Nonvascular Plants (“Bryophytes”)– Hepaticophyta (Liverworts)– Anthocerophyta (Hornworts)– Bryophyta (Mosses)

Seedless Vascular Plants– Lycophyta (Lycophytes, or Club Mosses)– Psilotophyta (Whisk Ferns)– Sphenophyta (or Equisetophyta) (Horsetails)– Pteridophyta (Ferns)

Seed Plants– Gnetophyta (Gnetophytes)– Cycadophyta (Cycads)– Ginkgophyta (Ginkgoes)– Coniferophyta (Conifers)– Anthophyta (Angiosperms)

Aglaophyton

OstrichFerns

Fern sori

Fern sporangia

FernSporophyte

Gametophyte

Sporophyteroot

Carboniferous forest

Increased dominance of the sporophyte

From ovule to seed

Giant sequoia

Pollen cone

microsporangia

pollen

Pollen grain

Ovule

Female gametophyte

Archegonia

Micropyle opening

Megasporangiumwall

Growing pollen tube

ArchegoniaEggs

Megasporangiumwall

1) Which of the following was not a problem for the first land plants:A) sources of waterB) sperm transferC) desiccationD) animal predationE) gravity

2) Bryophytes have all of the following characteristics except:A) multicellularityB) specialized cells and tissuesC) well-developed vascular tissueD) a protected, stationary egg cellE) a reduced, dependent sporophyte

3) All Protists are alike in that they are:A) autotrophicB) heterotrophicC) unicellularD) eukaryoticE) flagellated

4) Members of the green algae often differ from members of the land plants in that some green algae:A) are heterotrophsB) are unicellularC) have chlorophyll aD) store carbohydrates as starchE) have cellulose cell walls

5) Which of the following is a land plant that produces flagellated sperm and has a sporophyte-dominant life cycle? A) fern

B) moss C) liverwort

D) gymnospermE) hornwort