,/l

ORIENTALIA LOVANIENS IAANALECTA

247

COPTIC SOCIETY, LITERATURE ANDRELIGION FROM LATE ANTIQUITY

TO MODERN TIMES

Proceedings of the Tenth Intemational Congress ofCoptic Studies, Rome, September 17ú -22rh, 2012

and

Plenary Reports of the Ninth International Congress ofCoptic Studies, Cairo, September 15th-19th, 2008

Volume II

edited by

PAOLA BUZT, ALBERTO CAMPLANI andFEDERICO CONTARDI

PEETERSLEUVEN _ PARIS _ BRISTOL, CT

2016

l

I

_-l-

3sl, r'J:s

It-í41 (t,l î-

{

¿ tt lve

CONTENTS

AeeREvIlïoNs.

Paola Buzl, Alberto CaMPLAM, Tito OnL¡NptIntroduction

XV

XVII

NINTH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF COPTIC STUDIES,

CAIRO, SEPTEMBER 15th-19th, 2OO8

Pr-eNRnv Rrponrs

Theofried B¡uwlsrenOrient and Occident in Early Christian Monasticism

Heike Bs¡l.rusnResearch on Coptic Literature (2004-2008)

Nathalie BossoxRecent Resea¡ch on Coptic Bible (2000-2008)

Jean-Daniel DueoIsÉtudes gnostiques 2004-2008 avec un appendice sur le Manichéismeen Égypte

Mark Sseruo¡NResearch and Publications in Egyptian Monasticism, 2004-2008

Stephen J. D.qvIs

History and Historiography in Coptic Studies 2004-2008 .

Tonio Sebastian RrcHrenRecent Reasearch in Coptic Papyrology (2004-2008)

Ewa D. ZerRz¡wsr¡,Coptic Linguistics 2004-2008 : Synthesis and Perspectives

Cäcilia FlucrLate Antique and Christian Art in Egypt: Progress in Researchbetween 2004 and2008.

J

T9

49

99

131

151

r97

227

259

A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

@ 2016, Peeters Publishers, Bondgenotenlaan 153, 8-3000 Leuven/Louvain (Belgium)

A1l rights reserved, including the rights to ftanslate or toreproduce this book or parts thereof in any form.

*ISBN 978-90-429 -327 3 -9

D/201610602183**

I4Ë¡;l GI-]ET S i: Ä ii'J L'i' Ì1 IË'T S

tsii-ql-lÛ'iFK

:lF---

VI CONTENTS

TENTH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF COPTIC STUDIES,

ROME, SEPTEMBER ITIí-2T"ð, 2OI2

Penr I - Pr-BNanv Rnponrs

Anne Bouo'uonsAdresse Présidentielle

Heike BBut uenNew Research on Coptic Literature 2008-2012

Andrew CnlsltpShenoute Studies.

James E. GoBHruNc

New Developments in the Study of Egyptian Monasticism 2008-2012 365

Alain Dsl,qrrneRecherches récentes en papyrologie documentaire copte (2008-2012) 405

Sofía Ton¡¡-l¡,s TovARProgress in Coptic Palaeography and Codicology (2004-2012) 431,

Heinzgerd BRerv¡¡wNew Discoveries ând Studies in the Liturgy of the Copfs (2004-2012) 457

CONTENTS

Cédric MeuRrcsLa sculpture copte: découvertes récentes à Baouît

Florent CeleueNrL apport des nouvelles découvertes épigraphiques à Baouît (2006-2012)

Olivier BouerLa chaire de Baouît: hypothèse de restitutions à partir de modèlesnumériques

Gesa ScHSNKE

Micro- and Macro-Management Responsibilities of the Head of theMonastery of Apa Apollo at Bawit .

Esther GenelLes testaments des supérieurs du Monastère de Saint-Phoibammonà Deir el-Bahari. Documents inédits.

VII

6s9

651

669

683

297

303

335

Thebes in Late Antiquity

Malcolm Cso.tr and Jennifer CRouwnnIntroduction 695

Richard Bunctrrrcr-n"The Man of Jeme" Designations of Place and Witness Statementsin Westem Thebes 699

Alain Del-errne et Guy LncuvorÀ qui et à quoi servaient les <<ermitages>> des vallées sud-ouest de lamontagne thébaine? 709Tonio Sebastian RIcnrsR

Coptic Linguistics 2008-2012.

Alessandro BeustEthiopic Literary Production Related to the Christian Egyptian Culture

Karel C. Itwstr¡ÉnArchaeological Fieldwork 2008-2012

Gertrud J.M. veN LooNChristian Art in Egypt (2008-2012) .

Penr II - P¡r.rsr-s

Bawit. A Monastic Community, its Structures and its Texts

Gesa ScHBNrrIntroduction

Gisèle Hep¡r-MIN¿,clouDécouvertes récentes à Baouît

483

503

573

597

719

739

749

755

769

637

639

Suzana Hoo¡,rThe ostraca of Deir el-Bachit and the "Anatolios-Zacharias Alchive" 723

Thomas BBcrnMonks, Magicians, Archaeologists. New Results on Coptic SettlementDevelopment in Dra' Abu el-Naga North, Westem Thebes

Malcolm Cuo¿rPosidonios and the Monks of TT233 on Dra Abu el-Naga

Renate DerrpnA Relative Chronology of theTopos of Epiphanius: The Identificationof its Leaders .

Andrea Hnsz¡losWritings and Readings of the Monks at TT 65

VIII CONTENTS

Matthew UN¡eRwoon and Heike BBHLIIgR

Coptic Documents from the Tomb of Mery, Theban Tomb No. 95

The Reconstruction and Edition of Coptic Biblical Manuscripts

CONTENTS x

Carolyn ScnNBIosR

The Image of God in On Love and Self-Control and Instructíonconcerning a Spiteful Monk 929

Frank FB¡enIntroduction

Siegfried G. RlcHrenThe Coptic New Testament and the Editio Critica Mqior .

Karlheinz ScHüsslsnZur l4C-Dtierung der koptischen Pergamenthandschriften sa

sa615 undsa924.TT,

779

797

803

811

821

891

Stephen Em¡elEditing Shenoute, Old Problems, New Prospects: The Date of She-

noute's Death

David BnerxrShenoute and the Jews

Victor GHtce and Antonia Sr DSN{IANa

"His Toil was not in Vain". Two Unpublished Coptic Fragments ofthe Encomium on Athanasius Attributed to Cyril of Alexandria(IFAO inv. 79-80)

Matthias MullenRe-Editing "The Correspondence of Peter III Mongus, Patriarch ofAlexandria, and Acacius, Patriarch of Constantinople" (Codex Vatican

Copt. 62, ff. 62r-89r). A Preliminary Report.

Mark SsBnro¡NPseudepigrapha and False Attribution in Coptic Sermons.

Bigoul Al SunIeNIA Copto-Arabic Text Ascribed to Rufus of Shotep.

Jason R. Z¡.sonowsKlThe Stylistic Sophistication of the Sahidic Lifu of Samuel of Kalamon .

Faustina Dourn¡R-AnRrsThe Copto-Arabic or Quzman Version of the Alexander Romance

and its Religious Muslim-Christian Hibridity.

Myriam WIss¿,

Yusab of Alexandria, Dionysius of Tel-Mahre, Al-Ma'mun of Bagh-dad, the Bashmurites and the Narrative of the Last Rebellion in'Abbassid Egypt: Re-Considering Coptic and Syriac Historiography

945

937

953

969

Nathalie BossoNJonas. La version saïdique du Codex Crosby-Schgyen Ms.193 et les

ses liens avec la version paléo-bohairique du Papyrus Vatican Copte 9

des Petits Prophètes .

Hany N. T¡,rI-¡,The Sahidic Book of l¿bl¿ and its Relationship to Arabic Manuscripts

Found in Egypt

Hans FönsrsnDie sahidische Überlieferung des Johannesevangeliums und ihre Bedeu-

tung für die Neutestamentlische Textkritik (FWF-ProjektP220l7) .

Anne Bouo'HoRsThe Gospel of Mark in Sahidic Coptic: New Insights .

Christian AsrBI-¡NoThe Sahidic Apocalypse and its Greek Vorlage

Albertus TsN KereVariantes significatives des chapitres 26 et 27 de Matthieu selon le

Codex Schoeyen .

P¡,nr III - P¡peRs FRoM rHE Tneue S¡,croxs

Literature

Tito Oru-auoI and Alin SucIuThe End of the Library of the Monastery of Atrþe

Janet Tn¡sreMeleta and Monastic Formation .

839

847

855

865

877

Alberto C¿rvtpleNI and Federico CoNrenoIThe Canons Attributed to Basil of Caesarea. A New Coptic Codex 979

Carol DowNenSome Unparalleled Fragments of De Lagarde's Catenae in EvangeliaAegyptiacae quae supersedunt (Göttngen 1886) which may Contributeto our Knowledge of Eusebius of Caesarea's Quaestiones ad Stepha-

num et ad Marinum. 993

1005

1013

1023

r033

1045919

X CONTENTS

Fatin Morris GuIRcutsOrality as Resistance among the Persecuted Copts .

Anba MenrvnosAncient Manuscripts Folios Found in the Keep of al Surian Monastery

in V/adi al Natrun

Hagiography

Theofried BeuuersrsnDer Apostel Paulus in der ägyptischen Märtyrerhagiographie

Nikolaos KouneN{BNos

The Account of Seventy Idols in Coptic Hagiographical Tradition.

Paola BuzIRe-Interpreting History: Constantine and the Constantinian AgeAccording to Coptic Hagiography

Anna RocozHnqeA 'Tour of Helf in the Martyrdom of St Philoteus of Antioch .

Marc MeI-evezEssai de datation relative des différentes versions de la Mission de

Paphnuce I Vie d'Onuphre ei des Apophthegmes qui en sont àI'origine

Sami Ul¡nsA Preliminary Report on the Editüm Project "Martyrs and Archangels:

Five Coptic Texts in the Pierpont Morgan Library"

Asuka Tsu¡lPreliminary Report on Four Saints from the Mamluk Period: Hadïd,

Yuhannã al-Rabbãn, Barçaumã al-'Uryãn, and 'Alam.

Gnostic Literature and Magical Texts

Wolf B. OenrsnSchreiber oder Korrektoren? ZldenKorrekturen in den Nag-Hammadi-Schriften

Hugo LuNoHaucNag Hammadi Codex VII and Monastic Manuscript Culture

Ztzana VÍrrovÁAdam gives Names to the Animals: Genesis 2,19-20 and the Sig-nificance of Names in Gnostic Theology .

CONTENTS

Jean-Daniel DusoIsLa figure de Bérénice et ses sources dans la version copte des Acfes

de Pilate

Anna Sor,re

Pharmakeia's Scene from PS/ XI I2I4 Reconsidered: Survivals inCoptic Magic.

Luigi PnapeOneirology versus Oneiromancy in Early Christian Egypt: Contex-tualising P. Duke inv.244 (= Duke Coptic MS. 25)

Korshi DosooBaktiotha: The Origin of a Magical Name in P.Macq. I 1

Anna VeN DEN KERCHovE

De quelques énoncés barbares dans des écrits gnostiques.

Liturgy

Magdalena KunNPreserving Traditional Coptic Melodies outside Egypt

Epiphanius Auuc¡nvThe Moming Adam Doxologies According to the Manuscripts ofSt Macarius' Library

Youhanna Nessim Yousss¡Doxology and Eschatology

Ashraf Alexandre S¡.or,rIrhéntage copte des prières de l'Égypte ancienne: d'Horus à AbouTarbou?

Sohair S. AHIr¡eo

Two Coptic Legal Ostraca

Linguistics

V/olf-Peter FuNrThe Future Conjunctives of Southem Coptic Dialects .

XI

1063

r073

r20t

T2T3

I22T

1237

1245

1085

1095

ttIT

rr29

tr37

tt47

1 153

1259

1267

1,279

1289

Documentary Papyrology

María Jesús ALsenRÁN M¡nrÍNezThe Coptic Ostraca of the Palau-Ribes Collection. New Perspectives

and Edition 1301

T163

ll77

rt93

13t7

. 1325

xII CONTENTS

Ariel SHlsrn-Her-BvvNoun Predication in Shenoute's Rhetorical Poetics.

Victor GruceTwo Newcomers in the B5 Family: The Naqlün Kalandologia.

Chris H. RewrcssTense/Aspect and Polarity-Sensitive Complementizer Altemationsin Coptic Relative Clause Constructions

Adel SnenusUne introduction arabe médiévale à I'alphabet et à la phonologiecoptes

Frank FsonnThe Integration of a Coptic Lexicon and Text Corpus into the The-saurus Linguae Aegyptíae.

Archaeology

Eva SusÍesA Byzantine Domain in the Suburbs of Oxyrhynchos

Dolors CooIN¡ RBrNe

Le monde funéraire byzantin du W au VII" siècles sur le site d'Oxyrhin-chus, el-Bahnasa, Égypte

Yvonne PETnINA.

Late Antique Jewellery from Egypt: Workshops and Select LiterarySources

Karel C. Ilû{etr4És

The Monastery of St. Macarius, Survey and Documentation Work2009-2012.

t333

1339

1349

136t

r375

CONTENTS

Giacomo CevII-LlenThe Butehamon Project. Coptic "Traces and Paths" in the Theban

Necropolis

Sherin Sadek Bt- GsNoIL'ambon dans I'art copte .

Randa BeucnCoptic Antiquities in the Sudan National Museum and Early Chris-tianity in Sudan .

Julien Ausrn ne LApIenne and Lorelei V¡NpsnHsvoeNThe "Simaika-Pacha" Association: Salvaging a Forgotten Storage

Unit of the Coptic Museum, Cairo .

Elisabeth R. O'CoN¡reLLWadi Sarga at the British Museum: Sources for Study (with Anno-tated Bibliography) .

Randa Belrcs and Mostafa Sger-eevA Comparison between Coptic lcons in Egypt and Icons ofSt Catherine's in Sinai .

XIII

r495

1501

I52T

r537

I547

161 1

Anton VovreNroGrave2492 at Deir el-Banat. A Typical Example of Coptic OrdinaryBurial Custom I42I

1383

1397

r4t3

. t433

t463

Art

Dominique BÉNazeru, Anita Qures, Mark VeN SrnvooNcr et MichelWurnrae¡rx

La question des datations dans l'art et l'archéologie coptes: recherches

au Musée du Louvre r567

Emiliano RrccsIAspects of Restoration Work and Studies Conducted in the CopticMonasteries of Egypt during the Last Twenty Years I579

Alberto SuceroLate Antique Paintings at the Red Monastery: Differences between

Ancient Egyptian Secco and Roman Fresco Painting Techniques 1589

Olga V. OsHenrNR

On a More Precise Definition and Dating of a Coptic MiniatureRepresenting Christ. 1597

Rosanna PRSI-LI and Paola BuzIThe Coptic Site of Manqabad: An Italian-Egyptian Project

Giuseppina CIpRIANo

Ritual Equipments in the Cemetery of el-Bagawat (Kharga Oasis):Some Remarks 1447

Amandine MÉnnrTell-Edfou au Musée du Louvre: Nouvelles recherches menées surles broderies provenant du cimetière médiéval 1479

Mary Kurer-rANNotes on the Armenians and the Coptic Heritage 1623

Monica ReNÉ

The Renaissance of Coptic Art during the Late 20h Cennry in Egypt 164I

_V

1338 A. SHISHA-HALEVY

(i) Incidental vs. inherent noun predication. The complex opposition NS (inher-ent predication) vs. Base Conjugation vs. Present, using the copular Stativeauxiliary (incidental predication) is aweighty subject, but no doubt an instanceof rhetorical tension, especially in the Disitnctio Sinuthiana figure

(28) oy epol Ne Nr?BHye NTetZe eto MMàTot eto NZreMgtN àNr-oy?yne per H c à N r-oygt cD c (AuÉr-meeu, O euvre s, I, p. 43)

(29) 2eruargtày Ne H eyo Nàrçgày (BM Or.8800 p.52)

(30) rero NoyoerN àcpKàKeTeT2o^6. àcCr9eTeTON¿ àCMOYTeTeoY N TÀCIT N OYTe àC PàT N oYTe

TeTO NKàMH àCOYBà(9TeTO NKàKe àCPOYOeTNTeTMOOYT àC(l)N?TeTO NàTNOYT€ àCCOYN-TTNOYTe MMe(Cru.ssmer, Le quatrième livre, p, I52)

(31) 2enlrgày Ne H eyo NÀTçgày (BL Or 8800)

(32) oy epor Ne NrZBHye NTer?e €ro MMàTor eto NZHTeM<uN àNr-oy2yne p er H c à N r-oy gt cu c (ArraÉI-INneu, O eLvres, I, p. 43)

(l) W ec hs elsatz ( " B alanc ed" ) P atterns. V arious rhetoric al fi gure s

(33) e.oyrcoMec xNoyr xeNe-rTgr NTIT€ rr€ rTgtr MflKocMoc (CHas-SINAT, ¿¿ quatrième livre, p. 54, 59)

(34) ruagt NZe neyoy<r:ç9 àN rTe rroycugt NN¿.àtMcuN ày<u €ÍoycuglN N¿,Àr M <r) N rTe rr€yoycD<g àyç9 ene t¿<rr B N oy<ur ne (CulssrN Nt, Lequatrième livre, p.79)

(35) NerraprToc MiloNHpoN Ne Noyoy àycu Noyoy Ne NoyK(Paris BN copte 130.2 f. 109v)

(36) l9 rre àgt (Crnssnver, Le quatrième livre,p.54)

TWO NEV/COMERS IN THE 85 FAMILYTHE NAQLÜN r¿¿¿¡r¡¿ O LOGI A

Victor GuIce

Ten years ago, Professor W. Godlewski provided me with the opportunity topublish the documents presented here, which he uneafihed at Naqlün during

the l99I season. He then sent me six fragmentary leaves of papyrus, corre-

sponding to four inventory numbers.l Over the course of several years, the

trunk in which the papyri were stored was lost in the Coptic Museum in Cairo.

It was found only in 2010, when Professor Godlewski sent me the photographs

of 66 other fragments, belonging to the same group as the previous ones and

bearing 16 distinct inventory numbers. Except for three opisthograph and more

or less complete folios,2 the other fragments in this new collection of photo-

graphs comprise only some lines of text, or groups of letters, which are difficultto connect with the longer fragments.

' Nd.91.114 (N.91.13), Nd.91.115 (N.91.14), Nd.91.i16 (N.91.15) and Nd'91.118 (N.91.17).2 Nd.91.108 (N.91.07), Nd.91.117 (N.91.16) and Nd.91.119 (N.91.18).

Call number Number of fragments

Nd.91.104 (N.91.03) 2 fragments

Nd.91.106 (N.91.05) 2 fragments

Nd.91.108 (N.91.07) 1 fragment

Nd.91.109 (N.91.08) I frasment

Nd.g1.110 (N.91.09) I fragment

Nd.91.111 (N.91.10) 1 fragment

Nd.g1.112 (N.91.11) 1 fragment

Nd.g1.113 (N.91.12) 2 frasments

Nd.91.114 (N.91.13) I fragment

Nd.91.115 (N.91.14) 2 fragments (connected)

Nd.9r.116 (N.91.15) 2 frasments

Nd.91.117 (N.91.r6) 3 fragments (connected)

Nd.g1.118 (N.91.17) 1 fragment

Nd.g1.119 (N.91.18) 1 fragment

Nd.91.120 (N.91.19) 21 fragments

-T

1340 V. GHICA

CoNreNr

The pages belonged to one codex,3 which contained, as far as one can judgefrom the fragments discovered, two kalandologia, or more exactly hemerolo-gia. These generally short treatises form a specific para-literary genre wellrepresented in Greek,a but certainly related to Íhe Tagewählerei, attested mostlyin the Ramesside period.5 Several other fragmentary kalandologia are knownin Coptic, all of them in Sahidic:6 P.Sarga 19 (1 papyrus leaf; 6th-7th century);7P.Heid. inv. Kopt. 236 (L papyrus leaf; 8ft century);8 Vienna National LibraryK5506 (1 papyrus leaf; 9th century);e Vienna National Library KIII2 andK9885-9900 (6 folios of a parchment codex; 9th-10th century);10 P.Mich. inv.590 (1 parchment folio; 9th-10ú century);11 Vienna National Library K7027

3 Rather than two, as stated by T. Denoa, Deir el-Naqlun: The Greek Papyri (P.Naqltn I)(Studia antiqua 11), Warsaw, 1995, p. 38.

a See W. GuN¡eI-, H.G. GuNosI-, Astrologumena: Die astrologische Literatur in der Antikeund ihre Geschichte (Sudhoffs Archiv. Beihefte 6), Wiesbaden, 1966, p. 56, n. 9, 256-274.

s See the concise presentation of E. BnuNNen-TRAU-r, Tagewählerei, in'W. Hncr, E. Orro,W. Wesrexoonr (eds.), Lexikon der Àgyptologi¿ VI, Wiesbaden, 1986, col. 153-156. The majorrecent contribution to the bibliography on these treatises is C. LBIrz, Tagewdhlerei. Das Buchhltnhb ph.wy dt und verwandte Texte (Agyptologische Abhandlungen 55),2 vols., Wiesbaden, 1994.

6 The fragment in the State Museum of Berlin mentioned by T. Oru-eNor (Calendologia, inA.S. Anye [ed,.],The Coptic Encyclopediø,New York, 1991, ll,p.444b) contains in reality asmall section of Physiologus.

7 Ed. and trans. W.E. CRUM, H.I. Berr, Wadi Sarga Coptic and Greek Texts from the Excava-tions Undertaken by the Byzantine Research Account (Coptíca 3), Copenhagen, 1922, p.50-51;trans. T.G. Wu-roNc, Agrlculture among the Christian Population in Early Islamic Egypt: Theoryand Practice, in A.K. Bowrr,reN, E. Roa¡N (eds.), Agriculture in Egyptfrom Pharaonic to ModernTimes (Proceedíngs of the British Academy 96), Oxford, 1998, p.227 .

8 The edition of this text is planned to be published by CunrsrorRen Tsers in A. Bouo'r¡ons,A. DrI-errne, A. Jönoexs, T.S. Rrcuren, G. Scs¡Nxr, G. Scrn¿Br-z (eds.), Coptica Palatina.Vortrrige undTexte der 4. Internationalen Sommerschule für Koptische Papyrologie (Heidelberg,26. August - 8. September 2012).

e Ed. and trans. W. Tnt, Bemerkungen zu koptischen Textausgaben, in Oríentalia n.s. 12

Q9aÐ, p.329-334; trans. WILFoNG, Agriculture, p.228.r0 Ed. and trans. W. Tl,r, Eíne koptische Bauernpraktik, in Mitteílungen des Deutschen

ArchäologischenlnstitutsAbteilungKairo6(1936),p. 108-149; notesTrur,Bemerkungen,p.32S-332; ttans. WtlroNc, Agrículture, p. 228-233.

1r Ed. and trans. G.M. BnowNe, Michigan Coptic Texts (Papyrologica castoctaviana 7),Barcelona, 197 9, p. 45-57 ; trans. wILroNc, Agriculture, p. 227.

TWO NEWCOMERS IN THE B5 FAMILY: THE NAQLUN KAI" NDOLOGIA l34l

(1 parchment folio; 10th-1lth century);12 Cairo Coptic Museum 3808 (1 paper

leaf; I21h century).l3These fragmentary presage almanacs contain predictions based on different

systems and omina: the correlation between the 6th of Tùba (the l't of January

and the beginning of the year in the Roman Empire) and the days of the week(except Saturday); the direction of the wind during the week commencing with6th of Tuba (but not including the 7ft day of the week);l4 or predictions foreach day of the lunar month not necessarily connected with particulil natumlphenomena.

The two examples presented in this paper belong - together with P.Sarga

19, P.Heid. inv. Kopt. 236 and the long Vienna almanac (KIl12, K9885,

K9886, K9892,K9894, K9895, K9896, K9899) - to the last category. Althoughpresaging is identically structured in the two texts from Naqlun, the predictions

in the first kalandologion are pithy, whereas the second one presents more

developed ones. The content ofthe prognostications is also different, as shown

by the two examples given hereafter.

The first text is even more lacunff than the long Vienna fragment published by

Till, and as such, it does not provide one single complete presage for any of the

days preserved. The text proposed here (pl. 1) belongs to the 12th day of the month:

I'7 çoY¡B Mnl¡o2l a'YMlcl[t'¡]f+lKeocYN H' NeM N I

t.l . . [.]ry1 rHpoY' NàNeq

[eepr]engtcrrN...t.l.[The l2th day of the month] were born the iustice and all the

t . I .. t . I .. It is goodtotrade.... t . I .

In contrast, the second text (pl. 2) gives slightly more detailed predictions forthe 11th day of the month:

coYrà (M)iltro? àYMrcr [ 5 ] . N oye2ooyeNlNeqrTe [¡eN¿cu]e NIBeNer€Kryà2rrlo]rr e[roq 3-5 ]ñrercrc<ur..!NT.t6-8 1

e6'tc?tMt te ?+NB(l)K [te ?àN]TeBNooYrN.e.K[6-9]NåB() NeMçPgl0HP NeMç. . ..

t2 Unedited but mentioned by TIll, Eine koptische, p. 113-11'4.13 Ed. and trans. Y. Aso ¡r-Mesnr, A Fragmentary Farmer's Almanac,tn Les cahiers coptes 7O

(1956), p. 1-9; trans. Wu-roNc, Agriculture, p.233.ra Cf. TIrr, Eine koptische, p. 110-115; BnowNe, Michigan, p.48-51.

Call number Number of fragments

Nd.91.121 (N.91.20) I fragment

Nd.91.122 (N.91.21) I fragment

Nd.91.123 (N.91.22) 11 fragments

Nd.91.124 (N.91.23) 8 fragments

Nd.g1.125 (N.91.24) 9 fragments

1342 V. GHICA

The IIth day of the monththe t5I ..was born.lt is a goodday [inan]ything on which you will lay hand [ 3-5 ] so that you build .

t 6-8 ltotakewife or slaves [or] domestic animals.....t 6-9lwith a net (? ) and to become friend and to . . . .

DescRrprloN oF THE coDEX

The fragmentary state of the codex and the factthaf the pages are not numberedblur the succession of the fragments and even the order of the two kalandologiain the codex. The second scribe writes several lines on pages already inscribedby the first copyist (frag. Nd.91.111, Nd.91.116). At the same time, concemingthe recto and the verso of several leaves (Nd.91.111, Nd.91.112, Nd.91.116),one side is written by the first hand, the other is written by the second. In onesuch case (Nd.91.112), the direction of the writing is reversed.

In terms of paratextual graphemes, the first kalandologion employs koronisand obelos periestigmenos, whilst in the second text one notes only a series ofinverted hypodiastoles functioning as obeloi.

P¿¡-egocRep¡ry

The hand of the second kalandologion is fatrly peculiar and requires two briefpalaeographical observations. The first one regards the mu drawn with fourstrokes, which create a characteristic serifat the intersection ofthe oblique bars.l5Secondly, the ti is provided with four dots in every one of the four squaresdefined by the stem and the crossbar (*). The perpendicular arms of the letterare serifed and the upper ending is a hook-like curve.l6

DrecRrucs

In the first kalandologion,the djnkim appears either as a dot or a very thin hori-zontal stroke placed centrally above the letter. This is the shape of the djinkimwhich characterises the scriptø of Northern literary manuscripts, fromthe Pap. Vat. copto 9r7 to the 9th-10th century Bohairic manuscripts.18 In the

ls This form is abundantly attested in Coptic epigraphy. A very similar mu can be found in someof the Kellia graffiti: R. K¡ssen (ed.), EK8l84, t.lr (Explorations aux eouçoûr er-Roubô'îyât. Rap-portdescampagnes 1982 et l9B3), Leuven, 1994,p.414(#107),416-4tj (#lZZ),44l. (#302).

16 An identical sign is employed in ms. IFAO copte 2, fþ ll3 ro to indicate an addendum to thetext. A similar symbol, featuring a chi tnstead of a ti (x), is used in the same codex (fÐ 40 vo,47 vo,78 r', 85 f, 88 vo) with the same function. ...plays the same role (e 103 rg.

17 Cf. R. Kess¡n, H. Quecxa, N. BossoN, Le second chapitre d'Aggée en bohaitrique B74,inOrientalia 6l (1992), p. 169-204.

18 The few other early Bohairic texts show a diversity of practices. ln the P.Mich. inv. 1526,the marker is a long supralinear stroke: WH. Wonn¡ll, An Early Bohairíc Letter,inThe American

TWO NEWCOMERS IN THE 85 FAMILY: THE NAQLLIN KALANDOLOGIA 1343

second kalandologion, Íhe djinkim takes the form of one, two, or three dots

arranged horizontally. To my knowledge, the only document that shares this

peculiarity is the bilingual papyrus P.Bil. I from Hamburg, written in F7 and

Greek, and dated to the end of the 3'd century or beginning of the 4th. Through-

out the Coptic part of this codex, a dieresis is used above tautosyllabic iota,

mu, and nu.19

As one might expect,2O both scribes place the diinkim on tautosyllabic

sonorants lryl and /n/, although not regularly. The inconsistency in the use ofthe djínkim in this particular position makes the scribes of the two kalandologia

closer to the authors of the Kellia inscrþtions and graffiti.2l With one single

exception (e?.ll; NKl, p. 6,1. 15), in both texts tautosyllabic vowel letters are

devoid of djinkim - another feature which the two kalandologia share withthe Kellia corpus.zz One non-systematic use of rhe diinkim can be mentioned

on the second mu of gteMrùo (NK2, p. 3, l. 18-19).

The scribe of the first kalandologion optionally makes use of the semi-dier-

esis on the iota marking the glide /j/, segment-initial, or following a vowel: io2(passim), gtcui (NKl, p.4,1.10). Dieresis and semi-dieresis are absent from

the second kalandologion.

Dwecr

Despite the mutilated state of the codex, one passage enables us to define the

dialectal variety of the Bohairic employed in the first text as 85. On page 6,

line 2 of the fkst kalandolo gion, the reading is certain : v n I e2ooy ere M M àY.

The two other markers of 84, cn¡¡, and oYo?e, do not occur in any of the two

texts.

Journal of Phitology 5612 (1935), p. 103-112. P.Bodmer lIl and P.Mích. inv. 4162 are devoid ofmarks of iautosylãbication: R. Keìsen, Papyrus Bodmer III. É,vangile de Jean et Genèse I-N,2en bohaitríque | (Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium 177, Scriptores Coptici 25),

Leuven, 1958, p.VII; G.M. BRowNE, Michigan,p.4l-43 and pt. III (where the two diínkims

marked by the editor do not appear). For the three other documents in 84 (Pap. Vat. copto 9,

P.Mich. inv.926 and P.Heid. Kopt. 452), see the discussion of R. K¡,ssen, Le diinkim en usage

domínant dans I'orthographe " classique" de la langue bohaäique (aux xnÍ-xrtt" siècles surtout):parallèles, antécédents, principes et realisation, in Bulletin de la Société d'archéologie copte 33

099Ð, p.124-125.te Cf. B.J. DreeNEn, R. KAssER (eds.), Hamburger PapyrusBll. l. Díe alttestamentlichenTexte

døs Papyrus Bilinguis I der Staats- und [Jniversitätsbibliothek Hamburg. Canticum Canticorum

QoptiòQ, Lamentationes leremiae (Coptice), Ecclesiastes (Graece et coptice) (Cahiers d'orien-

talisme l8), Geneva, 1989, p. 114-115.20 Seetheseminalstudyof H.J.Polorsry,(Jnequestiond'orthographebohailrique,inBul-

letin de Ia Société d'archéologie copte 12 (1949), p.25-26.21 On the function and the shape of the djinkim in the epigraphic documents from Kellia, see

KASsER, Le djinkim, p. 116, 125-126.22 Only a small minority of the graffiti and inscriptions from Kellia utilise a djinkim on omicron;

cf. Kess¡n, Le diinkím,p. 127 ("Kellia syst. 4").

t344 V. GHICA

ARcHesoLocICAL cONTEXT

The laurq of Dayr al-Naqlun comprises 89 hermitages excavated in the gebel,occupied from the second half of the 5th century (for the two oldest hermitages,44 and 89) until the 11th century or even the early 12th century. Between the6ú and the late 9ú century, several buildings were associated with the hermit-ages: the first church (of which only survive architectural elements reused in themedieval church), a þawsaq and an adjoining building (named AA by the excava-tors), as well as a cemetery. After the fre at the very end of the 9ft century, whichdestroyed the buildings constructed on the kom in the central area of fhe laura,a new church was erected. Along with this new church, dedicated to the arch-angel Gabriel, two new keeps (sheltering, among others, perhaps a library or abookbinding atelier), residential quarters, storage rooms and workshops werebuilt in the same central area. Lastly, a second church, dedicated to the arch-angel Michael, was constructed sometime in the 11th century on the ruins of the6th century lawsaq. The monastery as a whole was in use until the end of the13th century.23

The codex described here was uncovered in I99I in room E of hermit-age 25.24 Previous excavations carried out in this hermitage in 1989 revealedeight rooms, organised into four units. Three of these were hermitic apartments,consisting of a main room and one or two smaller spaces, whilst the fourth unitwas used as a kitchen. These eight rooms of the hermitage appear to have beenin use from the first half of the 6ú century until the 9th century.2s Room E,excavated in 1991, was a kitchen as well. It was accessible from the courtyardof hermitage 25 and was the first kitchen buitt in the hermitage. The ceramicmaterial identified in it, mostly cooking pots, dates to the second half of the7ú century.

Derruc

The excavator defines the stratigraphic unit in which the codex was found as a"fill overlying the furnace and filling the room itself".26 Given that no other

23 The information presented here is based on the recent overview given by W. Goolewsrr,Excavating the Ancient Monastery at Naqlun, in G. Gesne (ed.), Christianity and Monasticismin the Fayoum Oasis. Essays from the 2004 International Symposium of the Saint Mark Founda-tion and the Saínt Shenouda the Archimandrite Coptic Society in Honor of Martin Krause, Catro,2005, p.155-171.

24 Cf. Vy'. Goolrwsrt, Archaeological Research in Naqlun ín 1991, in Polish Archaeology inthe Mediterranean 3 (1992), p. 49-50.

25 Forthedescriptionandthedatingof hermitage 25,cf.w. GooLnwsrr, polishExcavationsat Naqlun (1988-1989), in Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean I (1988-1989), p.29-32; Io.,Naqlun 1989-1992, in ICCoprS 5, p. 184-186. The chronology is reviewed in W. Goolnwsn,Excavating, p. I57.

26 GooLnwsrt, Archaeological Research, p. 50.

TWO NEWCOMERS IN THE 85 FAMILY: THE NAQLUN KA I'A'NDOLOGIA 1345

datable material was associated with this abandonment layer, the only fefefencepoint is the chronologically homogenous pottery of the underlying unit, whichprovides a terminus post quem of the codex's storing some time after the end

of the 7th century. On the other hand, "the paleography of numerous texts writ-ten on paper which were uncovered in rooms 4.1, 8.1 and C'l would suggest

the occupation still in the 12th-13th centuries" .27 According to W. Godlewski,

the presence of these late documents in the fill of the main rooms of the apart-

ments is explained by the "assumption that they had been blown in here by

the wind either from neighboring hermitages or from the monastery dump".28

Later on, the excavator proposed a different explanation: "The evidence in the

form of Coptic and Arabic texts found inside the hermitages, especially her-

mitages 25 and 89 near the kom, leave no doubt that they continued to be

inhabited by monks, at least periodically".2eIn the absence of an absolute dating of the archaeological context, one tums

to intemal criteria and starts, even if reluctantly, with palaeography. Prima facie,

the shape of the .íai of the tirst hand suggests the 1Oth-11th centuries.3o According

to the very few and obsolete palaeographical studies available for Coptic literary

texts, this is indeed the period when the long, horizontal, and embellished

descender of .íal emerges. The second hand, less trained and more idiosyncratic,

draws a similar but more omamented descender. Yet, P.Mich.926, which con-

tains the famous 84 school exercise edited by Husselman, features a fairlycomparable íai.The same goes for text no. 19 published in P. Kahle's Bala'izah,the P.Bodmer III (where the íai resembles strikingly the one of the firstkalandologion), and the Kellia.3l A quick examination of early Bohairic doc-

uments shows in fact that the horizontal-tailed íai is not only a peculiarity ofNorthern scriptoria, but also an early one.

All codicological aspects - the papyrus support, the sobriety of the paratex-

tual elements - ensure a date prior to the end of the 9th century. This terminus

is supported by extemal evidence relevant for the Chalcedonian oikoumene. Atthe very beginning of this century, the patriarch Nicephorus I of Constantinople

condemns in bis Canons the use of kalandologia (unong which he mentions

Jewish pseudepigrapha such as the Treatise of Shem, the Apocalypse of Ezra and

Íhe Apocatypse of Zosimus) along withbrontologia and selenodromia: BéBr1)"u

yùp æúvta.32 Yet, without further evidence, this formal interdiction cannot be

27 GouLewsrt, Polish Excavations, p.32.28 lbid.; lo., Naqlun, p. 185.2e Goorewsrl, Excavating, p. 169.30 This is perhaps what led W. Goolewsrr (Archaeological Research, p.50) to propose a date

in the 11th-12th centuries.31 See, for example, R. Kessrn (ed.), EK8l84, p.297 (#23),298 (#25),308 (#62),311-312

(#7 s), 424 (#17 1), 448 (#303).32 NIcepHoRus l, Aliquot canones 2-3 , PG I 00, col. 852.

1346 V GHICA TWO NEWCOMERS IN THE 85 FAMILY: THE NAQLUN KA LANDOLOGIA 1347

extrapolated to Egyptian Non-Chalcedonians, especially if we trust the datingproposed by Till and Browne for the other fragments of kalandologia in Coptic.

Taking into account the abovementioned comparanda common to the Naqlünkalandologia, on one hand, and to the early Bohairic texts and the Kellia corpuson the other (the shape and the phonological function of fhe djinkim as well as

the irregularity of its use, the same optionality in the utilisation of the dieresis,alongside several palaeographical aspects), a date between the 6th-8th centuriescan be envisaged for the two documents presented here.

COY42*17

\,.,".,3t

Pl. l. Kalandologion l, fragment Nd.91.115

Y

1348 V GHICA

TENSE/ASPECT AND POLARITY-SENSITIVECOMPLEMENTIZER ALTERNATIONS IN COPTIC RELATIVE

CLAUSE CONSTRUCTIONS

Chris H. RuNrcns

1. INrnonucrlorq

In the present contribution I shall revisit the morphosyntax of Sahidic Coptic

relative clause constructions, with particular attention for the variation in the

form of the relative complementizer (traditionally labelled as the "converter").I shall discuss the complexities of context-sensitive complementizer allomorphy

from a typologically oriented perspective, by comparing Sahidic Coptic rela-

tivizationpattems with the corresponding relative clause constructions in Mod-em Irish (GoidelicÂnsular Celtic, Indo-European). Modern Irish has a very

similar system of altemating relative complementizers. By systematically com-

paring structurally similar patterns in two genetically and typologically unrelated

languages, we can hope for new insights in the overall organization ofrelativiza-tion systems and the intemal syntax of relative clauses.

As a first approximation, relative clauses can be defined as post-modifying

clauses. The principal type of relative clause is the adnominal one, which is used

to qualify a noun phrase or a pronoun in a sentence. The noun-modificationrelation is such that the referent designated by the head noun is involved in the

state-of-affairs reported in the relative clause. For this reason, adnominal relative

clauses have traditionally been classified as adjectives, for instance, in two key

publications by Hans Jakob Polotsky.l All relative clauses in Coptic (as well as

in the preceding language stages) afe postnominal and externally headed clausal

modifiers, meaning that the head noun is extemal to the modifying relative

clause within the matrix clause.

A parameter that has proven significant in the typology of relative clause struc-

tures is the nature of the relative complementizer that introduces the subordinate

clause. Relative pronouns are pronominal elements occurring in relative clauses,

which are different from personal pronouns that occur in simple declarative

clauses. In many languages, they are morphologically related to interrogative pro-

nouns and determiners, two cases in point beingwho, whom, what tn English and

welcherlwelcheslwelches in Standard German. 'While relative pronouns are phrasal

rH.-JPororsry,Lestt'anspositionsduverbeenégyptienclassique,inlsraelOrientalStudies6(1976),p.1-50,spec.3-6$$1.3 and2.1;Io.,GrundlagendeskoptischenSatzbaus(AmericanStudies ín Papyrology 28129),Decatw (Georgia), 198'711990, p' 48 $7'

PI. 2. Kalandologion 2, fragment Nd.91.118