

44 *44,1 +.94.i6014. t.'4444

44...14w,

4 4 4

14.1*,/ 4.111114

414.. 644 4 eik

011.1.4444.14.441` -fit 4411

414*kf&14,10E

: 1 VAL.41

>,

4**-5,1,4 *4 4 4 4 4 +

4.1114.4.40$ .

.0§..

lit -4 '&4.44- i 4 W4 44' Y43. 4 *ti-.;4- i+ .4 444!

**. 4 0444. 4444 .4144 .144... ,.. 4 ti4i44 4,4,4: 4 ." 44.-4 X 4

4114 *44 41. 44 *4 4*i1 44: 4.-4 4 1m.4, :4,044.4z4 qn 4 4 1.0, c.,L.40 4:,*4 4 -44, I *441.

O. 4 4-'4 :410 441 4 ,,p4.. N ,

-)1 *4. 4444 * 4.4,tiv,-.0 44, f.'!

4cst4,4 44.4

,1

I 41W4,41414W, rig e1t 4 74,

ki 414*4444i*Oi: *44:41'4 i''4 '

i

1

4.40,444444'414.. 4044144*ri, *44. 44444440640) ntliv44.1

I 04144 1*! .'-' -----'------- '',

4140-444444 14; 44'00!)! -.41'44rt--(

11440 A- 4:4*:** -4 +.4 /*-44 # 44 +4 .1*.; *441

4 11410 Ca.Itt ft.RO

1.11* 41) i44, 1k4.4., 4 4' 44701c, 4..40 +4-444k4-..4 + owlIkobAti:*4! *%**Pio

4144 44.F. 4.144 # '1.k140F. 44'444.414 40P+-2t !pulp

441. uo4 4* *4. 34 34-1::;* 44 *I '4* 440% 10.414 *A-ttt ot*wil 4:044

I I

44,444. 3 44* 4, 4-14. 4 -)4. 4 44 * ,. 44,43 +44. .,..a 41#.#444# * -4 44,4 3 4 rm. - 4 ....44 .4. 4, 34.*

'4,4, 4t4i4 4 .4 .4 .4.4133_ 3 I 14 4144:44 4.34 4.- - 4.4,. -

310 .4....44 ti ttt r.t .4.01 444 44 . 4 4 -PA 004. 4 .4 W4It # .4;4 444.

44. 4-4i* 14 -V. ,14)0 444- I- 44 5. #.414 44 4 4,4-4 41-.4,1 4 ...

k# 4 0111Vi e, A 44 'I. .4, 4 . 4 .) 4144 :4 ,4 44.44 4 4 4 4444,.

3" .3 "4` *444' 4"". 4 34. t, 4-4 #. "*4 I

44-.4.3 344.4 .4 41,# 4; .4 tit, +- + 4 1440,1

4414 44ti 4.4 -4444 144 -0. +- 4444. 4+4 4,i -; :

.,4...tti4.4 *4;4 4 4 4. 014ii .4 4.# ttii 414,- 4 + 3:4

. 4 q.-43 .u..« 8 41.44-40-.. 4

+-i *4-4 4,4, .si,t 4 414 .4 4 , 4. 4; 4,14; 4 444: 4 .44, 33 4.1 -v-

414,4,4.4... i 44,4 44,04.; .4 4, 444+

4.444. 44 44 44 3 4.4.4 4.3.4 4. . 4443.4 1..4 a. 4, .4 4,41. .4 .4 4, 3 .-h

43.444.44 , .44 -4-4 t,- 4-, 4.4. Hit 1411.41.. 7.44,T.

4-44 4 -S 4 1,4.-*:. 4 4 3 -.3 4* 4 t 3 4 14:lb. 4

4.44 -4 54 3 ir+3 0-43 #4 .44 44 4' 4. 1 44. t.,44 440.4144 tr

4 4.4.* 4 444 -4 4 44,4 i45.4 '4 3 $ 4 4 .t 44* t'qt ' #44 ;!, 4 613 '44

*oi4ver4. 4 4.)..4c*.4 4 ' 4 *4 * -44 or:. .4 44 4 *4 .4 4.4 *4 it. '4 4 ..;

* 3 c4 4 4. Ail* 4);44 , .410,...444 4 4 444 4, 44.4 #3 44.. 3.4 343.#,..-4 4443, 00

4 * 1.4**4 44 *;4;14-4., -.40. 4 44,4..1.4 4 44.. 4.!4. 4.e.,4 4, 4,4

4 At* 4 44 8 . 44 444- ttp.4,4 414 :4 4.14.$411,t41 it.: I 4. 3 4.1c

40,4.:4411, 4444.4 4-3"..1-4-4 . 4.4i,i 4 -14, -4 414* 4..1.4.4 04. 44+4

44,44444,44, .4 .34ç 3.4 .4'4 :004 4 5..404,....;g. 4; +4 414,4. t*411* k 444- jt 00, 4 4.. : :tit .4 44 .4 .4.to. 444,4*

+.044 4.,r;*4 , 44444.'41404 i4% 4444. 3 °I 3;344 *44-

443a.: 4 4 54:# 45. 4440 4.- 4,6,44 .,:4Y*4..4,44444 1Y4,...1. 4 J.*.

t44). 4 *ht. 4.4 04 44- 10,4- ..44) 444,

4 *-4,44.h*4 4 43,.., for..ttiF 41 4 lir 4.0144.Al , 114:010,4 1144 *8*. 44 44) 4 044; *43; 4.444.4 ),*4 #44 414. 04 41....H4 4.44: *ti34l40:114

41 91`..41,.01 *iv 0114*-4 a 4 416 4.1; :4)441H*4w j, 104k,4 4,04,4 440

0"4"1 444. 0#00,4,4 04 4 4:4, 4 044 4.1.) 440..)04:. .4.-40

44* i+4,44',4 4' 410" , t 4 t 14At-i 44Iw ii44i3.

411"i,iggAti.4.F 44 444 w*,tri94,.. 4 4 .;'4.), 4 ,c-,40. 4.4.44 .4 4;1,* 4 .v.iw -...4.4.1.****4 3

40.1r.4.P;iO4. 4.4, ;44.01:4-' 444 44 . ft 4 it4100.14.44 154, ittl 4.49,0 1114 k *4+44

12

- 232 -

mean that the illocutionary quality would be stative. (It can be

mentioned in passing that the situation sections of argsmentative

texts seen to be stative in their illocutionary quality. Since

the sample text has very few and very short situation sections,

it is not worth pursuing this matter here.) In expository texts

directive acts would probably be rare or missing.

Factual prose texts often have summaries at the beginning or

at the end of the text. These summaries can be expected to legi-

timately represent the text as a whole, especially if they are

parts of the text and written by the author himself. An inter-

active and problem-solution analysis of these parts of the text

Should according to my position turn out a diagnosis of the text

type. These summaries can of course also be observed in terms

of what I called isolated typological markera. We can expect to

find also these markers accumulated in the top material.

REPERENCCSAston, Guy. 1977. "Comprehending Value: Aspects of the Structure

of Argumentative Discourse." Studii italiani di linguistica

teorica ed applicata 6, 3. 465-509.

Hatim, Basil. 1983. "Discourse Structure in Advanced Language

Teaching - Contributions from Arabic Linguistics." Paper

read at The Hatfield (BAAL) Conference on Discourse Structure

llth to 13th April, 1983.

Hoey, Michael. 1979. Signalling in Discourse. Discourse Analysis

Monographs 6. English Language Research. University of Birming-

ham.

Hutchins, John. 1977. *On the Structure of Scientific Texts."

UEA Papers in Linguistics 5. 18-39.

Rummer, Werner. 19720 "Aspects of a Theory of Argumentation.'

Gdlich, Elisabeth and Wolfgang Raible (eds.), Textsorten.

Frankfurt am Main: Athendum, 25-49.

Shaugnessy, M.P. 1977. Errors and Expectations. Hew York: Oxford

University Press.

- 233 -

Tirkkonen-Condit, Sonja. 1983. Argumentoivan tekstin rakentees-

ta." Roinila, Pauli, Ritva Orfanos and Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit

(eds.), ti8k6ku1mia kaantAmisen tutkimuksesta. Publications of

the Department of Languages, University of Joensuu.

Werliett, Egon. 1976. A Text Grammar of English. Heidelbergs

Quelle S Meyer.

Sample text: Selman, P.H. "Environmental Conservation or Country-

side Cosmetics? The Ecologist 6, 9.

Fx'ciR m

et .3o o re 7CD iiraMO NI w

Et 9v. or.. 0 = 4CD 2

9Plit11P li

1111111R111 IPA

11

illhiilirl

litillfilliitiliddellkillithillillphi,

_up I:;

itA

utilvt.da411

1 fitA

I"!I

3 iI

pil if a-I

-11-11111111

isilfill';I

I'ill

2I

glidliltill 111 Ai

!Ili;

.4 i'' bill I 41.6! 1111i1

in Prilniiiiiilip!!

Ilsiflipiliiiiiiipii. 1

.m

illotliiptyII 0 .4 ii

ilionotkiiiiiii

ii!to{

ilitivoipiti.$311117!iiili opailimp iglildirico

11

.

iffilopilonoifiliatiiiiistabili...titiiip Iilliiilinnritiqlinillipopisiphill.

oilv

ill

"Ir

ill['A

lit Istp v41%

1 fliI

illisi! I

,i%ill ii

i1

1 i2A

I

0111111! 111110111vrii

'11100111i

1litliii

i.lpiillllill ilig1441} /

1i

1A

I

11"riell:111111111191

lildiliiii ilki

.

.4,...ino

e