auqr-sMrcnwvwd qy auqr-sMrcnwvwdI AiDAYn ivDI :

is`DWqk-ivhwrk pirpyK

fw. Awqm isMG rMDwvw ^wlsw kwlj, AMimRqsr

atamrandhawa@yahoo.com

auqr-sMrcnwvwd i&lws&I, swihq is`DWqW Aqy smwijk is`DWqW dw

cricq ivAwiKAw-swSqr hY [ ieh BwSw qy ausdy ArQ, pwT qy ausdy

ArQ, mnuK qy ausdI pCwx, smwijk XQwrQ qy ausdI pySkwrI, ieiqhws

qy ausdy s`c, s`c qy ausdI pRmwixkqw Aqy igAwn qy ausdy srUp Awid bwry

prMprw jW pRcilq ivcwrW qoN h`t ky nvyN isirEN crcw krdw hY [ iesy

suBwA krky ieh ‘auqr’ rUp vjoN hoNd ‘c AwauNdw hY [ ivSv p~Dr ‘qy

swihq dy ivAwiKAw-swSqrW ivc ieko iek AMqm ivAwiKAw krn vwly qy

inrpyK suBwA dy ivAwiKAw-swSqrW ivruD iek bdlwA dy rUp ivc ‘auqr

rUp’ hoNd ivc Awey hn [ auqr-AwDuink, auqr-mwrksvwdI, auqr-

sMrcnwvwdI qy auqr-bsqIvwdI pirpyK iesy qbdIlI dw &lsrUp hn [

Asl ivc ieh auqr rUp Awpxy qoN pUrbly ivAwiKAw-swSqrW dy ieko-iek

qy AMqm ivAwiKAw krn vwly mhW-ibrqWqW dy inrpyK suBwA dy ivruD

iek pirvrqnI rUpW vjoN swhmxy AwauNdy hn jo purwxIAW swrIAW DwrnwvW

dw punr-inrIKx krn, vMn-suvMnqw AwDwirq nvyN Alp ibrqWq isrjx

Aqy swihq nUM smJx qy ivSlySx krn dw swpyK qy bhu-muKI nzrIAw

pRdwn krdy hn [ AwDuinkqwvwdI ivSvIkrn, bsqIvwd, kyNdrvwd,

eykwiDkwrvwd qy dbdby dy siBAwcwr dy pRiqau~qr vjoN auqr-rUpW qy auqr

siQqIAW dI crcw ny kw&I smyN qoN zor PiVAw hY Aqy pMjwbI swihq

AiDAYn dy Kyqr ivc AijhI fIbyt cl rhI hY [

1.1 sMrcnwvwd (Structuralism) qy iesdw pRiqkrm : sOisaUr nMU

sMrcnwvwd dw moFI mMinAw jWdw hY Aqy iesnUM ivksq krn vwilAW ivc

v`K v`K KyqrW dy ivdvwnW lYvI sqrws (Claude Levi-Strauss), rolW bwrq

(Roland Barthes), imSyl &Uko (Michel Foucault), lUeIs AlQUsr (Louis

Althusser) qy jY~k lwkW (Jacques Lacan) Awid ny Awpxy smyN ‘c pRwpq qy

pRcilq AsiqqvwdI, AnuBvvwdI qy XQwrQvwdI icMqn1 dy ivroD ‘c

sMrcnwvwd dw iek ivigAwnk qy pUrn ivAwiKAw-swSqr auswrn dI

koiSS kIqI [ sMrcnwvwdI icMqn ny BwSw, swihq qy mnu`KI mn dy kwrj nMU

smJx dI koiSs kIqI ik Aw^r mnuKI mn vsqW jW XQwrQ nUM ikvyN vyKdw

hY ! ieh XQwrQ qy ausdw boD jW vsqUgq XQwrQ qy idmwg ivclI iv~Q

nUM smJx dw mslw hY [ ies msly nUM sOisaUr ny XQwrQ qy ausdy boD jW

vsqUgq XQwrQ qy idmwg ivclI iv~Q nUM kwPI h`d qk sp`St kIqw [

ies ivcoN ausdIAW BwSw sMbMDI DwrnwvW swhmxy AwauNdIAW hn [ swfy qk

XQwrQ dw igAwn BwSw zrIey phuMcx krky, bVy jitl rUp ivc pRwpq

huMdw hY [ sOisaUr Anuswr BwSw Awphudry ichnW dw isstm hY [ BwSw dy

ichn ikauNik Awphudry hn ies krky ieh Sbd nUM ArQ nwloN v`K kr

idMdy hn [ Sbd XQwrQ dw sISw nhIN, sgoN ieh Awpxy nwl keI kuJ

(prMprw, ivvsQw, sMbMD, v`KryvyN Awid) lY ky AwauNdy hn qy XQwrQ BwSw

duAwrw pYdw qulnw qy v`Krqw qoN bxdw hY [ BwSw sMbMDI ieh DwrnwvW aus

smyN bVIAW kRWqIkwrI is`D huMdIAW hn qy ienHW dy AwDwr ‘qy sMrcnwvwd

swhmxy AwauNdw hY [

sMrcnwvwd ny sMrcnw dy ijs sMklp (rcnw dy AiDAYn leI rcnw

dI fUMG sMrcnw ivc kwrjSIl nym-pRbMDW dI qlwS krnw) ƒ pyS kIqw,

auqr-sMrcnwvwdI (Post-Structuralist) AiDAYn, iesdIAW smu~cIAW DwrnwvW

nUM aultwA idMdw hY[ sMrcnw iek pRbMD hY ijs ivc bhuq swry q`q huMdy hn

jo Awps ivc sMbMiDq huMdy hoey iek dUjy nwl juVy huMdy hn [ ies nwl hI

ausdw koeI insicq rUp auBrdw hY qy ieh AMqm sMrcnw huMdI hY [ iehI

CotIAW CotIAW sMrcnwvW ivc huMdI hY, iesy ivc hI ArQ hY jW ieh hI

ArQ dw kyNdr bxdI hY qy pwT/vsqW nUM mwAny idMdI hY [ siBAwcwrk

AiDAYn dy Kyqr ivc sMrcnwvwdI iksy siBAwcwrk siQqI jW pwT dIAW

aunHW pRmuK sMrcnwvW/ivSySqwvW nUM Kojdw hY ijnHW nwl aus dI iek pCwx

bxdI hY, aus ivc gqISIlqw AwauNdI hY Aqy aus ivc svY-AnuSwsn qy

sMpUrnqw AwauNdI hY [ iksy vI siBAwcwr ivc bwhrI qOr ‘qy Aqy qih

ivc keI sMrcnwvW kwrjSIl huMdIAW hn [ iksy

siBAwcwr/pwT/siQqI/rcnw dy qih Q`ly kMm krdI grwmr nUM pkVnw jW

qih ivc kwrjSIl sMrcnwvW nUM bwrIkI nwl vyKxw hI sMrcnwvwdI

nzrIAw hY [ lyvI sqrws ienHW sMrcnwvW nUM BwSw dI sMrcnw vWg mMndw hY

jo ivSv ivAwpk hwzr qy ieko ijhw ivDI-ivDwn r`KdIAW hn [ hr

pwT/siQqI sMpUrn hY, Awpxy inXmW ivc b`JI hY qy inrMqr rUpWiqRq huMdI

hY [ cIjW dy sMbMDW, ivhwrW qy FMg-qrIikAW dy ArQ, aunHW dw iek v`fI

sMrcnw ijvyN Gr, pirvwr jW siBAwcwr dw ih`sw hox ivc pey hn qy ieh

audoN qk ArQ idMdy hn jdoN qk aus v`fI sMrcnw dw Bwg huMdy hn [ iesy

sMrcnw dI jWc krnw sMrcnwvwdI dw kMm hY [ ieauN iesdy icMqkW ny BwSw,

swihq qy hor pwTW nUM iek isstm mMinAW Aqy iesnUM ivigAwn vWg iek

srbivAwpk qy inrpyK ivAwiKAw-swSqr dy qOr ‘qy ivksq krn dw

Xqn kIqw jo pwTW/swihq jW vsqW/ XQwrQ dy inSicq mwfl qy aunW dI

grwmr pyS kry [ swihqk pwT dy pRsMg ivc sMrcnwvwd Anuswr sB kuJ

‘pwT’ hY jo BwSw/ichnW dw bixAw hoieAw hY qy ies rwhIN hI svY jW ivSv

dy iksy pRbMD nUM smJxw zrUrI hY [ ies Anuswr hr pwT ivroDI-ju`tW

(Binary Oppositions) ‘qy AwDwirq hY qy ieh pwT ivc sMkyqb`D (Coding)

rUp ivc huMdy hn [ iek sMrcnwvwdI pihlW swihq dy pwT ‘coN pRmuK

iekweIAW dI pCwx krky ienHW nUM ivroD-jutW ivc vMfdw hY, iPr ienHW nUM

fIkof krky ArQ inrDwrq krdw hY [ ieh rcnw dI fUMG sMrcnw ivc pey

aunHW inXmW dI qlwS ‘c pYNdw hY jo iesnUM iek inSicq pRbMD ivc bMndy

hn[ ies qrHW sMrcnwvwd Anuswr, sMrcnw sMklp p~Dr ‘qy iek

iekprqI qy bMd pRbMD hY jo XQwrQ dw pRiqrUp hY [

1.2 rolW bwrq, &Uko qy auqr-sMrcnwvwd : auqr-sMrcnwvwdI icMqn Anuswr

swihqk pwT, ArQ auqpwdn krn vwlI iek isrjxw hY ijsdw koeI

inSicq/bMd pRbMD nhIN hY [ koeI vI pwT Awpxy AMdr bhuq swry smwjk

ieiqhwsk qy siBAwcwrk soimAW qoN bhuq swry hvwly smweI bYTw huMdw hY

qy auh pwT nUM bhulqw nwl Brdy hn [ ies sMbMDI rolW bwrq ny 1970 ivc

pRkwiSq pusqk ‘S/z’ rwhIN Awp hI Awpxy pihly sMrcnwqmk icMqn ivc

ikrq dI QW pwT dy sMklp ƒ swhmxy ilAWdw ijs ivc pwT keI AMqr-

pwTW ivc iGirAw hoieAw-ArQW dI bhulqw nwl BirAw ipAw hY [ auh

‘lyKk dI mOq’ (Death of the Author), ‘pwT’ (Text), ‘ilKxXog-pwT’

(Writerly-Text), ‘pVHnXog-pwT’ (Readerly-Text), Awid vrgIAW jbrdsq

DwrnwvW2 nwl prMprwgq qy AwDuink eykwiDkwrvwdI icMqn nUM r`d kr

idMdw hY [ ‘lyKk pwT rcdw hY qy pwTk ausnUM muV-rcdw hY, pwTk koeI

(inSikirAwSIl) BogI nhIN hY sgoN auh ArQ-auqpwdk hY [ auh sucyq qOr

Awpxw ivSyS rol inBwaux vwlw hY qy pwT inrmwx krn vwlw hY [ ArQ-

isrjx jW auqpwdn ikirAw dOrwn auh pRmuK huMdw hY [ pVHq-pRikirAw

dOrwn auh pwT nUM jgwauNdw hoieAw, ausnUM iek nvyN pwT dw rUp dy idMdw

hY’[3 jykr koeI pwTk jW AiDAYn krqw iksy pwT ivcoN lyKk jW aus pwT

dy AMqm qy insicq ArQW nUM Kojx dw Xqn krdw hY qW ieh inrizMd qy

GtIAw ijhw kMm hY [ pihlW AwdrSvwdI, sMrcnwvwdI qy AwDuinkqwvwdI

eykwiDkwrvwdI is`DWq, Aijhw krdy rhy hn qy ies qrHW krdy auh

swihqk pwT dI ivSwlqw nUM Kqm krdy hn [ AijhI soc ‘coN hI rolW

bwrq ‘lyKk dI mOq’ dw sMklp auswrdw hY qy ‘pwTk dy jnm’ dI g`l

krdw hY [ pwT qy pwTk Awpxy Awp ivc iek Asp`St kofW qy ArQW dw

isstm hY qy pwTk nIJ nwl pwT pVHidAW iesy isstm ‘coN ArQ isrjdw

hY [ auh ijauN ijauN pwT pVHdw hY, auh pwT ilKdw hY [ ieQy hI rolW bwrq

‘ilKxXog-pwT’ (Writerly-Text) qy ‘pVHnXog-pwT’ (Readerly-Text) dw

inKyVw krdw hY [ pVHnXog-pwT auh pwT hY ijs ‘coN pwTk is`Dy hI bxy-

bxwey rYfImyf ArQ pRwpq krdw hY qy rolW bwrq dy kihx Anuswr ‘ieho

jhy pwT iksy gYr-KMfnI is`DWq duAwrw kMtrol huMdy hn’4 qy ieh aunHW dw

sur`iKAw leI is`Dw sMdyS bxdy hn [ ‘ieh kOmn sUJ jW jnmq nUM JjoVdy

nhIN hn’5 qy iek insicq AMq qy iekwrQI ArQW v`l v`Ddy hn[ iesdy

ault ilKxXog-pwT dw suBwA auqpwdnI huMdw hY [ ‘ieh pwTk nUM BogI

nhIN, ArQ auqpwdk bxwauNdw hY… qy ieh pwT durl`B hn qy ienHW dI

pVHq pwTk nUM Aijhy nvyN ArQW dy rUbrU krdI hY, ijnHW dw koeI AMq nhIN

hY’[6 ieauN rolW bwrq ny pwTk AwDwirq pwTmUlk ivSlySx dI AijhI

pVHq-ivDI swhmxy ilAwdI, jo pwT ivcly ArQW dy AnykW rh`s KolHdI hY

[ iesy pRvwh ivc ausdI ividAwrQx jUlIAw ikRsqyvw (Julia Kristeva) ny

‘AMqr-pwTqw’ (Intertextuality) dw sMklp swhmxy ilAWdw ijs Anuswr pwT

dUsry pwTW qoN ArQ Dwrdw hY [ pwTW dw jitl qwxw-bwxw pVHn-pRikirAw

ivc pUrI qrHW AsrAMdwz huMdw hY [ hr pwT bhulqwvW nwl BirAw huMdw hY

[ pwTk qy pwT AMdr bhuq swry hor pwTW dI mOzUdgI pwTW nUM bhu-AwXwmI

bxwauNdI hY [ jUlIAw ikRsqyvw Anuswr ‘AMqr-pwTqw dw sMklp, ‘AMqr-

Awqm muKqw’7 (intersubjectivity) dy sMklp dI QW lYNdw hY’[8 ArQ lyKk qoN

pwTk qIk is`Dy hI qbdIl nhIN huMdy blik ieh mwiDAm rwhIN jW ‘kofW’

duAwrw i&ltr ho ky lyKk nUM qy dUjy pwTW duAwrw pwTk nUM pRdwn huMdy hn’[

aus Anuswr lyKk Awpxy mn ‘coN pwTW dI isrjxw nhIN krdw blik auh

aunHW nUM pihlW mOzUd pwTW ‘coN sMkln krdw hY [ ies qrHW pwTW dI

isrjxw, ‘kRm pirvrqnW ‘coN, iek id`qy pwT dI spys ivc AMqr-pwTqw’-

ijs ivc hornW pwTW dy bhuq swry vyrvy, iek dUjy nUM k`tdy qy AsiQr

bxwauNdy hn’9, coN hMudI hY [ ‘hryk pwT hvwilAW dy imlgoBy vWg ausirAw

huMdw hY’ qy ‘hornW pwTW dw sMimSrx qy rupWqrn hY’[10 ieauN auprokq

DwrnwvW ny inSicq/bMd pRbMD vwly ivAwiKAw SwSqrW dy pqn dw msOdw

iqAwr kIqw [

sMrcnwvwdI icMqn dy bMd-pRbMD dy iKlw& qy auqr-sMrcnwvwdI icMqn

ivc j~k lwkW dw icMqn mh`qvpUrn hY [ ausny sOisaUr dy ‘ichnk’ qy

‘ichnq’ (S/s) dI Awlocnw kridAW is~D krn dI koiSS kIqI ky

‘ichnk’ qy ‘ArQ’ iek nhIN ho skdy, auhnW ivckwr iv~Q hY, pr

AsQweI rUp ivc ‘ArQ’ iKsk ky ‘ichnk’ dy hyTW Aw jWdw hY[11 ieauN

auh sOisaUr dy is~DWq dI ivsQwpnw krdw ‘ichnk’ dI vDyry mh~qqw

drswauNdw hY [ pwT, BwSw qy ichn dy ies pRsMg ivc hI smwjk

is`DWqkwr imSyl &Uko (Michel Foucault) dI g`l krnI zrUrI hY[ ausny

smwjk isstm nUM smJidAW ‘pRvcn’ (Discourse), ‘qwkq’ (Power),

‘igAwn’ (Knowledge), ‘AnuSwsn’ (Discipline) qy ‘pYnAOpitk suswietI’

(Panoptic Society) Awid dy mh`qvpUrn sMklp pyS kIqy [ ieh swry sMklp

AMqr-sMbMiDq hn [ Asl ivc &Uko smwjk pRikirAw ivc ‘pRvcn’ dy rol

nUM qlwSdw hY [ aus Anuswr smwj ‘c do iDrW hn, iek qwkqvr qy dUjI

G`t qwkqvr [ qwkqI iDr ‘pRvcn’ isrjx dI AiDkwrq hY qy auh

‘pRvcn dy aus ivDI-ivDwn nUM vyKdw hY ijs ‘c hryk nUM ieh pRvcn

vrqx dw h`k nhIN jW ieh h`k hwsl krn leI Kws mOky dI loV hY’[12

aus Anuswr koeI vI pRvcn s`cw-JUTw nhIN huMdw, qwkqvr jW G`t qwkqvr

huMdw hY [ swDn sMpn, muhwrqI, bwhUblI, KwndwnI DONs, sMcwr swDnW ‘qy

kwbz jW s`qwvwn lok pRvcn nUM Awm lokW dIAW ie`CWvW/AkWiKAwvW dy

dmn leI vrqdy hn [ &Uko pRvcn nUM bhuq swry p`DrW ‘qy ivcwrdw hY [

aus Anuswr ‘pRvcn ‘qwkq’ qy ‘igAwn’ nUM joVdw hY qy iesdI qwkq, swfy

swhmxy pyS hoey s`c nUM AwswnI nwl mMn lYx ‘coN AwauNdI hY’[13 qwkq qy

igAwn dw gihrw sMbMD hY qy iesy leI hr mnu`KI sMbMD iek sMGrS hY Aqy

qwkq dw smJOqw hY[ Asl ivc smwjk pRikirAw ‘c mnuK jW ausdI hoNd

‘pRvcn’ duAwrw hI GVI jWdI hY [ ieQoN qk ik s`c, sdwcwr, pRXojn,

ivcwr, ivhwr qy supny sB ‘pRvcn’ rwhIN isrjy jWdy hn, ieh smyN smyN

ienHW dI pRmwxkqw nUM kwiem r`Kdw hY, AsIN sB ies nUM jwiez vI mMndy hW

qy iesdy ‘AnuSwsn’ ‘c rihMdy hW jW rihxw pYNdw hY [ hryk smwj ivc

qwkqvr iDr ny AijhI hI ivvsQw dw inrmwx kIqw hoieAw huMdw hY ijsnUM

&Uko ‘pYnAOpitk suswietI’14 kihMdw hY Bwv swfw mn, BwSw, ivcwr qy

ivhwr sB auproN, iksy hor QW qoN kMtrol huMdy hn[ qwkq dw bhuq v`fw

nYtvrk huMdw hY [ ieh Gr-pirvwr, sMsQwvW qy styt sB nUM Awpxy klwvy

‘c lYNdI hY [ ieh sB kuJ pRvcn duAwrw isry cV Hdw hY jo iek Awpxw hI

sMswr qy Awpxw hI XQwrQ isrjdw hY jo swnUM idKwauNdw hY [ ieh igAwn

qy s`c nUM AwXoijq krdw hY qy Awpxy boly jwx vwlI iDr dy p`K ‘c boldw

hY [ ies qrHW hI ieh iek ‘pwvr sMrcnw’ GVdw jo dUjIAW G`t qwkqvr

sMrcnwvW nUM dbw ky, hwSIey ‘qy D`k ky r`KdI hY[ aunHW dy in`ky in`ky

kwrj/sMGrS mOn krdI jo ieiqhws dI qih ‘c d `b jWdy hn [ so &Uko

smwjk pRikirAw ivc ‘pRvcn’ dw rol ihMsk mMndw h Y [ pwvr irlySn dI

Kyf ivc AsIN iesnUM sihj suBwA auicq TihrwauNdy hW [ ieMJ ienHW

DwrnwvW dI sWJ ausy ‘hwzrI dy AiDAwqm’, ‘Sbd-kyNdrqwvwd’ Aqy

AMqr-ivroDI qy gYr-hwzr ichn Awid dIAW DwrnwvW nwl bxdI hY ijsdw

dyrIdw ivKMfn krdw hY [ dyrIdw BwSw/ichn nUM AsiQr, AMqm ichnq qoN

ibnHW kihMdw hY [ ichn dw ichnk ArQ nUM dUjy ichnk ivc hI mulqvI

krdw qy ausdI iksy AMqm ichnq nwl eykqw nhIN hY[ ausny ‘ichnk dy

ichnk’ (Signifier of the Signifier)15 dI crcw kridAW is`D kIqw ik ijvyN

AsIN ‘ichn’ nUM mMndy hW (sOisaUr dy AwDwirq) ieh aus qrW dw hY nhIN [

ichn ArQ nUM ijnHW pRgtwauNdw hY, aunHW lukwauNdw vI hY [ ichnW dy Q`ly

pYVHW (Traces) dy rUp ivc/A`KoN proKy vI ArQ pey huMdy hn jo ausdy hwzr dy

ivroD ‘c huMdy hn qy iehI ichn dw ivroDwBws hY qy pwT dw iek AMqr-

ivroD [ ieQy hI ivrcnw peI hY [ ivrcnw dw mqlb hY ik iksy vI pwT

ivc keI AMqr ivroD mOjUd huMdy hn, ikauNik iksy vI pwT ivc AYsI Bwvnw

jW ArQ luky hMudy hn, jo pRgt rUp dy ivroD ivc ho skdy hn [ ies qrHW

hr kwrj Awpxy Awp nUM ivKMfq krdw hY [ ieauN dyrIdw ny auqr-

sMrcnwvwdI icMqn nUM nvIAW idSwvW idqIAW BwvyN ies igAwn pirpyK dy

ivkws ‘c inqSy (The Will To Power) qoN lY ky lwkW (Ecrits-A Selection),

dyilaUj qy PIilks gwtrI (Anti-Oedipus) bOdrIlwr (System Of The

Object), fYnIAl bY~l ( End Of Ideaology), Aqy ilauqwr (The Postmodern

Condition : A Report On Knowledge) Awid dIAW DwrnwvW Swml hn Aqy

iesdy pRBwv Kyqr ‘c bw^iqn, homI BwBw, AYfvrf sweId, pIAry mwSyrI,

ibl, gwryQ, iti&n, gwieqrI sipvk, PRYfirk jymsn qy tYrI eIgltn

Awid vrgy ivdvwn AwauNdy hn [

1.3 dyrIdw, auqr-sMrcnwvwd qy auqr-sMrcnwvwdI AiDAYn ivDI

sMrcnwvwd smyq swry p`CmI is`DWqW dI ivsQwpnw PrWsIsI ivdvwn

jY~k dyrIdw krdw hY [ aus ny ‘ivrcnw-ivDI’ qy ‘if&rWs’ rwhIN auqr-

sMrcnwvwdI icMqn nUM pUry ivSv ivc &YlwieAw Aqy iesnUM swihqk Aqy

siBAwcwrk isrjxwvW dy AiDAYn leI iek sMd vjoN vriqAw jwx l~gw [

auqr-sMrcnwvwd nUM ivDIvq qy ivsiqRq rUp ivc smJx leI dyrIdw dy

sMklpW/pirBwSk SbdwvlI nUM smJxw bhuq zrUrI hY :

1.3.1 ivrcnw (Deconstruction): auqr-sMrcnwvwd dw mUl pirBwSk Sbd

‘ivrcnw’ hY qy iesdw ArQ bVw ivsiqRq hY [ ivrcnw smkwlI iPlws&I,

swihq Awlocnw qy smwijk ivigAwn dy Kyqr ‘c vIhvIN sdI dy s`qvyN

dhwky ‘c iek ivKMfnI is`DWq bx ky auBirAw hY jo p`CmI iPlws&I,

ieiqhws qy hor pwTW Aqy BwSw igAwn nUM kOmn sUJ qy s`qwvwdI Brm

AwDwirq ausirAw is`D krky ivSvivAwpI AiDAYn dy swry mwflW ‘qy

pRSnicMnH lgwauNdw hY [

ieh pwTW nUM smJx dI AijhI ivDI hY jo ilKqW (iPlws&I,

ieiqhws qy swihqk pwT Awid) ‘coN d`by jW luky ArQW, AMqr-ivroDW qy

svY-ivroDW nUM l`BdI hY [ d`by ArQ Aksr pRgt ArQW dy ault huMdy hn [

pwT ilKidAW lyKk kuJ Cupwaux, kuJ pRgtwaux dI kSmkS ivc ArQW

nwl Kyfdw hY [ ies Kyf ‘c pwT ijsnUM dbwauNdw hY ausy nUM pRgt vI krdw

hY [ lyKk ilKqW ivc ie`Cq ArQ pRgtwaux dy c`kr ‘c bhuq swry ArQ

dbwauNdw hY [ ieh sB kuJ BwSw rwhIN isry cVdw hY qy BwSw dy nymW dw

Awpxw Awlm hY [ dyrIdw Anuswr ‘lyKk BwSw qy iek qrk ‘c ilKdw hY

ijnHW dw iek Awpxw FukvW isstm, kwiedw-kwnUMn qy sjIvqw huMdI hY, aunHW

‘qy lyKk dw pRvcn pUrI qrHW hwvI ho hI nhIN skdw [ auh aunHW dI vrqoN

aunHW dy hvwly ho ky krdw hY, auh guzwry jogw qy iek sImw qk iesdy

isstm duAwrw inAMqirq huMdw hY [ pVHn-kwrj nUM aunHW Kws sMbMDW dw zrUr

iDAwn r`Kxw cwhIdw hY jo lyKk dI vrqI geI BwSw sMbMDI hY qy ijsdw

lyKk nUM vI nhIN pqw huMdw ik aus BwSw dI iks ivDI-ivauNq/bxqr ‘qy

ausdw AiDkwr hY qy iks aupr ausdw AiDkwr nhIN hY, ijhVI BwSw auh

vrqdw hY’[16 ieauN pwT rcidAW hI ies ivc ivrcnw pRvyS kr jWdI hY [

ieh aus ‘qy iksy ‘hwzrI dy AiDAwqm’ (Metaphysic of Presence) dw Asr

hY qy dUjy pwsy BwSw dw Awlm hY ik ieh ArQ gYr-hwzr ho ky vI hwzr

rihMdy hn [ ilKqW AMqr-ivroDW nwl Br jWdIAW hn [ ivrcnwqmk

pVHq ilKqW ‘coN ienHW d`by jW luky ArQW, AMqr-ivroDW qy svY-ivroDW nUM

l`BdI hY qy ieh vyKdI hY ik ilKq, jo g`l krnI cwhuMdI hY, ausnUM

dbwauNdI ikvyN hY ?

dyrIdw kihMdw hY ik ‘prMprwgq dwrSink ivroDqweIAW ivc Awps

dI sWqImeI sihhoNd nhIN huMdI, blik iek ihMsk drjbMdI (violent

hierarchy) huMdI hY [ donW ‘coN iek trm (axiologically, logically, etc. ) dUjI

nUM inAMqirq krdI hY jW Awpxw h`Q aupr r`KdI hY [ sB qoN pihlW

ivroDI q`qW nUM ivKMfq krn leI, J`t dyxI drjybMdI (ivroD-jutW dI) nUM

aultwauxw hY’ [17 ieh hI dyrIdw dI ‘Reversal of Hierarchies’ dI jugq hY [

ieauN kridAW auh sB qoN pihlW aunHW ivroD-ju`tW (Binary Oppositions) nUM

pltwauNdw hY jo pwT ivc ArQ dw AwDwr smJy jWdy hn[ sMrcnwvwd pwT

‘coN ijvyN ivroDI-jutW dI inSwndyhI krdw sI, ienHW nUM fIkof krky ArQ

inrDwrq krdw sI Aqy iPr rcnw dI fUMG sMrcnw/inSicq pRbMD ivc pey

inXmW dI qlwS ‘c pYNdw hY, ivrcnw ivroD-jutW dI qrqIb nUM pltwA ky

vyKdw hY qy qrqIb nUM pltwauxw ies leI zrUrI hY ik ieh pltwauNidAW

hI ienHW dI qrjIh bdl jWdI hY, drjw bdl jWdw hY, ienHW dw mksd

bdl jWdw hY [ pRcilq ArQ sMdyh (Aporia) dy Gyry ivc Aw jWdy hn [

pltwauxw vI iek Kyf hY, ieQoN nvyN ArQ aujwgr huMdy hn [ ivroD-jutI

iekweIAW (bol/ilKq, kyNdr/ivkyNdr, hwzr/gYrhwzr, cMgw/mMdw, pMun/pwp,

gory/kwly, mrd/AOrq, aucw/nIvW, s`c/JUT, cwnx/hnyHr, pRikrqI/sMsikRqI,

idn/rwq qy srIr/AwqmW)18 ivc iek iekweI jW ivcwr dUjy nUM k`tdw hY,

dbwauNdw hY, ausdw ivroDI hY [ ies ‘qy pUrv pRcilq Dwrnw BwrU hY[ ieauN

ieh qrqIb ihMsk iksm dI hY qy ienHW dI pihl-dUj bdlxw ivrcnw dw

pihlw kMm hY [ ies auprMq ienHW ivc ‘v`Krqw’ sQwpq kIqI jWdI hY qy

dbwey gey ArQW nUM pRgt ArQW dy swhmxy r`K ky AMqr-ivroD swhmxy

ilAWdy jWdy hn [ ies nwl ArQW dw kyNdr/insicqqw tut jWdw hY qy

bhu-ArQqw/ivkyNdrqw/AnykmuKqw dw rwh Kul jwdw hY [ dyrIdw iesnUM

‘Aporia’ vI kihMdw hY [

ieh ArQ, ivroD-ju`tW dy iksy vI iek Sbd ivc nhIN pey sgoN ienHW

ivroD-jutW dy dovyN Sbd ArQ nUM dbwauNdy hn [ kMm dy ArQ qW donW SbdW

dy ‘if&rWs’ (Differance) ivc pey rihMdy hn [ iehI g`l i&lws&I jW

ieiqhwsk ilKqW ivcly s`c bwry kIqI jw skdI hY [ dyrIdw leI ilKq

iek qrHW dI siBAwcwrk kwrjW dw sroq hY qy Awpxy AMdr pey igAwn/s`c

nUM dbwaux vwlI vI hY [ pRcilq SkqISwlI sMrcnwvW s`c nUM nukry lw ky

r`KdIAW hn [ Sbd-kyNdrqw qy dbwey hoey ArQ nwl hI s`c ilKq dI kYd

ivc d`ibAw ipAw huMdw hY [ ivrcnwqmk pRikirAw jW pVHq, ies ilKq

dI kYd ivc d`b rhy s`c/ArQ nUM mukqI idMdI hY [ d`by s`c/ArQ nUM bwhr

ilAwauxw hI ivrcnw hY [

bol-ilKq nUM pltwA ky ilKq-bol bx jWdw hY qW ilKq qoN bol v`l

AwieAw jWdw hY [ ieh aus ArQ dI hwzrI dI Dwrnw nUM qoVn leI kIqw

jWdw hY jo pUrv-insicq qy bol-kyNdrq (Phonocentric) hY [ dyrIdw kihMdw

hY ik smucw p`CmI icMqn Sbd-kyNdrvwd (Logocentrism) dw iSkwr hY,

mqlb ik BwSw qy ivcwr iksy nw iksy bwhrlI, pUrv insicq qy AMqm

s`c vwlI Dwrnw dy gulwm hn ijnHW nUM ieh AwpxI pRmwxkqw leI vrqdw

hY [ iehI ‘hwzrI dw AiDAwqm’ (Metaphysic of Presence) hY ik ArQW nUM

siQr qy AMqm is`D krn nUM pUrv-ArQ mOzUd rihMdy hn [ iesy leI

sOisaUr dy BwSw-ivigAwn ivc ‘bol’ (Speech) nUM pRwQimkqw hY qy ‘ilKq’

nUM bwAd ivc r`iKAw igAw hY, ilKq bol dI pUrk hY Aqy ichnk qy

ichnq dI eykqw drsweI geI hY [ ies AwDwr ‘qy ivksq hoey

sMrcnwvwd ivc vI iksy iek sMrcnw nUM pUrn iekweI mMn ky ausdy AMqm

ArQ/ivcwr qIk phuMcx dw Xqn kIqw jWdw hY [ dyrIdw sOisaUr dI

pusqk ‘Course in General Linguistics’ ‘qy crcw krdw, bol qy ilKq dI

pihl-dUj nUM aultwA idMdw hY qy ilKq vwly pwisEN g`l krdw hY [19 auh

‘ilKq’ qy ‘bol’ nUM iek dUjy dy pUrk (Supplement) mMndw hY [ iksy pwT nUM

pUrn iekweI mMnxw vI ausdy leI ‘hwzrI dy AiDAwqm’ jW ‘Sbd-

kyNdrvwd’ dI d^lAMdwzI hY [ koeI vI pwT insicq, bMd iekweI nhIN hY

jo iksy kyNdr duAwly isrjI geI hoey qy auh keI AMqr-ivroDW nUM Awpxy

AMdr smweI bYTI huMdI hY [ aus Anuswr p`CmI icMqn ivc bol nUM pihl

ies krky id`qI geI hY ikauNik bol rwhIN ‘hwzrI’ pYdw huMdI hY qy ies nwl

ArQ dw insicq/ siQr kyNdr ausrdw hY ijs nwl auh inrpyK, AMqm

inrxwiek qy ivSvivAwpI swSqr/ivigAwn v`l v`Ddw hY [

ieauN ‘bol’ dw pihlw drjw dyrIdw nUM svIkwr nhIN qy auh iesnUM

p`CmI icMqn dy ‘Sbd-kyNdrvwd’ qoN pRBwivq mMndw hY [ iesy krky auh

sOisaUr dy ‘ichn is`DWq’ dI Awlocnwqimk pVqwl krdw hY [ sOisaUr

Anuswr BwSw Awphudry ichnW dw isstm hY [ ‘ichn’, ‘ichnk’ qy

‘ichnq’ dw sumyl hY qy ieh iml ky iek iekweI dy rUp ivc koeI insicq

ArQ idMdw hY [ ichn qy ArQ dw ieh irSqw Awphudrw hY qy ivroD-jutqw

AwDwirq hY [ dyrIdw iesnUM vI nvyN isirEN Go^dw ichnk nUM ichnq qoN

qoV ky iesdI pCwx krdw hY [ ichn dI pCwx nUM ‘if&rWs’(Differance)

kwrn mMndw hY jo ‘v`Krqw’ (to differ) qy ‘mulqvIkrn’ (to defffer) dIAW do

ikirAwvW nwl sMbMiDq hY [ pihlI iksy cIz dy v`Kry hox (to differ) ivc hY

; Bwv jo auh hY, koeI hor nhIN hY Aqy dUjI mulqvIkrn (to postpone) ivc

hY ; Bwv ichn dw AwpxI pCwx inrMqr A`gy pweI jwx ‘c hY [ ieQy

ichnk qy ichnq ivc iv~Q hY jo iesnUM AsQweI bxwauNdI hY [ ausdw

ichnk A`goN iksy hor ichnk ivc hI mulqvI krdw hY, iksy AMqm

ichnq ivc nhIN [ so BwSw AsiQr hY qy ies dw koeI AMqm ichnq nhIN

hY, iekwrQI qW ho hI nhIN skdw [ ijs qrHW ifkSnrI ivc iek ‘Sbd’

dw ArQ dUjy ‘Sbd’ ivc hI huMdw hY, ArQ nUM dUjy Sbd (ichnk) ivc hI

ivsQwpq kr id`qw jWdw hY [ ies qrHW ichnk ichnk ivc hI vtdw hY

qy ‘ieQy koeI pwrgwmI jW ivSySwiDkwr pRwpq ichnq/ArQ nhIN hY,

mqlb Bwv-ArQW (Signification) dI Kyf dI AgWh koeI sImw nhIN hY’[20

ieauN hr kwrj Awpxy Awp nUM ivsQwpq (Displaced) krdw hY [

ivrcnwqmk pRikirAw ‘c hr ilKq jW kwrj Awpxy Awp ‘qy kwtw Pyrdw

rihMdw hY[ hr ivcwr inrMqr kwty hyT (Under Erasure) hY [ ieh ikauN

huMdw hY ? ieh BwSw/ichn dI krwmwq hY [ ichn ijnHW kuJ hwzr/pRgt

krdw hY, aunHW gYrhwzr/lukw ky vI r`Kdw hY [ luikAw ih`sw hI trys hY [

iesdI AwpxI koeI suqMqr hoNd nhIN hY pr ilKq ivc Sbd dy hyTW

bndw-ibnsdw Awpxy ip`Cy pYVHW C`fdw jWdw hY jo Sbd ivclI gYr-mOzUdgI

nUM hwzr krn dw zrIAw bxdw hY [ ieh ivrcnw dy bIz hI hn jo pwT

ivc rcidAW hI pey huMdy hn qy ivrcnwqmk pVHq ienHW dy shwry hwzr

ArQW- jo iksy kyNdr nwl juVy hu Mdy hn, ‘qy kwtw Pyr ky ivKMifq/gYrhwzr

ArQW nUM swhmxy lY ky AwauNdI hY [

2.1 ifPrWs (Differance) : auqr-sMrcnwvwd jW ivrcnw dI pirBwSk

SbdwvlI ivc ‘if&rWs’21 dy is`DWq dw bVw mh`qv hY [ dyrIdw ny iek

lMbw lyK ‘La Différance’ (French)22 ilK ky ‘if&rWs’ nUM sp`St kIqw hY ik

ikvyN ieh pwTW ivc d^l-AMdwz huMdw hY [ dyrIdw Anuswr ieh ‘nw Sbd,

nw koeI sMklp hY iPr vI iesdw sDwrn qy lgBg sMBv ArQgq

ivSlySx swnUM aus idRStI dy AMdr lY jWdw hY jo dwA ‘qy l`gI hY’[23 ies

ivSlySx qoN, pwT qy XQwrQ dI p`Cm ‘c pRcilq ivAwiKAw imiQAw

(Misinterpretation) ho inbVdI hY ijs ivc kMm dy ArQ hmySW dwA ‘qy l`gy

rhy hn [

Asl ivc swrw mslw ichnwrQ dw hY [ dyrIdw ichn dI pCwx nUM

‘if&rWs’ kwrn mMndw hY jo ‘v`Krqw’ (to differ) qy ‘mulqvIkrn’ (to defffer)

dIAW do ikirAwvW nwl sMbMiDq hY [ pihlI iksy cIz dy v`Kry hox, AMqr

hox, iv`Q, dUr jW pRiqkUl hox (to differ) ivc hY ; Bwv jo auh hY, koeI hor

nhIN hY Aqy dUjI mulqvIkrn, tLx jW twl-mtolx (to postpone or

temporization)24 ivc hY ; Bwv ichn dw Awpxy ArQ inrMqr A`gy pweI jwx

‘c hY, AsiQr ho jwx ‘c hY [ ienHW dovW dw pRspr sMbMDW ‘c sMgm

‘if&rWs’ hY [ ies qrW ieh iek Sbd ieko vyly dUhry Bwv-ArQW nUM

smwauNdw hY [ ArQ, AMqrW qy iv`QW (Spacing) coN vI pYdw huMdy hn Aqy

mulqvIkrn qy AsQweIpn (Temporization) ‘coN vI [ ieQy keI qrHW dIAW

vw&rW Sbd nUM jwg lw ky bySumwr pUrk (Supplement) pYdw krdIAW hn [

ichnk dI ichnq/ArQ nwl eykqw r`d ho jWdI hY [ so ichnk A`goN iksy

hor ichnk ivc hI mulqvI hMudw hY, iksy AMqm ichnq ivc nhIN [ so

BwSw AsiQr hY qy ies dw koeI AMqm ichnq nhIN [ ichn dy Q`ly

gYrhwzr pYVHW (Traces) dy rUp ivc, A`KoN proKy ArQ pey huMdy hn jo ausdy

idsdy ArQ dy ivroD ‘c huMdy hn qy iehI ichn dw ivroDwBws hY, pwT ivc

iek AMqr-ivroD[ ieh Asl ivc sOisaUr dy BwSw ivigAwn qy aus ‘qy

ausry sMrcnwvwd dy ivroD ivcoN swhmxy AwauNdw hY [ sOisaUr Anuswr BwSw

Awphudry ichnW dw isstm hY [ ‘ichn’, ‘ichnk’ qy ‘ichnq’ dw sumyl

hY qy ieh iml ky iek iekweI dy rUp ivc koeI insicq ArQ idMdw hY [

ichn qy ArQ dw ieh irSqw Awphudrw hY qy ivroD-ju`tqw AwDwirq hY [

ieh AsIN ip`Cy vyK Awey hW ik dyrIdw iesnUM nkwr iMdMdw hY [ aus Anuswr

ArQ nw hI ichnk qy ichnq dw sumyl hn qy nw hI ieh ivroD-ju`tW dy

iksy vI Sbd ivc pey huMdy hn [ ienHW dy ivroDI q`q do-p`KI sWq sihhoNd

dI QW iek ihMsk drjybMdI auswrdy hn [ ienHW ivroD-jutW dy dovyN hwzr

Sbd hI Asl ArQ nUM dbwauNdy, Awpxw h`Q aupr r`Kx dI koiSS krdy

hn [ kMm dy ArQ qW donW SbdW dy ‘if&rWs’ ivc pey rihMdy hn, Bwv

iek dUjy dI v`Krqw jW pRiqkUlqw ‘c Aqy tLx ivc jW inrMqr A`gy peI

jwx ‘c hY [ ies qrW ichn/Sbd dI ArQ-isrjxw dy kwrj ivc iek qW

ausdy hwzr q`qW dI v`Krqw kMm krdI hY qy dUjw gYrhwzr q`qW dI v`Krqw

vI ies kwrj ivc Swml huMdI hY Aqy mh`qvpUrn g`l ieh hY ik ienHW

hwzr jW gYrhwzr q`qW ivc hmySW iek iv`Q (space) huMdI hY jo ArQ

pRikirAw dOrwn mh`qvpUrn BUimkw inBwauNdI hY qy ieh ‘trys’ ho ky ichn

nUM AMqm hwzr qoN qoV ky AsQweI bxw idMdI hY qy ArQ mulqvIkrn dy

c`kr ‘c pY jWdw hY [ ieQy ArQ ijnHW hwzr huMdw, aunHW hI ies qoN tiLAw

gYrhwzr ‘trys’ (Trace) dy rUp ivc vI huMdw qy inrMqr tlx

(Temporization) ‘c rihMdw hY [ ieh spys (Spacing) qy AsQweIpn

(Temporization) dI d^lAMdwjI, ArQ dI hwzrI ivc gYrhwzrI nUM AMikq

krdI hY [ iesy krky dyrIdw ‘if&rWs’ nUM ‘temporization’ qy ‘spacing’ dy

qOr qy vI lYNdw hY [25 ieauN ‘if&rWs’ dyrIdw dy kihx vWg nw koeI Sbd

qy nw hI sMklp vjoN inrDwrq huMdw hY blik ieh auprokq bhu-muKI l`CxW

vjoN smJ ‘c AwauNdw hY [

2.2 ivrcnwqmk pVHq, dUhrI pVHq hY [ Asl ivc ilKq ivcly AMqr-

ivroDW nUM v`KirAwaux leI pwT nUM v`Kry FMg nwl pVHnw pYNdw hY [ ies

nzrIey qoN pwT dy AMdrly qy bwhrly dono ivroDI q`qW ‘qy iDAwn DirAw

jWdw hY [ AMqrmuKI Xqn ivc ivroDqweIAW dy AwpsI sMbMD, Bwv-ArQW jW

ivcwr nUM smJ ky, pwT AMdr kwrjSIl ivcwrDwrw nUM vyiKAw jWdw hY [

bwhrmuKI Xqn ivc ivroDI q`qW nUM Xwd r`Kky, aunHW dI qrqIb/jut sp`St

krnI qy aunHW nUM Awhmxy-swhmxy r`K ky aultwauxw [ hux nvIN qrqIb

(mrd-AOrq dI QW AOrq-mrd) qoN pwT pVHidAW ArQ v`l AwieAw jWdw

hY, ieh dUhrI pVHq hY [ ieh ies leI hY ik pRcilq drjwbMdI

(Hierarchy) dI DONs vwlI ibrqI dw prdwPws kIqw jw sky [ Aijhw

kridAW hI pwT ivcoN Axigxq pYVHW, iv`QW (Spaces) qy hwzr/ gYrhwzr

vyrvy pRgt hox l`gdy hn jo pihlI drjwbMdI ny dbw ky r`Ky sn Aqy ieh

pRgt huMidAW hI prMprwgq drjwbMdI ‘c imQI hoeI ivAwiKAw

(Misinterpretation) jW pRcilq ArQW nUM qoV idMdy hn [ ieQy ArQW pRiq

byivSvwsI (Aporia) hY [ hr ArQ sMdyh dy Gyry ‘c, mqlb hr smyN kwty

hyT (Under Erasure) hY [ ieauN hr pwT/pVHq, hr vwr ADUrw huMdw hY qy

pihly pwT dw pUrk hI huMdw hY [ ieh iksy pihly pwT ‘qy ‘ipauNd’

(Disseminate) hI lweI huMdI hY [ pwT-pUrk-pwT dw islislw lMbw hY, ieh

ikqy nhIN mu`kdw qy swihq ies qoN v`D kuJ nhIN[

ieQy Awlocnw vI iek pwT hY, iek ivDw hI hY [

2.3 pVHq kwrj ‘c sMrcnwvwdI qy auqr-sMrcnwvwdI ivDI dw inKyV : pVHq dy

kwrj ivc sMrcnwvwdI qy auqr-sMrcnwvwdI ivDI ivc is`Dw inKyV pwT dI

ivAwiKAw dw hY [ jykr koeI pwTk jW AiDAYn krqw pwT ivcoN lyKk dy

insicq ArQW nUM Kojx v`l ruicq hY qW ieh inSikirAwSIl qy hIxw ijhw

kMm hY [ ieauN krdw p`CmI sMrcnwvwdI jW hor AwDuinkqwvwdI

eykwiDkwrvwdI is`DWq, swihqk pwT dI ivSwlqw nUM Kqm krn dI koiSS

krdw hY [ Aw^r auh ausnUM ieko iek siQr ArQ pRdwn krnw cwhuMdw hY

ijs qrHW Awm bol cwl ‘c vwkW dw ArQ insicq kIqw jWdw hY [ Aijhy

vwk ‘c vkqw dw mnorQ sp`St huMdw hY qy pwT ‘coN Aijhw mnorQ jW ArQ

l`Bxw iksy ‘Sbd-kyNdrqw’ dw iSkwr hoxw hY [ Aijhy suBwA qoN mukq

AiDAYn ivDI swhmxy ilAwauxw, auqr-sMrcnwvwd dI mh`qvpUrn dyx hY [

ieh Aijhy AMqr-AnuSwsnI pirpyK vjoN swhmxy AwauNdw hY jo pwTW nUM bhu-

ArQ inrmwx krn vwlI AijhI KulHI isrjxw mMndw hY ijsdw koeI

insicq jW bMd pRbMD nhIN [ pwT jW iksy sMrcnw dw koeI iek q`q/ichn

kyNdrI nhIN, ies leI pwT dI koeI AMqm ivAwiKAw ho hI nhIN skdI [

AKOqI kyNdr qoN prHy vI bhuq mh`qvpUrn q`q huMdy hn jo aunW dy ivruD

ArQ pRgt krdy hn [ ‘ivrcnw’ dw mqlb hI ieh hY [ hr

kwrj/pwT/q`q Awpxy Awp nUM ivKMfq krdw hY [ ies idRStI qoN pwT nUM

pVHidAW pwTk jW Awlock sucyq qOr ‘qy iek nvyN pwT dw inrmwx krdw

jWdw hY qy pwT dy Awr pwr PYly pwTW (AMqr-pwTW) nUM ies pRikirAw ivc

Swml krdw jWdw hY [ ieauN ArQ pRikirAw dOrwn pwTk hI pRmuK huMdw hY

Aqy auh lyKk qoN bwAd pwT nUM muV-isrjdw hY [

2.4 swihqk pwT (Text) dI ivrcnw : jdoN ivrcnw nUM iek ivDI vWg ilAw

jWdw hY qW ieh vI qYA krnw cwhIdw hY ik iek swihqk pwT dI ivrcnw

krn dw ivDIvq FMg-qrIkw kI hY ? Asl ivc iesdy FMg-qrIky ivc

bhuqw Xogdwn iesdy pwT dw hI huMdw hY ik auh ivSlySx nUM kI idSw idMdw

hY ! iesy krky pwT nUM ivKMifq krn dy keI FMg-qrIky swhmxy AwauNdy hn

pr pMjwbI pwTW dI ivrcnw krn leI AwrMB qoN AKIr qk hyTLI qrkIb

ApxweI jw skdI hY :

1. iksy vI swihqk pwT ( kivqw, nwtk, khwxI jW nwvl Awid) dI

cox, BwvyN auh iksy vI smyN ‘c ricAw hovy [ imswl dy qOr ‘qy

AsIN kwdrXwr dy ‘pUrn Bgq’, vwirS Swh dI ‘hIr’, iSv kumwr

dI ‘lUxw’ jW ‘rmwiex’ qy ‘mhWBwrq’ Awid dw pwT vI lY skdy hW

[

2. aus tYkst dy pRcilq ArQ smJy jWdy hn ik auh tYkst kihMdI

kI hY ? ieh sDwrn sUJ, ivAwiKAw, lyKk duAwrw jW pVHn-

pVHwaux ‘coN gRihx kIqy ArQ hn [ imswl vjoN AsIN ik`sy ‘pUrn

Bgq’ nUM ikvyN lYNdy hW ? Awm qOr ‘qy AsIN smJdy hW ik ieh

rcnw swfy sdwcwr qy kdrW-kImqW nUM sWBdI hY qy iesnUM AsIN

iek siBAwcwrk rcnw vjoN gRihx krdy hW [ ‘pUrn’ iek

AwdrS/sdwcwr dw pRqIk hY, swfw nwiek hY [ iesdy ault AsIN

‘lUxw’ nUM iek Klnwiek/durwcwr vjoN Aqy ‘slvwn’ nUM

swmMqvwdI/jwgIrvwdI mrd dy ArQW vjoN smJdy hW [

3. ieQy phuMc ky pwT ivcly ivroD-jutW nUM pCwixAw jWdw hY [ ies

ivc swnUM iek jW iek qoN vDIk pRmuK ivroD-jutW nUM vyKx dI loV

hY [ jdoN AsIN ieh ivroD-jutW vwlw kwrj mukMml kr lYNdy hW qW

AsIN vyKdy hW ik ieQoN iek Kws drjwbMdI swhmxy AwauNdI hY ijs

ivc iek iDr ivSyS qrHW dI pRwQimkqw r`KdI hY qy pwT dy ArQ,

ienHW ivroD-jutW dy AwpsI sMbMDW ivc aus dy ADIn ivcrdy hn [

‘pUrn Bgq’ ivc ieh ivroD-jut mrd/AOrq, sdwcwr/durwcwr,

puMn/pwp qy jqsq/kwmnw Awid pRmuK hn Aqy drjwbMdI ‘c mrd,

sdwcwr, pMun jW jq-sq nUM pihl hY [ ieh ausy ‘hwzrI dy

AiDAwqm’ (Metaphysic of Presence) jW ‘Sbd-kyNdrvwd’

(Logocentrism) dw is`tw hY ijs dI ivsQwrpUrvk g`l AsIN pihlW

kr Awey hW [ iesy krky ‘pUrn Bgq’ dy auprokq (nM. 2.‘c)

vrxinq pRcilq ArQ swnUM gRihx huMdy hn qy ieh tYkst iek

sdwcwrk/siBAwcwrk tYkst vjoN smJI jWdI hY [

4. hux pwT ‘coN auh qryVW/rwh l`iBAw jWdw hY ijs nwl auprokq

ArQ AsiQr jW ivkyNdrq hox [ Bwv pwT ‘coN AMqr-ivroD,

ivroDwBws, ivroDqweIAW jW qxwE Awid l`By jWdy hn qy iPr ies

g`l dw ivSlySx kIqw jWdw hY ik pwT iek iDr nUM pihly drjy jW

supIrIAr hox dw ikvyN qy ikauN dwAvw krdw hY ? Aijhw krn

leI pihlW pCwxy gey (nM.3‘c) ivroD-jutW nUM Jt-p`t aultwA dyxw

hY [ imswl vjoN ‘pUrn Bgq’ ivcly ivroD-jut hux AOrq/mrd,

durwcwr/sdwcwr, pwp/puMn qy kwmnw/jq-sq Awid vWg vyKy jwxgy

qy iesdy nwl iek nvIN ArQW dI Kyf swhmxy AwauNdI hY [ hux

ArQ auh hY hI nhIN ijvyN pihly pwT ‘c idsdy sn [ ies g`l nUM

smJx leI pihlw ivroD-j`ut hI lY lE [ hux ‘mrd’ dI QW

‘AOrq’ nUM pihl hY [ mrd nUM ipCWh r`K ky qy AOrq nUM pihl dy ky

jd pwT nUM muV-piVHAw jWdw hY qW pwT nwrI ivroDI pRvcn dy qOr

‘qy gRihx hoxw AwrMB ho jWdw hY [ hux ieh pqw l`gx l`g jWdw hY

ik ikvyN suswietI dI qwkqvr iDr jW drjybMdI dw ArQW dw

eykwiDkwr S`k dy Gyry ‘c Aw jWdw hY ! AsIN ieh vI vyKdy hW ik

ikvyN iek cIj dI pCwx bxwaux leI, ausdI ivroDI cIj nUM

vriqAw jWdw hY!26 ieauN ijhVI tYkst nUM AsIN iek

sdwcwrk/siBAwcwrk tYkst vjoN svIkwr kIqw sI qy ‘lUxw’ nUM

iqRskwr dI pwqr/Klnwiek smiJAw sI, auh ArQ hux AsvIkwr

krny pYNdy hn [ swfI suswietI swhmxy vI ieh cuxOqI bx jWdI hY

ik nwiek jW Klnwiek iksnUM smiJAw jwvy? iSv kumwr dI iehI

KwsIAq hY, auh ivrcnwqmk idRStI qoN ies pwT dy prMprk

kyNdrI ArQ nUM qoV idMdw hY qy ‘lUxw’ nUM hwSIey qoN kyNdr v`l ilAw

ky nvyN ArQ idMdw hY [ ieQy vI iek g`l iDAwn r`Kx vwlI hY ik

auh ivroDI-ju`t mrd/nwrI qoN ArQ nwrI ‘qy itkw ky mrd/slvwn

dy ivroD ivcoN ausdI pCwx/ikrdwr auswrdw hY, ies qrHW BwvyN auh

‘lUxw’ nUM nvyN ArQ dy idMdw hY pr ies ArQ nUM iPr iksy hor

kyNdr nwl joV idMdw hY [ ieh kyNdr Prwiefvwd qy

AwDuinkqwvwdI nwrIvwd dI ‘hwzrI’ dw hY ijQy mrd dy iKlw&

iek qwkqvr sMrcnw auswrn dw mslw hY [ ieh iSv ‘qy aus vyly

dy ivksq igAwn dw Acyq-sucyq pRBwv vI kih skdy hW [

ivrcnw nvyN kyNdr isrjx ‘c nhIN hY, ieh qW ivroD-jut ‘coN iksy

vI ivroDI Sbd/q`q dw dwbw nhIN JldI[ kMm dy ArQ, ivroD-jutW

dy iksy vI Sbd ivc nhIN pey sgoN ienHW ivroD-j`utW dy dovyN Sbd

Asl ArQ nUM dbwauNdy hn [ kMm dy ArQ qW donW SbdW dy

‘if&rWs’ (Differance) ivc pey rihMdy hn [ ieauN ‘pUrn Bgq’ dw

‘pUrn’ hovy, ‘slvwn’ jW iSv dI ‘lUxw’, ienHW dy ArQ AwpsI

ivroDqweIAW ‘c pey hn[27 ieh iekihry (nwiek/Klnwiek) nhIN

, inrMqr A`gy peI jwx vwly bhu-muKI pCwx vwly ikrdwr hn,

ieko vyly ienHW ‘coN G`to-G`t do s`c pCwxy jw skdy hn qy ikhVw

s`c aunHW dw hY ieh inqwr skxw muSkl hY [ ieauN hI

durwcwr/sdwcwr, pwp/puMn qy kwmnw/jq-sq sB kuJ dy pRcilq

ArQ kwty hyT/ivkyNdrq ho jWdy hn [ ieh iksy nw iksy bwhrlI,

pUrv insicq qy AMqm s`c vwlI Dwrnw dy gulwm idsdy hn ijnHW

nUM ieh AwpxI pRmwxkqw leI vrqdy hn [ Asl ivc BwrqI

iPlws&I , sdwcwr jW siBAwcwrk igAwn vI iksy kyNdr nwl

juiVAw hY jW dyrIdw dI SbdwvlI ivc p`CmI icMqn vWg ieh vI

‘mOzUdgI dy AiDAwqm’ qy ‘Sbd-kyNdrvwd’ dI tyk ‘qy hY[ ies

qrHW ivsiqRq ivSlySx kridAW pwT ivclI aus rwjnIqI nUM vI

smiJAw jWdw hY ijs krky pwT iksy nw iksy p`Dr ‘qy qwkqvr

iDrW dw p`K pUrdw hY jW pwT ivc iksdI ‘mOzUdgI’ hY jo Aijhy

ArQ auqpMn kr rhI hY qy ArQ nUM iksy kyNdr nwl joVdI hY [

ieauN ienHW ArQW nUM aus kyNdr dI kYd qoN mukq krky nvyN ArQ

isrjnw hI ivrcnw hY [

ieauN auqr-sMrcnwvwdI AiDAYn ivDI, pwTmUlk ivSlySx dI pVHq-

ivDI hY jo pwT ivcly ArQW dy AnMq rh`s KolHdI hY qy pwT ivcly ivroDW,

ivroDwBwsW, hwSIeygRsq qy gYr-hwzr nUM qlwSdI qy auBwrdI hY[

hvwly qy it`pxIAW :

1 ijnHW dy swr ivc -ArQ qoN pihlW mnu`K dI hoNd hY/hoNd Awpxy AqIq qoN mukqI dw dUjw nW hY/iehI

pUrv-suqMqrqw hY/cyqnw dI pUrv-siQqI dw svIkwr hY/cyqn-sjIv ivSy dI hwzrI svIkwr krdw

hY jW swihq smwj dw drpn hY/swihq s`c nUM pyS krdw hY/BwSw pwrdrSI hY Awid hY [

2 ienHW qoN pihlW rolW bwrq dIAW hor vI mh`qvpUrn DwrnwvW ijvyN ‘SUnX-lyKx’ (Writing degree

zero), qy ‘pwT dw AwnMd’ (The Pleasure of the Text) Awid hn pr ieQy AsIN AwpxI crcw ‘c

auicq ausdIAW auqr-sMrcnwvwdI DwrnwvW dI g`l krnI hI auicq smJI hY [

3 Hugh M. Davidson, Sign Sense and Roland Barthes, ‘Literary Criticism - Idea and Act’, Ed. By W.K.

Wimsatt, University of California Press, 1974, p. 240. 4 Roland Barthes, S/Z, Translated by Richard Miller, Blackwell, 2002. p. 156.

5 Roland Barthes, S/Z, Ibid., p.156.

6 Roland Barthes, S/Z, Ibid., p. 4,5.

7 ies Anuswr swfy sMbMDW, ivcwrW jW ArQW nUM srUp dyx ivc lok-sUJ, srb-sWJy AnuBv jW Awm

sihmqI zrUrI hY [

8 Julia Kristeva, Desire in Language: A Semiotic Approach to Literature and Art,Translated by

Leon S. Roudiez, Columbia University Press, 1980, p. 69.

9 Julia Kristeva, Desire in Language, Ibid, p. 36.

10 Julia Kristeva, Desire in Language, Ibid, p. 66.

11 gopIcMd nwrMg,‘sMrcnwvwd,auqr-sMrcnwvwd Aqy pUrbI kwiv-Swsqr’, Anu. fw. jgbIr isMG,

swihq AkwdmI, id`lI, 2002, pMnw 174. 12

Michel Foucault, Archaeology of Knowledge, Translated by A. M. Sherdan Smith, Routledge, 1989, p.

50. 13

https://www.msu.edu/~comertod/courses/foucault.htm

14 goL kYd^wny rUpI smwjk ivvsQw jo AijhI jylH vWg hY jo iek ‘kyNdr’/‘kyNdrI twvr’ qoN kYdIAW

‘qy auproN nzrswnI r`KdI hovy [

15 Jacques Derrida, Of Grammatology, Translated by Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Hopkins University

Press, 1997, p. 7.

16 Jacques Derrida, Of Grammatology, Ibid, p. 158.

17 Jacques Derrida, Positions, Translated by Alan Bass,The Uni. of Chicago Press, 1981, p. 41.

18 ienHW qoN ielwvw vI bhuq swrIAW ivroD-j`utI iekweIAW hn, sp`Stqw leI swihqk icMqn

ivclIAW pRmuK iekweIAW nUM ieQy dyxw vwizb smiJAw hY [

19 Jacques Derrida, Of Grammatology, Ibid, p.51.

20 Jacques Derrida, Writing and Difference, Translated by Alan Bass, Taylor & Francis e-Library,

2005, p.354.

-(ieh hvwlw dyrIdw dy aus ieiqhwsk lyK ‘Structure, Sign And Play In The Discourse Of

The Human Sciences’ ‘coN ilAw hY jo dyrIdw ny 1966 ivc AmrIkw dI jOhn hOpiknz

XUnIvristI ivc pVH ky icMqn qy AiDAYn dI idSw bdl id`qI) 21

pMjwbI ivc iesnUM ‘v`KryvW’ kih skdy hW pr ieh jW pMjwbI ivc koeI hor Sbd iesdI pRikrqI

‘qy pUrw nhIN auqrdw [ dyrIdw iek qW PrYNc BwSw dI ikirAw ‘defférer’ dy do-muKI suBwA Aqy

dUjw auh jwx-bu`J ky ‘e’ dI QW ‘a’ vrq ky AwpxI BwSw ivc hI iesnUM ivSyS bxw dyNdw hY [

Awpxy lyK ‘Différance ‘ ivc ies vrqoN dw qrk vI auswrdw hY qy ies lyK dy AMgryzI AnuvwdkW

ny vI iesnUM ‘ Difference’ jW ‘Differance’ nhIN, ‘Différance’ hI iliKAw hY[

22 dyrIdw dw ieh cricq lyK ‘Differance’ PrYNc BwSw ivc ‘ aise de

philosophie’ Vol. LXII, No.3 (July-September, 1968 ) ‘c CipAw qy AMgryzI pusqk ’Speech and

Phenomena and Other Essays on Husserl's Theory of Signs’ (Anuvwdk, David B. Allison,1973) ivc

CipAw [ iesdw iek hor AMgryzI Anuvwd Alan Bass ny Margins of Philosophy (University of

Chicago Press, 1982) ivc CwipAw jo ies ilMk ‘qy vI aulbD hY ;

http://www.stanford.edu/class/history34q/readings/Derrida/Differance.html

23 Jacques Derrida, Differance, Margins of Philosophy ,Translated by Alan Bass (The University of

Chicago Press, 1982), p.7 24

Jacques Derrida, Differance, Ibid, p. 9. 25

Jacques Derrida, Differance, Ibid, p. 9. 26

pMun ibnW pwp qy pwp ibnW puMn dy dy kI ArQ hn, pwp dI hoNd ‘c hI puMn ArQvwn hY qy puMn nUM

suswietI ‘c sQwpq krn leI hI pwp qy pwp nwl sMbMiDq cIjW nwl ivroD isrijAw jWdw hY [

27 ies sMbMDI ivsQwr leI ‘Koj-p`iqRkw’-56 (2007) ivc myrw pypr ‘pUrn nwQ jogI, lUxw Aqy plMG-

pMGUVw : auqr-AwDuink qulnwqmk AiDAYn’ vyiKAw jw skdw hY [