mr. galo plaza, united nations mediator in cyprus
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Title items-in-Peace-keeping operations - Cyprus - Mr. Galo Plaza,United Nations Mediator in Cyprus
Date Created 11/05/1964
Record Type Archival Item
Container S-0869-0001: Peace-Keeping Operations Files of the Secretary-General: U Thant: Cyprus
Print Name of Person Submit Image Signature of Person Submit
UNITED N A T I O N S
S E C U R I T YC O U N C I L
Distr.GEflJSRAL
S/56Q111 May
ORIGINAL: ENGLISH
REPORT BY THE; SEOE^^ARY-GEMSRAL TO THE SECURITY COUNCIL ON THEOPERATIONS OF THE UNITED NATIONS PEACE-KEEPING FORCE IN CYPRUS
1. In my report to the .Security Council on 29 April 1964 (8/5671), I referred to
the urgent need to strengthen the mission in Cyprus by the addition of a top-level
political officer, who, on behalf of the Secretary-General, could conduct
negotiations for the implementation of the programne which was outlined in Annex I
of the above-mentioned report.
2. I am now able to inform members of the Security Council that I have secured
the services of Mr. Galo Plasa of Ecuador as my Special Representative in Cyprus.
Mr. Plaza has served the United Nations previously in the United Nations
Observation Group in Lebanon in 1958, and on a special mission to the Congo
(Leopoldville) in 1960.
3. Mr. Plaza's Secretariat assignment will be a short-range one and he has
agreed to serve initially until 27 June 196 . He will be directly responsible to
me and, as indicated in the above-mentioned report, his functions will not in any
way impinge upon the efforts of the United Nations Mediator to find long-term
solutions to the problems of Cyprus, nor upon the functions of the Commander of
the United Heticns Force in Cyprus.
. Mr. Plaza will leave for Cyprus on Wednesday, 13 May.
JEB/at
17 June 1964
Dear Mr. Plasa,
Your letter of 10 Juns 1964 aad the original and two copies ofthe UWXCIP draft report eoveriag developments in the military andcivilian fields for th© period fross 29 April to & June 1964 wasreceived in due tin*©. J r report to the Security Council was circu-lated under aysi&ol S/57&4 on 16 June, and copies have been forwardedto Nicosia by special pouch. I also understand that the finalchapter containing th& suamiag up and observatioas was cabled to youby the Office of Public Information. Subject to the discussios onapartheid ending today or tosiorrow, the initial meeting of theSecurity Council on Cyprus is planned for either Thursday, 18 Juns,or Friday, 19 June.
The material for the report sent by General Gyaai and yourselfwas most useful, aacl 1 asa pleased to have been able to place thereport before tfae Members of the Council sufficiently in advance ofthe discussion. Ibis was possible, in so siaall measure, by thetimely submission of your material. $r. Eels-Bennett reported to meon his exchange of views with yourself, General Qjrani and Mr. Flores,as well as \d-lh President Kakarios and ?iee-Fresident Ku uk.
I sbould like to wish you continued success in your verydelicate task.
lours sincerely,
U Thaat
Mr» Galo PlaaaOHFICIPNicosiaCyprus
cc: Messrs. Bunche, Narasimhan, Kola-Bennett,
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UNITED NATIONS NATIONS UNIES
FORCE IN CYPRUS
Personal and Confidential
24 June 1964
Dear U Thant,
The time lias come for me to "bring to your attentionthe matter of termination of my mission in Gyp rue, whichwe had looked into during our interview in Lew York on30 Kay.
The pressures of personal affairs at home i. ake itimpossible for me to change my original planu ~nd stayon beyond the first week in July. On the other hand,as matters stand now, I am inclined to "believe mycontinued stay would not "be necessary, However, if anysignificant change in the situation takes place thatmight demand alterations in the implementation of "H TICT1 ' ,<_•mandate, and if you find it practical and useful, I would,"be willing to return, at any time, on very short notice,
I will endeavour to keep from the press any informationconcerning my departure until I hear from ycu.
Tourr.; since,
U ThantSecretary-GeneralUnited NationsHew York
©fta
ee:
AP/.'e
»r. Oslo Plasa S Ouly 196kSgaeial Bsp?esent.ativa of th*Msr. A,Senior
J. Sols-lessett
tl» BgasmmHafc Misgiea of
30 Jime 196*«< fsraaa theMission of Copras has bees eMp@sssa to tto Seersts^-Gsaeraa request tfea% ^i® iafoKaaticffii coatsiiaisg the fa^pseats of ttos Turkish
Civil S®rmnts fe® teeli^teS in ths Seeaparb®?y-G«Hcy<al's sp®port.to bft in a posities to exaaiBS such a request., I ^ould beto b&v«, at your easrly eoERr«iii®53e®, your e^ssatests oa the
tsbis @et@33ii©lKid by the Go^srHsieiat «f Qjffffi'UB. la pesliieulas', aof th.e figiapss glvea, with those of the perioSs
cc: Secretary-GeneralMr. KarasimhanMr. Rolz-^ennett
THE
BLUE BERETTuesday, 22nd September, 1964
Issued by the Information Office of the United Motions Force in Cyprus 0 No. 23
Security CouncilDiscusses UNFICYP
Mandate.
ON 16 September, the Se-curity Council resumed
discussion of the Cyprus ques-tion. The Council had beforeit a report by the Secretary-Qeneral, which recommendedthe continuation of the Peace-Keeping Operation in Cyprusfor another three months.
Mr. Kyprianou, of Cyprus,said his government agreed tothe extension of the UnitedNations Peace-Keeping Opera-tion. He stated that agree-ment had been reached on thefreedom of movement for theForce. He opposed the creationof buffer zones.
Mr. Eralp, of Turkey, fa-voured the strengthening ofthe United Nations Force butdeclared that UNFICTP hadbeen unable to prevent a GreekCypriot arms build-up. He saidthat Turkey was agreeable tothe proposals regarding therestoration of peace, but de-fence positions should be main-tained until 'UNFICYP was inposition to provide an effectiveguarantee against attack-
Mr. Bitsios of Greece agreedwith the Secretary-General'sview that withdrawal of theUnited Nations Force wouldbe disastrous.
On 17 September, the Coun-cil heard PJaton Morozov, ofthe Soviet Union, say that hisgovernment would agree to ex-tension of the mandate of UN-FICYP only on the expresscondition that the Council's re-solution of 4 March was com-plied with, particularly as tothe financing and the function-ing of the Force.
Sir Patrick Dean, of theUnited Kingdom, said that hisdelegation would support therenewal of the mandate of theForce. However, the financialburden should be shared bymore states.
Adlai E. Stevenson, of theUnited States, urged all Coun-cil members to set an exampleand contribute to the financingof the Force. He supported ex-tension of the mandate of theForce.
/VEW CYPRUSMEDLATOi APPOINTED
'"THE new United NationsMediator for Cyprus,
Senor <3alo Plaza, whose ap-pointment was announced to16 September, was born inNew York in 1906. At thetime his father, General Leo-nidas Plaza, was Ministerof Ecuador to the UnitedStates.
Galo Plaza was educated inQuito, Ecuador, and attendedthe Universities of Californiaand Maryland, where he stu-died agriculture, and George-town School of Foreign Ser-vice.
In 1936 he was elected Mayorof Quito and in 1938 becameMinister of Defence — a po-sition he held for two years.
From 1940 until his appoint-ment in Cyprus, on 11 May64, as Special Representativeof tha Secretary-General hehad held several official ap-pointments in his own countryand in the United Nations Be-tween times he has returnedto private business and wasactively engaged in severalprojects connected with theagricultural development ofEcuador.
Among the official appoint-ments which Senor Plaza hasheld are Ambassador to theUnited States 1914-1946, Pre-sident of Ecuador 1948-1952(his father had also been Pre-sident 1902-1906, 1912-1916),Chairman of the United Na-tions Observation Group in theLebanon 1958, Chairman of thestudy group of the United Na-tions Economic Commissionfor Latin America (which pre-
Senor Galo Plaza
pared the basis for the LatinAmerican common market)1959-1960, Chairman of a studygroup on administration of theKarnina and Kitona Bases inthe Congo 1960 and Presidentof Ecuadors' DevelopmentBank 1960-1964.
During 1946 Senor Plazaattended the San-FranciscoConference, where the UnitedNations Charter was written,as a member of his country'sdelegation.
Senor Plaza who has a tho-rough knowledge of all aspectsof the Cyprus problem has beenappointed Mediator in succes-sion to Ambassador SakariTuomioja who died on 9 Sep-tember 1964.
The Council is continuingthe debate on the Cyprus ques-tion.
HOn 9 September, Finlandannounced a contribution of25,000 US dollars to the spe-cial account for the financingof the United Nations Force inCyprus.
HAVE YOU SOLVED
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MEWS
IN FINNISH
Suomaiaispataljoona kunnioit t isuurlahettilas Tuomiojan muistoajarjesiamalla Kykkon alueellamuistotilaisuuden viime keskiviik-kona. Muistopuheen piti maj.Tauno Kuosa. Jaljenpana julkai-semme maj. Kuosan muistopuheenkokonaisuudessaan.
YK :n joukot ovat saapuneeitalle sisaisten riitojen repimallesaarelle pitamaan ylla rauhaa, jot-ta sen pulmat voitaisiin selvittaapoliittisilla neuvoueluilla. Fatal-joonamme muodostaa huomatta-van osan YK:n rauhanjoukoista,joiden harteilla on hyvin suuri vas-tuu koko maailmanrauhaa uhkaavien Kyproksen pulmien selvittelys-ta Tama on ensimma'inen kerta,kun Suomi osallistuu na'in huomat-tavalla tavalla kansainvalisten kiis-lakysymysten ratkaisemiseksi.Maamme osuus ei ole kuitenkaanrajoittunut vain sen asevoimienantamaan panokseen, Suomi aset-ti myos valittajan. jonka tehtavnaoli saattaa kiistapuolet yhteen ha-nen hahmottelemaansa sovimorat-kaisuehdorusta kasittelemaan.Olemme kokoontuneet tanaan ty-onsa aareen kaatuneen YK:n Ky-prok-sen-valittajan, suurlahettilasSakari Severi T u o m i o j a n ,muistoa kunnioittamaan.
Saattaa tuntua sattumalta, ettavalittajan valinta kohdistui kaikis-ta ma ait man poliitikoista ja valtiomiehista juuri suurlahettilas Tuomiojaan. Niflla, jotka hanet tahaatehtavaan nimesivat, oli kuitenkinsiihen hyvat perusteet. Suurla-hettilas Tuomioja oli nimittain jotullut tunneiuksi laajalti maamrnerajojen ulkopuolellakin miehena,joka seka kykeni suorittamaan ettaoli jo suorittanutkin mita vaatimim-pia tehtavta. Jouduttuaao jo poik-keuksellisen nuoressa iassa nayt-
[Continued on page 7}
Tuesday, 22nd Sept. 19S4 THE BLUE BERET Page Two
The BL'JE BERET is published bv the
information Office oi the United
Nations Force in Cyprus, (UNF1CYP).
Communications, articles OF en-iL,iries should be addressed to: —
The EditorTHt BLUt btREl
CYPRUSCOPE
THE MEDAL
/~\N one side of the United^^ Nations medal are the
words "In the Service ofPeace".
In war time personal medalsare given for bravery in theface of the enemy, campaignmedals for all those who havetaken part. The man behindthe scenes is essential to keepthe front line men suppliedwith ammunition, food andother necessities.
In Cyprus the UN soldiersare fulfilling more the taskof a police force — restoringorder. This is just as diffi-cult a job and requires justas much bravery as in wartime.
Which is more difficult? Tofight an enemy from a de-fensive position ? Or to beinterposed between two war-ring factions and be caught intheir crossfire without meansof defence?
It is because men ofUNFICYP have been doingthis and thereby helping tostop the spread of the conflictinto sometring bigger that theUN has struck a medal. Notto be forgotten are all theofficers and men who, thoughnot directly involved in theareas of physical conflict, havebeen responsible for makingthe right decisions. They havebeen concerned with supply,wellbeing and morale, and areresponsible for the success "ofthe men at the front.
SNIPPETS
He: I went hunting lions witha club last week.
She: Weren't you scaredwith just a club?
He: No, there were 200 inthe club.
She: Do you drink liquor?
He: What else can I do withit?
She: What do you wish forin a wife ? Beauty orbrains ?
He: Both.She: I accept.
TTO understand wine, toenjoy it to the full, we
must remember Dumas' ad-monition "Drink it hareheaded and kneeling" whenspeaking for a noble wine,and \ve must look as deeplyinto man's heart as into hismind, as Plato must have,\vhon he remarked, so manycenturies ago, that nothingmore excellent or valuable1
than vine was ever grantedby the Gods to man.
For the history of Cypruswines the discovery of earthen-ware jars containing wine tar-tar is at great importance.These jars were discovered inthe neighbourhood of Salamisand belong to the 9th centuryB.C.
The earliest known wine-jarfrom Cyprus, is the HubbardAmphora, dated to around 900B.C. with a remarkable drink-ing-scene painted on one side,showing a lady seated on athrone, drinking with what ap-pears to be a straw or reedfrom a painted amphora anda female attendant by her sidewho pours more wine into theamphora from which thewoman on the throne is drink-ing.
Mediaeval Cyprus has an in-teresting connection with thegreat L/ondon Guild or Com-pany of the Vintners. In 1363Henry Picard, Master of theVintners' Company, and sometime Mayor of London, enter-tained the Lusignan King ofCyprus, King Peter the First,to a banquet in the Vintners'Hall. At this banquet, fourother Kings were present, andit later became known as the"Feast of the Five Kings".The most favoured account ofthe event tells that the four
tales of Cyprus
other Kings were Edward IIIof England, David, King ofScotland, John, King of France,and Waldemar, King of Den-mark. A fine paintmg of thebanquet WE.S presented by theVintners' Company to theRoyal Exchange, and may beseen in the Koyal Exchangetoday. A true copy of thismagnificent painting may beseen by any visitor at winefactories in Umassol at Tsifli-koudhia.
Wine has been used as food,tonic and medicine, throughoutthe world. It has been creditedwith maintaining health, pre-venting disaase, relieving pain,improving digestion, prolong-ing life, assisting jn the cureof various illnesses, and pro-viding the human body withnumerous essential vitamins,acids and minerals. In addi-tion, most authorities agreethat wine's function of pro-moting the fuller enjoymentof life is a definite health va-lue.
"Drink no longer water, butuse a little wine for thy sto-mach's sake and thine ofteninfirmities"
was St. Paul's admonition toTimothy.
Throughout history, fromBiblical Times to the presentSpace Age, wine has been ac-cepted both medicinally andnutritionally, as a boon tomankind.
Twenty-five hundred yearsago, Hippocrates was amongthe first physicians to advo-cate its use in the healing ofthe sick. Galen, the Romanphysician of the first centuryA.D. used an ancient Greekremedy, containing parsley, fan-nel, thyme, anise and otherherbs, powdered and mixedwith wine, which was pres-
cribed as a cure for most ail-ments- of the time.
It might be said that wineis "all things to all men" foramong its many health andlife-giving benefits are the fol-lowing. The alcohol containedin wine provides a source ofcaloric energy. (Four ouncesof table wine equals only about70 calories — less than anapple or an orange). This typeof alcohol, according to cur-rent research, is transformedinto energy and not into fat.It contains considerable quan-tities of fruit-?ugars — natu-ral sugars — which are high-ly desirable in the diet. Wineis the only common alcoholicbeverage contaiuing provenquantities of the B vitamins,as well as small quantities ofvitamin C. Recently is wasdiscovered, in red and whitewines, a new vitamin called"P", which is probably relatedto one of the componentsof vitamin C.
The wine has a definite blood-building iron content, andfurthermore, it contains all ofthe 13 mineral elements re-cognized as essential to maint-ain animal and human life —a moderate amount of wineat meal times will not onlybuild up the blood, but suppliesiron to the iron deficient mealsof the average citizen.
Drink wine and live longermight very well become arecipe for longevity, for sta-tistics have proven that winedrinkers live longer thanwater drinkers (and, further-more, that fewer alcoholics andinsane are found in the wineregions).
Wine growing today is amajor agricultural industrybut it is also an art. Into it,too, must go a magic that ishuman and intuitive.
Tuesday, 22nd Sept 1364 THE BLUE BERET Page Three
UNITED NATIONS NEWSC031PL.UXTS BY
GREECE A.VI) TURKEY
THE Council consideredcomplaints by Greece
against Turkey and Turkeyagainst Greece at two meet-ings held on 11 September.
Dimitri S. Bitsios of Greecestated that Turkey had com-mitted a series of provocativeacts, including the expulsionof a large number of Greekcitizens.
Ovhan Eralp of Turkey as-serted that those expelled hadbeen guilty of subversive acti-vities. He declared that Greecewas conducting "war-likemoves" and was acting in col-lusion with the government ofCyprus against Turkish Cyp-riots.
Spyros Kyprianou, ForeignMinister of Cyprus, denied thatthere was an economic block-ade of the Turkish areas inthe island. The presence ofTurkish ships in the areashould be regarded as aggres-sion, he stated.
LETTER FROM I'SSR
THE Soviet Union hasstated that the existing
financial difficulties of theUnited Nations have beencaused toy the expenses in-curred in maintaining the Mid-dle East and Congo Operations.
It declared in a memoran-dum circulated this week, con-cerning "the question of thefinancial situation c-f the Unit-ed Nations", that both theseactions did not conform withthe charter. Consequently ex-penses connected with them,could not give rise to obliga-tions on states with regard topayment.
THE Council, in concludingconsideration of Malaysia's
complaint of aggression by In-donesia on 17 September, afterholding meetings on 9, 11, 14,and 15 September, failed toadopt a draft resolution. Thequestion remains before theCouncil.
At its final meeting, theCouncil voted 9 in favour and2 against (Czechoslovakia.,USSR) on a proposal by Nor-way that it call upon the part-ies to refrain from all threator use of force and respecteach -other's territorial inde-pendence. The proposal wasnot adopted, however, becauseit was opposed by a perma-nent member of the Council.
The Council, according toNorway, should express regretat the incidents which Jhad oc-curred in the whole region, andspecifically deplore the in-cident of 2 September which
was the basis of Malaysia'scomplaint.
Norway also sugg-ested thatthe governments ot Malaysiaand Indonesia resume negoti-ations on the basis of a jointcommunique issued in Tokyolast June, in which referencewas made to a reconciliationcommission.
Following is a summary ofthe statements made after thevote :
Adlai Stevenson of the Unit-ed States: The majority ofmembers had supported acourse of action by which theparties could settle their dif-ferences by peaceful means oftheir own choice. The Sovietexercise of the veto was notdesigned to engender confi-dence in its position as out-lined in its memorandum onpeacekeeping activities, andwas not consistent with Mr.Khrushchev's declaration.
Sir Patrick Dean of tileUnited Kingdom: The Soviet"veto" was a denial of pro-tection to a member state andremoved an opportunity to endan undeclared war.
Platon D. Morozov of theUSSR: The charter allowed allstates the right to fight againstcolonialism and for truefreedom. The Indonesianpeople could not be deprivedot" its right to fight againstneo-colonialism. The USSRvote was not contrary to itsdeclared foreign policy.
Dato Ismail Bin Abdul Rah-man of Malaysia: The Councilhad spoken in a clear voice andhad supported Ms delegation.The draft resolution, eventhough not passed, had clearlystated the ethical position. Ma-laysia welcomed the call fornegotiations but conciliationhad to be two-way. The USSRwas the apostle of peacefulco-existence yet it wanted todeny that right to Malaysia.
Sudjarwo Tjondronegoro ofIndonesia: A solution ratherthan a resolution was neces-sary. His delegation appreci-ated fhe fact that the Councilhad seized on certain detect-able areas of agreement, name-
ly the Tokyo communique.Nothing was lost if all con-cerned, including the British,saw the discussions in a po-sitive way.
Dey Quid Sidi Baba of Mor-roco: Any outside interventionusing as a justification thevote cast on the resolutionwould be contrary to his dele-gations view.
KV.iCI'.lTJOX OF
.V/AS/O.V 7.V YEMEN'
PLANS for the orderly and-*- expeditious evacuation of
the personnel of the UnitedNations Observation Missionin the Yemen and ihe with-drawal or disposal of its equip-ment are being carried out,the Secretary-General reportedto the Security Council on 11September. All of the 25 mi-litary observers have left theYemen and all of the 18 ci-vilian staff members will havedeparted on completion of thedisposal of the Mission's equip-ment in the latter half of Sep-tember. The total expenses ofthe Mission during the 14-month period of its operationhave not been finally deter-mined, but they are expectedto total up to 2 million dollars.Contributions already made bythe two governments amountto 800,000 dollars each.
UEJiOSLlL U3VKILED
""THE unveiling of the MarcA Chagall stained-glass me-
morial panel, contributed bythe staff in memory of thelate -Secretary-General DagHammarskjold and those whoaccompanied, him on his mis-sion in Northern Rhodesia, tookDlace on Thursday, 17 Septem-ber, in the secretariat lobby.
HOW MESSAGES ARE SENT
TO UNITED NATIONS
HEADQUARTERS
Have you ever wondered howmessages are sent back to andreceived from rhe United NatronsHeadquarters in New York?
Because of rhe distance betweenNew York and Cyprus and thestate of the ionosphere it is im-practical to maintain communic-ation by short wave radio,although in the infancy ofUNFICYP there was a morse link.
Ta-day there is a very efficientsystem and it is estimated thatmessages can be cleared to theUN HQ from 10 to 15 minutes.And this goes via Geneva.
Running the communicationscentre in UNFICYP are A radioofficers including the RadioSuperviser.
(Continued on Page 6)
UNIVERSAL
DECLARATION OF
HUMAN RIGHTS
(Continued)
Oil December 10, 1948, the General
Assembly of the United Nations
adopted and proclaimed fhe Universal
Declaration of Human Riohts.
Article 26. (1) Everyone has theright to education. Education shall
free, at least in the element-ary and fundamental stages.Elementoary education shall becompulsory. Technical and pro-fessional educaMon shall be modegenerally ova liable and highereducation shall be equally acces-sible to all on the basis of merit.
(2) Education shall be directedto rhe full development of thehuman personality and to thestrengthening of respect forhuman rights and fundamentalfreedoms. It shall promote under-standing, tolerance and friendshipamong all nations, racial orreligious groups, and shall furtherthe activities of the UnitedMarions for the maintenance ofpeace.
(3) Parents have a prior rightto choose the kind of educationthat shall be given to their chil-dren.
Article 27. (1) Everyone hasthe right freely to participate inthe cultural life of rhe communityto enjoy the arts and to share inscientific advancement and itsbenefits.
(2) Everyone has the right tothe protection of the moral andmaterial interests resulting fromany scientific, literary or artisticproduction of which he is author.
Article 28. Everyone is entitledto a social and international orderin which the rights and free-doms set forth in this Declarationcan be fuHy realized.
Article 29. (1) Everyone hasduties ro the community in whichalone the free and full develop-ment of his personality is possible.
(2) In the exercise of his rightsand freedoms, everyone shall besubject only ro such limitations asare determined by law solely forthe purpose of securing due re-cognition and respect for therights and freedoms of others andof meeting the just requirementsof morality, public order and thegeneral welfare in a democraticsociety.
(3) These rights and freedomsmay in no case be exercisedcontrary ro the purposes andprinciples of the United Nations.
Article 30. Nothing in thisDeclaration may be interpreted asimplying for any State, group orperson any right to engage inany activity or to perform any act-aimed at the destruction of anyof the rights and freedoms setforth herein.
UNITED IGEOGBAPHY
The United Kingdom is si-tuated off the north-west coastof continental Europe. It com-prises England, Wales, Scot-land and Northern Ireland andsome 5,000 smaller islands. TheUnited Kingdom extends over94,214 square miles, some 600miles from north to south, and300 miles from east to west.
In Britain the higher landsare found in the north andwest. Where the rocks are oldand hard there are extensiveplateau areas of thin infertilesoil, such as the highlands ofScotland, the Lake District,the Pennine Chain, the WelshMountains, the moorlands ofCornwall and Devon, and theIrish mountains. On the flanksof the Pennine Chain, thaslopes of the Welsh mountains,the midland plain of England,and the central lowlands ofScotland are newer, thoughstill old, rocks, and hers mi-nerals, particularly coal andiron, are found and the manu-facturing regions have arisen.Owing to numerous bays andinlets no point in the BritishIsles is more than 75 milesfrom tidal water.
Tne chief rivers are theSevern (220 miles), the Thames(215 miles), the Trent, York-shire Ouse and Great Ouse inEngland and Wales; the Clyde(106 miles), the Tay and theForth in Scotland. The largestlalte is Lough Neagh in North-ern Ireland (148 square miles).The highest mountains areBen Nevis (4,406 feet) in Scot-land, in Wales, Snowden (3,560feet), in England, Scafell (3,210feet), and in Northern Ireland,Slieve Donard (2,796 feet).
CLIMATE ANDVEGETATION
Britain has a temperate andequalble olimate, with an ave-rage temperature of about 40°Fahrenheit (4.4o Centigrade)in January and 60o F (15.6oC) in August. The prevailingwinds are south-westerly. TheBritish Isles as a whole havean annual rainfall of over 40inches, while England alonehas about 34 inches; the moun-tainous areas of the west andnorth have far more rain thanthe south and east.
With its mild climate andvaried soils, Britain has a di-verse pattern of natural ve-getation. Woodlands occupy
Ht*&SIM.
about 7% of the surface of thecountry. Most of Britain isagricultural land, of whichabout one-third is arable, andthe rest pasture and meadow.The climate and even distri-bution of rainfall ensure a longgrowing season; streams rare-ly dry up and grassland isgreen throughout the year.
POPULATION
Some 53 J million people livein Britain. There are about566 people per square mile,making Britain the fourthmost densely populated countryin the world. In England andWales the density of popula-tion is 800 per square mile.
Eighty per cant of the peoplelive in towns; over 35 per centin the seven urban areas whosecentres are London, Manche-ster, Birmingham, Leeds, Li-verpool, Newcastle upon Tyneand Glasgow; more than 8million live in the Capital,London.
GOVERNMENT
The United Kingdom is amonarchical state. It is uni-tary, not a federal, state butmethods of government areflexible. For example thereis some measure of develu-tion in the administration ofWelsh, Scottish and NorthernIrish affairs.
The monarchy is the mostancient secular institutionin the United Kingdom, itscontinuity being broken onlyonce in over a thousandyears.
TRANSPORT
Britain has the largest activemerchant fleet in the world,and its 300 ports handle over150 million tons of goods peryear. Its dense network of rail-ways covers some 17,000 milesof route, but the greater pro-portion of freight traffic nowmoves by road.
FUEL AND POWER
Coal provides about 70 percent of Britain's total energyconsumption, 273 million tonsequivalent in 1962. Nuclearenergy is already providing agrowing proportion of powerrequirements. Two nuclearpower stations are now supply-ing power and a further threeare due to come into opera-tion this year. Four others areunder construction and a tenthhas been approved.
THE QUEEN
Queen Elizabeth II
Queen Elizabeth II is adescendent of the Saxon KingEgbert, who united all Eng-land in the year 829, and ofMalcolm II, whose reign inScotland (1005-34) was cor-respondingly important inthat part of the realm.
FINANCE
The United Kingdom is thecentral banker of the sterlingarea, an area with a quarterof the world's population.Many countries outside thesterling area use sterling intheir international transact-ions ,and it is the currencyin which about one-third ofthe world's trade in conduct-ed.
INDUSTRY
The United Kingdom wasthe first country in the worldto become highly industria-lised. Thirteen people workin mining, manufacturingand building for every onein agriculture. It is theworld's third largest exporterof manufactured goods andthe range of its industrialmanufactures reflects its po-sition as one of the most im-o'M-tan.t workshops of theworld.
AGRICULTURE
Although Britain is a dense-ly populated, industrialisedcountry relying on importsfor half its food supply,agriculture remains one ofits largest and most im-portant industries. It occupiesnearly one-million people, orjust under 4 per cent ofthose in civil employment,provides about 4 per cent ofthe gross national product,and uses 49 million of the60 million acres of land.
KINGDOMRELIGION
The Church of England isthe Established Church, andclaims to be the ancientcatholic church ol the land.At the Reformation in the16th century it repudiatedthe supremacy of the Pope,but retained the historicepiscopate, and the creedsand sacraments upon whichits doctrines are based. TheChurch of England is uniqu-ely related to the Crown inthat the Sovereign, who mustbe a member of the Churchof England, is called "Defen-der of the Faith" (a statutorytitle as protector of thechurch). The baptised mem-bership of the Church isabout 27 million, i.e. two-thirds of the population ofEngland.
The Anglian Communion,which has churches in theUnited Kingdom and over-seas, has a total membershipof over 40 million. In addi-tion to its churches in theBritish Isles it is representedin the Americas, India. Paki-stan, Burma, Ceylon. Africa,Australasia, China and Ja-pan. In the Middle East. Je-rusalem has the status of anarchbishopric.
The established church ofScotland is the PrestbyterianChurch of Scotland and itsmembershio is estimated atabout 1,280,000.
The "Free Churches" ofsome 20 groups (mpmlyMethodist, Baptist and Con-greeational) number some 2million.
The Roman Catholic Churchis quite strong and has ^ver5 million members.
The Anglo-Jewish commu-nity of some 450,000 is thelargest group of Jews inEurope.
There are numerou-s otherreligious communities in theUnited Kingdom. Amongthem are the Greek, Russian,Polish and Serb Orthodox,the Estonian and LatvianOrthodox and also the Arme-nian Church. There arc alsochurches belonging to theLutheran Church of Den-mark, Finland arul Svwdjn.
THE ROYAL MINT
The Royal Mint, in Lon-don, has a continuous historyof operations dating backover 1,100 years. Nearly halfof its output of coins is foroverseas currencies.
SPORT
The most popular of theteam games are football(both Soccer and Rugby) andcricket. The most popular ofindividual games is lawntennis.
Other games which have alarge following are hockey,golf, athletics and horse-rac-ing. There are also lacrosse,polo, bowls, hunting, sailing,swimming, boxing, wrestling,cycling and motor racing.
L O N D O N
The Houses of Parliament. Famous landmark in thecity of Westmiuster
HISTORYInformation about the ear-
liest inhabitants of Britain isscanty, but by 450 B.C. thepopulation was predominant-ly Celtic. In A.D. 43, follow-ing an armed reconnaissanceby Julius Caesar a centurybe.ore, the Romans began aninvasion which resulted inthe Roman occupation ofBritain up to a line from Car-lisle to Newcastle upon Tyne.The occupation lasted nearly400 years and many of thesites of towns and outlines ofroads built at that time stillexist. It was during Romanrule that Christianity firstcame to Britain although thelasting conversion datesfrom two centuries after theend of the Roman occupation.
Attacks by barbarian pi-rates from northern Europe— principally Angles, Saxonsand Jutes — followed thewithdrawal of Roman forces.The invaders settled on theeast and south-east coastsand began to spread acrossthe island, driving back theoriginal Britons into thewestern part. Gradually theAnglo-Saxons united intokingdoms, and by 800 Eng-land was split up into sevenkingdoms, with the Britonsliving in Wales, Cornwalland Cumberland and thePicts in Scotland slowly unit-ing into a single kingdom.This was a period in whichthe foundations of Englishlocal government were laid.
At the beginning of theninth century the Danp-s andNorsemen heean 'o raid Eng-land from their Scandinavianpor^- Alfred, who was Kingof Wessex. a kingdom whichcontained most of Englandsouth-west nf London, -uc-ceeded in stemming the Da-nish advance, but after h<*death the Danes met less andless resistance and numbersof them •settled in the pasternoart of England: Danishkings ruled England bef-ween 1017 and 1042.
1017-1042 Rulled by DanishKings.
1042 English Royal line res-tored.
1066 Conquest of Englandby the Normans of France,under William.
1215 Magna Carta signed byKing John.
1284 Wales annexed to En-gland.
1346 Battle of Crecy.1415 Battle of Agincourt.1485 Wars of the Roses end.
Tudor monarchy begins.1636 Union of England and
Wales.1588 Defeat of Spanish Ar-
mada.1649 Charles I executed.
England declared a Republicunder Cromwell.
1660 Monarchy restored.1707 Union of England and
The Prime Minister
Sir Alec Douglas-Home, for-merly Lord Home, disclaimedhis peerage under the Peera-ge Act 1963.
Sir Alexander FrederickDouglas-Home in 61. He waseducated at Eton College andChrist Church, Oxford Uni-versity. He played cricket forMiddlesex and M.C.C. andenjoys fishing and shooting.He is married and has oneson and three daughters.
EXPORTS AND IMPORTSBritain accounts for about
one-tenth of total world -trade,taking nearly one-fifth of theworld's exports of primaryproducts and providing about15 per cent of the world's ex-ports of manufactured goods.
Agricultural machinery, tex-tile machinery, machine tools,commercial vehicles, construct-ion plant scientific instruments,electrical machinery, plasticsmaterials and whisky areamong the branches of in-dustry whose exports reach apeak value.STANDARD OF LIVING
Britain has about the se-venth highest standard ofliving in the world today.
In April 196C, the averageweekly earnings of an adultmale worker in manufacturingwere £16 - 12s per week, ap-proaching double the amountrecorded ten years previously,with an average working weekof just over 46 hours.
In Britain approximately twohouseholds in five have a wash-ing machine, mearly one inthree a refrigerator, three Infour a vacuum cleaner, andfour in five a television set.More than one household inthree has a car.
Scotland.1801 Union with Ireland.1805 Battle of Trafalgar.1815 Battle of Waterloo.1914-18 World War I.1922 26 countries of Ireland
leave the United Kingdom.1939-45 World War II.
1945 Pounder member ofUnited Nations. Permanentmember of Security Council.
Tuesday, 22nd Sept. 1964 THE BLUE BERET Page Six
HISTORY OF CYPRUSLUSIGNAN (PRANKISH)
PERIOD(1192-1489)
r TNDER the Lusignans^ Cyprus enjoyed, in cer-
tain aspects, a period of bril-liance such as it had neverknown before. But the greatp r o s p, e r i t y, which lastedthroughout the years of Lu-sig-nan rule, brought littlebenefit to the loeal people,and the Greek OrthodoxChurch was fanatically per-secuted by the Latin Church,which was now establishedin f l ic island.
Guy de Lusignan establisheda feudal system of rule underthe barons and knights whoaccompanied him. The Knightsof St. John of Jerusalem(Knights Hospitaller) retainedcertain parts of the island, onpayment to the Crown, latersetting up their headquartersat Kolossi Castle (Limassol).
Guy ruled in Cyprus, as afeudal overlord, for only twoyears when, on his death, hewas succeeded by his brotherAimery, who assumed the titleof King of Cyprus and, later,of Jerusalem.
The Lusignans rebuilt on agrand scale all the old defencesof the middle Byzantine pe-riod, including the castles ofKyrenia, St. Hilarion, and Buf-favento (Kyrenia) and Kanta-ra (Famagusta) in the north,Limassol in the south, andPaphos in the west.
Nicosia was developed intoa strong capital with castleand wall defences and, follow-ing the fall of Acre in 291,Famagusta rapidly developedinto the richest city in theeastern Mediterranean. Manyfine churches, including1 a ca-thedral in each of these cities,still exist dating from this pe-riod, and especially followingthe visit of St. Louis of Prancein 1248. Some of these churchbuilding are of pure FrenchGothic design, while othersuniquely combine the Gothicand Byzantine styles. The laterLusignans were crowned kingsof Cyprus at Nicosia and sub-sequently of Jerusalem in Fa-magusta.
Another fine monument,dating from earliest Lusignantimes, is the Abbey of Bella-pais (Kyrenia).
The peace of the island wastemporarily disturbed duringthe early 13th century whenthe Holy Roman Emperor Fre-derick H claimed the regencyfrom John d'Ibelin during theminority of Henry I. For twoyears the island was plungedinto civil war until the em-peror's forces were finally
routed (1229) and he wasobliged to relinquish his claims.
Cyprus remained at peacefor the next 15 years, but thena trivial incident plunged theisland into civil war once more.This incident occurred at thecoronation of Peter II at Fama-gusta in 1372 and resulted inwidespread massacre amongVenetians and Genoese.
The Republic of Genoa di-rectly intervened and sent alarge force which capturedNicosia and Famagusta. Kyre-nia Castle was strongly as-saulted and severely damaged,but held out. Peace terms wereagreed in 1374, though withthe sacrifice of Famagusta tothe Genoese, under whom itremained for virtually the re-mainder of the Lusignan pe-riod.
Three years later Peter IIsigned a treaty of alliance withVenice and Milan. Furtherstruggles with Genoa in 1402-9resulted in no change in thestatus of the island.
Cyprus suffered for the firsttime at the hands of the Ma-melukes of Egypt in the year1424. Under the pretext thatthe coastal towns were har-bouring pirates who preyed onEgyptian trade, the SultanAschraf Barsabei of Egyptsent a force to sack and plun-der Limassol. Two years latera similar expedition was made,but this time the Cyprus forcesunder King Janus did battlenear Khirokitia.
The Cyprus forces wererouted, King Janus himself be-ing taken prisoner. The Egypt-ians subsequently marchednorthwards, captured Nicosiaand sacked the city, settingfire to the palace and manyother important buildings. KingJanus later came to terms withthe Egyptians, Cyprus be-coming a tributary to the Ca-liph.
In 1460-4 the reigning QueenCharlotte and King- Louis ofSavory were overthrown by theQueen's iHegitimate brotherJames (II) who, with Egyptianaid, recaptured Famagusta. In1472 James married CaterinaCornaro, a member of one ofthe most noble Venetian fami-lies. Both James and his infantand only son died in suspiciouscircumstances in 1474.
The Lusignan line beingwithout a successor to thethrone gave the opportunityto Venice, now at war withTurkey, to intervene directlyand seize the island for thedefence of h«r eastern flank.Caterina Cornaro was forcedto abdicate and the island wasformally annexed by Venice in1489.
NEWS INDANISH
Fredag blev medaljedag for sol-daterne i DANCON. 972 soldaterfik overrakt FN-medaljen som enanerkendelse af den indsats, de hargjort i FN's og dermed fredenstjeneste.
De fleste fik deres smukke me-dalje i del blaa-hvide baand over-rakt af chefen for DANCON, ob-erstlojtnant H.M.H. Boysen. Ensaerlig styrke, sammensut af solda-ter fra alle enheder under DAN-CON, fik dog medaljen overraktaf chefen for UNF1CYP, den in-diske general Thimayya.
Det skete paa den solstegte ogst0vede plads foran kaniinebygnin-gerne i Elizabeth Camps. Det erat haabe, at de, der fik deres medal-je af general Thimayya, har fortalt-deres kammerater rundt om i en-hederne, hvad generalen sagde.Thi foruden medaljerne faldt derogsaa rosende ord. General Thi-mayya sagde, at DANCON harhaft det vanskeligste job - opgaver-ne langs "den granne linie". Vide-re nsevnte generalen, at de opgaver,de danske FN-soldater har haftpaa Cypern, har kraevet baade taal-modighed og mod.
General Thimayya vekslede ven-lige bemaerkninger med de fleste afsoldaterne, idet han feestnede me-daljen paa deres bryst, og nervedblev medaljeoverraekkelsen en saer-lig oplevelse for mange.
IRISH CONTINGENT
NEWS
UN MESSAGES
(Continued from Page 3)
From Cyprus to Geneva themessage goes over a TOR system(Teletype Over Radio) on acertain frequency. It is typed ona teleprinter machine whichconverts it into a radio impulse.The impulse is transmitted toGeneva where it is converted backinto a message. The TOR systemtransmits at a rate of 60 wordsper minute. The equipment usedhere is the Creed, made inEngland.
At Geneva the message istransferred to another machinewhich sends the message the restof the way to New York alongan over-land and sub-marine
IRISH TROOPS TOUR
CYPRUS
Coach tours to cover allareas of Cyprus have been ar-ranged each weekend fortroops of the 3rd Irish In-fantry Group. This givesthe Irish soldier thechance to see and know thehistory of Cyprus. Starting at0800 hours and returning at2000 hours, each trip takes ina different section of the is-land. A commentary on placesvisited is given by a courier.These tours provide a welcomerelief from routine duties andassist in keeping morale high.
IRISH TROOPS GO
UNDER-WATER
SWIMMING
The members of the Our-ragh Sub Aqua Club, CaptH.R. Gallagher, HQ Coy, andLt S. Gray, 'A1 Coy, who areserving with the UN PeaceForce in Cyprus find diving inthe mediterranean a welcomechange from the cold seasaround Ireland. Weekly, theygo diving with members of theDhekelia Sub Aqua Club andhave collected an imposing dJs-play of shells, Roman am-phorae and sponges. Octupiand Moray eels are now asfamiliar as were cray fish andlobster off Ireland.
It is of interest to note thatthe diving programme anddaily swimming parade, whichis compulsory, helps to main-tain the high standard of phy-sical fitness so necessary fortroops serving on active ser-vice.
cable. This method sends at therate of 30 words per minute.
The main centre in UNFICYPis at the military headquartersnear Nicosia airport, There is,however, a teleprinter system tothe political headquarters atWolseley Barracks. Messages forWolseley Barracks are sent byteleprinter over a private wirecircuit, which is similar to thetelephone system.
Traffic between HQ UNFICYPand UN HQ is fairly heavy andon average a total of 300,000groups are sent and received eachmonth.
Tuesday, 22nd Sept. 19G4 THE BLUE BERET Page Seven
THE ENCLEISTRA- OF ST. NEOPHYTOS
The "Encleistra" of St. Neophytes.
(^ EVEN mtles from the small port of Paphos, at a side prominenceof a gorgeous ravine, is situated the Monastery of the Cypriot
saint, Neophyfos the Recluse.
Saint Neophytos was born in] 134 at Koto Drys, a village nearthe little town of Lefkara, whichhas won world fame for its ex-quisite hand-made lace.
Retiring, at the age of 18,from the vanity of worldiy attain-ments, and following the "straightand peaceful ways of monasticlife" he served for seven years asa monk in the then flourishingmonastery of St. Chrysostomos,where he received his first edu-cation, being formerly illiterate.He then paid a six months visitto Palestine, and, failing to pro-ceed from Paphos to Asia Minor,where he had intended to live asa hermit, he directed his stepstowards Melissovouno, and settledin a cave overhanging the presentmonastery.
Within a year he had patientlyhewn with axe and spade thewalls of the cave, and thus madea chapel dedicated to the HolyCross, and a cell which served ashis dwelling place.
At the age of 36, he was or-dained priest by the Bishop ofPaphos, Basil Kinnamos, and itwas then that he founded amonastic community consisting often to eighteen monks, and wrotethe well-known "Ritual Ordin-ance", published by Archiman-drite Kyprianos in 1179, and bythe Rev. Frederick Edward
Warren, B.D., in 1881.Both the chapel and the cell
were in time decorated withnotable wallpaintings by Theo-doros Apsevdis under the personalguidance and supervision of thesaint. They are still in a state ofgood preservation.
When aged 65, Neophytos ex-cavated, at the risk of his life,another retreat higher up thecliff, the "Higher Encleistra, orNew Zion", and it was there thathe often retired to avoid theannoyance of the ever-increasingnumber of pilgrims.
St. Neophytos lived in a tur-bulent period of history. Hepassed a great part of his lifeunder Byzantine rule, he saw Cy-prus ravaged by Prince IsaacComnenos, he experienced theshort occupation of the island byRichard Coeur de Lion, and alonger occupation by the LusignanKings. He was greatly depressedby the fall of Jerusalem andConstantinople. He had the sadexperience of long droughts,violent earthquakes and eel ipsesof the sun.
Neophytos the Recluse remainsfamous not simply for his asceticlife and his unique experience,but even more for his love to-wards his fellow men, and for hiswritings. He enjoyed hermiticalrest for sixty years, giving himself
NEWS IN FINNISH
From Page 1
telemaan johtavaa ossa oman maa-mme taloudellisessa ja poliittisessaelamassa suurla.netiilas Tuomiojasiirtyi vain vajaa kymmenkuntavuotta sitten maamme edustajaksiLoniooseen eli uralle, joka oli joh-tava hanet kansalnvaliseen maJnee-seen. Jouduin t a alia ensimmai-sen kerran henkilo'kohtaisesti koskeiukseen hanen kanssaan ja opinsiella myo's tuniemaan ne haneneminaisimlensa, joika olivat tehneethanesta yhden maamme ruiomat-lavimmista miehista.
Sakari Tuomiojan ulkonaisestaesimiymisesta ei olisi voinui paa-tella, etia kysymyksessa oli niinomassa maassaan kuin kansain-valisissakin asioissa kyvin huomat-tavaa osaa esiitanyt henkilo'. Hanei pyrkinyt millaan tavoin korosi-amaan cmaa asemaansa tai torkeyt-ta'an, vaan s u h t a u t u i yhta ystava!-lisesti ja vaatimattomasii niio ylhaisimpiin kuin alhaisempiinkin.Vahankaan kokenut arvostelija eivoinut kuitenkaan jaada epatietoiseksi taman vaatimattoman suomalaisen merkittavyydesta. Ysta-vallisen hymyn ja hyvamahtoisenulkokuoren alle katkeytyi suurihallinnollinen ja teravS aly, jokapian paljastui jo yksin hanen ika'ankuin ohimennen heitetyissa, muttanaulan kantaan osuvissa arvioineis-saan. Tuomiuojan aiknansaannok-set niin hallinto- kuin talousmiehena ovat selvana todistuksenahanen poikkeuksellisesta kyvykky-ydestaan.
Nama ominaisuudet kohottivatmyos suurJahettilas Tuomiojan kor-keimpaan asemaan, jonka kukaansuomalainen on t aha'n mennessakansainvalisissa asioissa saavutta-nut. Ha'nen toimintansa YK :nEuroopan talouskomission paasih-teerina Genevessa oli viela luon-teeltaan etupaassa hallinnollista,vaikka han joutui jo tassakin teh-tavassaan osattamaan neuvotteli-
to prayer, fasting and study ofsacred literature, but, neverthelesshe remained active to the benefitof his monastery, of the societyin which he lived, and of all menin general.
jan ja vali t tajan lahjojaan Euroo-pan eri maiden johtomiesten sekaheidan edustajien kanssa asioides-saan. YK:n edesmennyt paasih-teeri Dag Hammarskjold 1 ahettimyb's Tuomiojan henkilokohtaisek-si edustajakseen Laosiin, joka onosoiiiautunut yhdeksi nykymailmanpahirnmista palopesakkeisia. Tuo-mioja oli siten ehtinyt saada laajankokemuksen kansainvalisissa asi -oissa, kun paasihteeri U Thant tarjosi handle valittajan tehia'vaaKyproksen selkkauksessa. Se seik-ka, etta kumpikin kiistan osapuoli-hyvaksyi eparoimatta hanen eh-dokkuutensa, on selva icdistussuurlahetiilas Tuomiojan nautt i-masta arvonannosta.
Tuomioja oli eh'.inyt jo varsin pit-kalle tassa valitystoiminnassaan,kun sen vaatimat ponnistuksermursivat hanen voimansa. Hanenonntstumismahdollisuuksiaan onvaikea arvioida. Me liialla Kyp-roksella toimivat tiedamme omas-ta kokemuksestamme, miienka sy-vat epaluuloi ja jopa suoranainenvihakin erotiavat kiisian osapuoleitoisislaan. Muita jos tama teh-tavan suorittaminen on inhimiMi-sesti arvioiden kenellekaan mahdol-lista. Sakari Tuomiojalla olisi luu l -tavasli o l lur siihen parhaat edel-li'tykset. Hanen odottamattomanpoismenonsa johdosta Kyprokseneri vaestoryhmien edustajien tahol-ta esitetyista lausunnoista ilmenee,etta taalla vihan. epaluulojen japelon raastamalla saarellakin oliopittu tuntemaan hanen viJpit-tomyytensa, hyva tahtonsa ja lah-jomaton tasapuolisuutensa. Tamaolisi antanut edes jonkinlaisia ta-keita siita, etta aarimmaisen mm-kikkaaksi osoittautunut Kyprok-sen selkkaus olisi ehka voitu selvit-taa valitysratkaisun avulla.
Pienella maalla ei ole koskaaniiikaa huomattavia miehia. SakariTuomiojan ennenaikainen poisme-no on siten hyvjn raskas menetysmaallemme. Tama menetys eikuitenkaan rajoiiu vain Suomenkohdalle. Myos Kypros ja jopakoko maailmakin on karsinyt ras-kaan menetyksen. Karsivallisia,kiihkottomia, maltillisia ja viisaitarauhanrakentajia ei ole suinkaanIiikaa ihmiskunnassa, joka antaalyhytnakdisen oman edun tavoitte-lun ja sokean kiihkon saattaa va-araan sille nykyisin tarjoutuvat lois-tavat mahdollisiiudet. Sakari Tuo-miojan tapaisilla mi eh ill a' on vielaaivan liian paljon tehtavaa kansainvalisten pulmien selvittelyssa,joiden onnellisesta ratkaisemisestasaattaa monessa tapauksessa riip-pua jopa koko ihrniskunnan tule-vaisuus. Yhdenkin tallaisen mie-hen menettaminen on siksi kor-vaamaton thappio.
Tuesday, 22nd Sept 1964 THE BLUE BERET Page Eight
THE FOOTBALL TEAM OF 'B' COMPANY,40th IRISH BATTALION
THE football team of "B" Company, 40th Irish Battalion,•*• are rightly pleased with their prowess while they have
been serving in Cyprus. The team is -so far undefeated.In gamej played outside the battalion their record readsplayed 5, won 5. They are also in the final of the Bat-talion League.
In the Picture ihuwn a'jos-e the team from left toright is :—Front Row: Lt. M. O'Donnell, S/s Malone, S/s Sheehan,
Sgt Shaw, S/s Gardiner, S/s O'Sullivan.Back Row: S/s Hayes, S/s Tier, S/s Laste, S/s O'Flynn,
S/s Cannon, Sgt McDonald, Trainer.
C R O S S W O R D
CLUES ACROSS
1. As a March Hare may be.4. Stuffing? Not for the
chicken.6. For scenic effect a third
of <an egg is needed todiscover this art.
9. Not the Yawning kind.10. Second rate butterfly.13. Red in the sunlight.14. Just not knowing.16. GREAT! The Royal Ar-
tillery have been takenaway.
18. Looks into.19. A kind of search. I'm in
the dark!
CLUES DOWN
1. Chalky.2. One who does this is usu-
ally viewed in clinicalsuspense.
3. Mayday.4. FBI. Light but royal.5. Half filled with ink, but
on the whole uselesswhen pointless.
7. Has the farmer comeone?
8. GO at this stone.11. Two is to four as greater
is to this.12. Be wary is entangled.15. No chicken. He will need
urging.17. Two-thirds of o tot either
way.
The results ol the Finnishgames of the championshipsare as follows.
Jalkapallo:
1. 5.JK2. 3.JK3. 4.JK4. 2.JK5. UK6. EK
Pes palla:
1. 3.JK2. EK
l.JK5.JK
5. 2.JKHK
14— 412—108—108—196—16
points4 10
8
points
Lentopallo:
1. 3.JK2. 5.JK3. 4.JK4. HKE. EK6. l.JK
2.JK
points1210S6400
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NOTES ON GALO PLAZA PRESS CONFERENCE
Galo Plaza, the new U.N. Mediator in Cyprus, met with correspondentsfrom 11 to 11:20 a.m. today.
In an opening statement, he said that he was now disengaged entirelyfrom his previous tasks and, from now on, would devote all his efforts to media-tion. He would not be going back to Geneva, as he considered that the solutionto this problem must be sought in Cyprus s He said he would be "fiercely independent" in carrying out his assignment, but would welcome constructive suggestionsfrom any quarter. VJhile the future relations between the two communities on theisland were the heart of the matter, the international rMmmte dimensions of theproblem also had to be taken into account,
As he Sa envisaged the task ai&mBBH&jginma assigned to him, a mediatorshould propose possible solutions for a settlement which would, in his view,allow the parties concerned to go as close as possible to their objectives.
In reply to questions, he said:
He would leave on Sunday, 27 September, for Cyprus. He would study thefiles of the late Mediator, Mr. Tuomioja, whom he admired greatly. He would thenhold a round of talks with President Makarios and Vice-President Kutchuk, makevisits to Ankara, Athens and London, and return to New York. He would talk notonly with the leaders at all levels of the two communities in Cyprus, but alsowith the people in the villages. If he found some wstnmm. common ground in histalks with the two communities, he would then deal with these points on a widerlevel. He could not assess the mmittmMrcaa present situation as regards mediation,but he believed that there was a better atmosphere now than there had been a fewmonths ago. & He felt that there was a ray of hope.
Asked if there were any areas he would like to explore further, he saidthat he could naturally not accept the esttreme positions of the parties as frozen,for otherwise there would be no hope of a settlement. But he had reason to believethat they would be willing to cooperate in finding a solution. He would do hisbest to find a solution. If he mm became convinced that he could not make progress,he would see to it that someone else took over. He felt that "mediators should beexpendable."
Asked if he accepted the London and Zurich treaties as the basis for hismediation efforts, he said that the juridical situation was not basic to his taskof mediation and he did not have to take a position on this question8 The veryfact that a mediator had been appointed was proof that a new solution had to befound*
Director of (Seatr*! s«nrtc«a 25
»Sir Aiassste* Mrostas? of
Qpsssstioas Sesnriss
is2e la this sapaeity IS?* Salo» l*lasa sill be gsiS ths assss
fee |1, 39,00 pea- aaa' t safi fee r^presesfeatiaa a3t1i5,s la to a««Oj^sdiatIoias im lies®!© aa5. ms* slsa is Itessla
" *WK»s«Mk <S*SK-JUS.**™.
ts^as uill app.%"1 as is •&« ea®e of
3* As lfe!t«al Cj'pfnss Mafiistos-^ Ifr, fi^lo Plaaa shoaM 1sa ftesli lai|f.ag«- 0s®r tdta t&© of 't?sSsr-Ss-ar-@t-ary for the^af tlia S-oafastl^i asm Pgli?tit§®£ lasamltiiss, f&e Lsgal Ca^aselalso *«rite t» ^s ts1 Soffe^fsaaats eoaeerasfij Basely C^siriis^ Grsoee
* :rlaam shesa3^ 3« gives, fullla the case of
%*111 fte fsr tlas
51 UeeasiMgr 19$* 4,» the flj?st lastanse.llo teg officials •will aeselet ! ?e §slo Plasa la Me- ssissioas
i« Ba-litl&sl Mfaii?® Offles^s Ms'» SaMa !4131sr (fsar as long©s a®e@SM3?3r}, SSr. Millar ^f ^s rales^isi Isy fa® first ^©skis
<M¥le«rs Mr. F.I. Mu
t !&>, 6-sto P2as® 8=® I^gsl Mrle-es' csa"assls, as sM
7| BsarlEg Mt% Oslo Flsaa*® teuxsee sa Uistted Ifatlssfi CyprtMi Mediator,€-ala H&ga sjsjsr osae r&tssS trip fVcwa Quito to lew !OE& s«£ oa te
S. Utie Bg^Ajsaaftefs of Mr* dalo Plsma -sdli tot* lieoeia, 1® vill ©IsopcfrloSs la Sfsif ?o3fk f sx1 firaftiag Ills ref^rt ? ata « ^ aufisits to tlis aapitalg., sajisly Aakasfa? Atfeesis a
aa eaflsagss., fiial.Bg tls® parlcMl to-et^H»R aow C4M theof ty© yeay^ ttef&e ti'lps to tfee»0 eapltela. 0® these visits fee ulU taleIsis sees-nstasgr •wltla Mm5 as also a fsllMcal affairs $Sfieer.IS* &** S&l Haas ffltso trips to Ifew Ya^k, IMle la
of t&e S©Qr€tfisy«§gfa©ral» He t ,e sssi^tsace af csaeof MB |>»litlsal affairs offlc^arSi ss t?»ll ss^ that ^f the legal
teEiBg Ms visit® to iss? f<s^ft11. ^^2 3esy©t»y«00BBsml Ms also aip.'«ei tlsat Curing this pa
8®y t^s tslfs to aaita aaS ?jactk fs«snt S?ei?aase ts'ipf s if tte oxlgeseita of ti»s* so claiiSEdj, Mr, Salx> Plasss
jf a s©erataa?y sl.t!j Mm f^os Hew TsrSi to Quito sail teslc,,a.atiO2 mgr ¥@ ta&es '"b^r the Offis© of Bea-ssii sl and
to fi^H^o Jdi® eaatmot td,th Mr, Oslo Plasa oa thsts^s go tlsst to issy siga the papers baf«s?s Ms depai»t'or0 for
lie®ai& oa
V.
CW/st
October
reselpt of your Mad lsit«s* of
ssela®*®?eg thereto = I !m
tsfesm QE to Ife1* felo l*2msa @s
of
cct Mr. Galo Plasa «>-v ? *
Strasbourg,
Bas-Rhin, France.
1st October 1964,
n
May I through yourself offer my congratulations uponhis appointment to the UN Mediator in Cyprus together withmy best wishes for the success of his difficult task.
I send you a copy of a letter dated llth April 1964which I addressed to the late Mr Sakari Tuomioja, drawinghis attention to the provisions of the European Conventionon Human Rights and its relationship to the Cyprus constitutionand to other matters.
The policy adopted by the Committee of Ministers of theCouncil of. Europe towards th« Cyprus dispute has been set outin the following terms:
" the Committee of Ministers has decided to keepthe Question of Cyprus on its agenda to see whetherit should take any action at the appropriate time ifthe efforts of the United Nations proved unavailing."
The machinery of the European Convention on Human Itightsis however available to the parties to the Convention andits use is a matter which lies entirely within their owr
discretion*
On the other hand the Political Committee of the Council,of Europe has drawn attention to the fact that this machinerymight well provide the juridical element which is likely to"be required in any ultimate settlement of the problem of Cyprus,
I also enclose a copy of a statement which I recentlymade to the Legal Committee of the Consultative Assembly ofthe Council of Europe with regard to the implementation ofArticle 57 of the Convention. From this you will see thatI shall be addressing a general enquiry as to the working ofthe Convention in practice to all its signatories. Although
> >
- 2 -
this enquiry will go amongst others to the Greek,Turkish and Cypriot Governments you will see from th©character of my statement that it is not intended tobe directed to any one Government or to any particularproblem.
I think that the foregoing should serve to bringyour information up to date BO far as the Council ofEurope is concerned. If at any time I can supply youwith any additional information I shall be glad to do so.
P.S. I am enclosing a work entitled "La ConventionEurop£ene des droita de 1'Homme" has been published byMr K. Vasak, a member of my staff serving upon theDirectorate of Human Eight•. Though this is an unofficialwork it is authoritative and I am sending you a copyherewith for purposes of reference by the Mediator.
U. Thant,Secretary General,United Nations,New York,U.S.A.
n
g : ?*
J'J» ^ -
TO:A:
THROUGH:S/C DE:
FROM:DE:
SUBJECT:OBJET:
U N I T E D N A T I O N S
INTEROFFICE MEMORANDUM
U ThantSecretary-General
Constantin A. Stavropoulos, Uhder-SecretaryLegal Counsel
Diplomatic privileges and immunities of theMediator on Cyprus
N A T I O N S U N I E S
MEMORANDUM INTERIEUR
DATE: 29 October 196A
REFERENCE:
Following Mr, Galo Plaza1s appointment as Mediator, I -wrote
to the Permanent Bspresentatives of Cyprus, Greece, Turkey and the
United Kingdom requesting the confirmation of their Governments that
they would continue to extend to Mr, Galo Plaza and his staff the
privileges and immunities, exemptions and facilities accorded to
diplomatic envoys as they had agreed in respect of the late Mediator,
Mr, Tuomioja and his staff, I am pleased to report that the requested
confirmation has now been received from each of these four Governments,
I have written to Mr, Galo Plaza informing him accordingly.
ccs Dr. BuncheMr. NarasimhanMr. Bolz-Bennett
GS/nlt.
B. Vaugban 25 Mar£}h
Under-Seor®taxyDirectop of General Services
fcsr Spseiai Political Affairs
The Seer0tasy~Geri@r&l has decided to extend the appointmentof Mr. Galo Flstisa as United Matioas Cyprus Mediator for three
monthe fapom the date of the oggdvy of his present contract,
i.e. 31 Marofe 1965.The teme expressed in the current letter of Appointment
are agreeable, thomgfc no provision for travel of Mrs. Plassa,
need be included in the annex to the new letter of Appointment.IB addition to his travel to Quito at the end of March,
Mr. Plassa ja^r taske ons rotasd-trip fro® Quito to New York. Otherofficial travel will b© authorized % the 8@cretarj-G©n©ral as
fir* H,«f.Mr. I. 3-eaistcK '/Sir A
Kr. B.
OF to ism
fan &SVS feee» gosKl mou^fe to $KSW is© the latter of 31 fereti 1965
to |p0u %• Mfeassactep E3?3lp e^jwesriag th« vis&sof the TsaMsh
ess c§r rsf^rfc to psa as the Mediator 00 Copras, assd to invite
me to iiiftira ^0u 0« eeHalB ^att«r@ -9f tket«
Vsitfe r«teresc«, Jba jsartijsitLwj to t&® msssfeissi macls Igr AsMesa«tos>
F-ra|)9 lo 35^ c<S3Versati<ms vfitih offleisls of the 'TmM^ CbversajaKpt to
en 23-25 p€lsf«ai 's I w%3& Isfem jsm ifeit %fhat the ^a^tsssdor
to a& as tirf^Kat tsit& re^^4 to t&© costsst of ^f report is
pi^p^rly s statfsmesjt of tlt« fm^i^ S@v©sfi^Hii*@ ®»u is is os
tfo@ pgg&rt i iosld eossfeaiui, I did not, s^ a«^ time dsariug eoirsrerss-
tioas •wfeiefe ®xfca^4®«i of®3« t«o titans, aseepfc tho?^ views as stated, I
to refrain fe® iBBlBdiBig in s^ s*®psept s^ fofsml pee^sssdKlatians
to & solution to the Drsbl«n,s b^t 1 sould mjts &M^jd not &g?e@ to
to %iie p*0ee£iKre oi" ja§d3ati<m» Iad,€@d, 2 took paiss
to «Kplaiij to t&e foyej^s Msdstep and his es li3ag»>s tfeat whil@ X weul<l
la^r Jtoxm-d f©c<K^€!K&ti€assa the r^fsosrt -fe»uM eoataia a Stalled
ef the psalti^aii ®$ th* paytiea esaceriisjS fe«^ which would
Hew o0j aiii Meas which ssigfet lead tte wa$" to an agr««cl eolutioa.
tftst In oisier t® l^lfH ^' s s «!a@ilsilities as Mediator, as I
tteas, I csould sitsfe assraSy mbsit as isma^ms r^ort whleh did
«r¥© sif pmpos« mad whiab woaM b®? to recall s
X frsqu^ttlgr usaii is this cctBa@Ki<aa, tta tall glass sf
. I sa^e it repeat^Oj clear that the report wouM ust b@
cosfiassi to tjseatiejis of proeedax1®.- I
, sisee Mb&ssa&si* Ifrmlf^ al®»
170 ©I1 s^r F^sg't, to yseaiX tfes* fe 2^ e i ^saiioas tdlth
tfee 0£ ieiiils of t&e as%l fessigysig^fe is Ai^.afa9 I told th«Ei that I
af 2ae4isti®ft Kdbstoi sd^t isise^ ©a^ vdtli tfe©
fbr^igs ^aisi^r as w«ll as the $«ersi&i
isrged ag id ®s8fci83i@ &© ^diate^, f ®
1 s»mM agi%© t© 4® s© oii 1 j:,'r0¥icied that 1
to «.^ t&» euasfi^«est ef sH Hie mrties tfe&t fekHe X
1
— ^ - - - -'— • -_- - 23 , M0-v t^-—!
• CYlI/r
15 JXS2 1965
ltaovledse resef.pt of your letter of 14 Jua?2oaLtlruintJlo-a £3
.pV^ >*^T'-^v*i7f< "T tf-^T **>*•- VS. •»/.*.*! ":*•* 1i/"i-"*-/% f -• ,."; *£ •v*./1 c r-;-*"f v"~',yi'~./T.-7.-3. r-1 -.VVi -t* ' ;'.W «/*•—• ••• HU) Jsi-4(wrf,^. V jj' •^"W.,.- P.-'.r' 1 J ^. il...*.V» rf^Uo ^'. ' -^ V.V *'. .JJ. 'ijrt **. - »^ J *J.— V
•5"-'--».«i"rtrs rr'^r v'l.'a P Y^*^'11*^*?""'" "7 ' ^"t." rv'" -!•"*."•-.•* V-/"'^ •• 'n"1; t'l •?•--» l-^': '^rV«-*V«f •*- Af.-J-^-^ h/<»- *M* jV^-'UH^J^-iJ^^W,- «/^ \,Vrf_ ( F •,.*.,„.!» V'^-' —*.. , t V-lW^^Mt t>'J" ^.l-*Jij'
^> -J\-*-5*3-1-(-**-* f (!•*•* *•)•] •*'?•>'! •-. i'* 'T r •* :'t ^.-T,"? ---.JTT- .•- -;-.*«- -.-->y..'1 ^ ^-. ••-.-^^•T -*••? ..- v-,toi A. Ul— •*^t4*«W' V *>n -». i-Ji— : «^ -^\. v v.^.T'_ *-^.A ti-»-.l.^>,» .. .;_^ LJ-W'^. .- . -. \~ t^ -\« v«J— Lt ^j.-^'*-*
of tJi3 Cyprus £.v22';:Lo:! t^ce^ d:a^3cl cl^c-ui^tcuces^ nlater la ' e yea?*
I irste ^?luh c;pp^c.ola<ilon. vv^isr' jer: ::.3l In thee -"iri r-i "i -- W\ :-*.---;* f- f\ft •*--! --,1 ^-/i v".- -r -./*,- ty* 7 •- -*'J' ^.v^ T " ff"-~. r "> f-.-.-^-*,-.-* -* .-.;"%w!j.»v-^*1-r!Jx,\_l^-«J>H>i •*^i-,*i'U'«.ii^ '«. --.,•— jj ^'.O> *!*•,- '„' (, ^j.* a »i» 'f v- «..U-r-v» ^ i w^-' -• L^.'^, .
/"ft p» *••,«'• •V*i'*n"i~ * ^\ "^ «->•—»"•* •- iT-''" *'- '"? •(*•"« «™ -H .VF%-. *s, ^.-— -"1 »",. J J-"'.B ,-^ *• uij- **S1-* *^ « - . i -.i . **.. - .p XJL i* - 1"
adjustr^s-ts to reflec-5 1i:; i^tr-r-dttc^i: uatvux; cf yyccrvlcej but ^Ith ttc ur/;c^cj-.~.^lr-^ tlic-t ir^u *.rl.li re
^ts Gi S per aic:~j frh^n r^" •---.."a cctval?^,- cr-cr^cd iu .s;o::s
cc - Br» BanclaeSit Alexander KacFarquhar
Jirv Harasimhan1-ir, I'llronJlr, Lemieux
cc: Mr.Mr.Registry
12 October 1
th« hoaour OR bstelf of the ^to trenssait to ^ou herewith a eopjr of a D®el&ratiort
eoneeruisg th® rights of the salzioritlesto hiia % the PresMeat of the
has raq«ested at the saaa time that the Mediatorapprised of the
, Sir, the assuraBsot; of csy fti^iest
forPoliticsl Affaire
Mediator oa 6 d« Bisl«ibre
JSB/at
cc: Hr» BusebeHr.Mr.
Ife tresy of FOIJ t$ 1st see Im*e yera* views o& tfee C^rpsiis optleta ^y yo®£ letter ®f XI Hsa?€& 19 -6? •sislefe ®sriir®€ %*Baa the Secis-ity
g to e©asid®r^ sgai»? the eKtensios sf U1FSCIP*©
[email protected] iefestt IB tfe OeB®i*al A^sss^J^- asthe ispast esa®@d fey jpsiar Fesigastilss as He^ista^ it
® 'tso atffikly HB tli® 4i«etioa of »«» political ithe bggijmlsf @f Felsfim^^ la^sgwsp, 1 felt tfe© ttoa
p of isr!0'»s wit& tfee ^a?tl@s sM aeaos^lta trip te tfee niarSffiia® capitals. 1 laaferstasd tlsst
to yim enlaont Ms taJ&e ia Bleossia, telaf®, sattlss «tgr f«^p essl rgiag tise? ria,® ef Mr. Bersar^s. Sisce
t tfee p' ^at stage of ol^taiaisg %M a-gre^aeBt ®fto the ©ppt3tBt!S8s& @f a s®v meAiatarj, Hr* B8rmr*te© sill us
©f fte»ss to fausilitst© cse^feets feefesees tte psi,rlii@s aad to sdw®sc® ta©
the ftaauslsl ^iffle\sl.ti«s eiajsfeoatit^; tbeis C^ras sat the la^S: of slpdf leant p^©€^*s
otsr ®s3s&veurs witfe jsattsme®
y 1
c-iate ^os? easfcliase^ iatorest aM e©»0p@rati9»j; this ie fisrtberof yoar to tte ®t tfe&
i
AVEHI!>£j» DE DICIEMBRE1300QUITO, ECUADOR p r
I DECLASSIFIED
March-11, 1966
My dear Secretary-General,
•We had agreed that I should submit to you ray views on theCyprus question, that for obvious reasons could not havebeen Included in a public document. These vievs might "beof some value to any future mediation efforts or at leastwill serve to complete the record.
I have waited for the parties concerned to ccol offand settle back into their true positions, after theirinitial reactions to the outcome of discussions at the GeneralAssembly last December and to ny resignation as UK Mediatorbefore attempting to explore the hidden motivations wnicnstand in the way of any efforts at mediation.
Starting with-the three external governments concerned,namely those of the United Kingdom, Greece and Turkey, becausetheir points of departure are entirely different thspossibility -of finding some coasnun grounds of understandingrange from flexible to rigid. Flexible in the case of theUnited Kingdom; ausceptable to change, in view of presentrealities, in the case of Greece and totally rigid Ir, '.tie caseof Turkey unless there is a marked changj in externalcircumstances.
After my contacts vith the two aucceedir.g govermc'int sin London, I believe'I can safely reach the conclusion thatthe United Kingdom will not stand in the way of any solutionagreed upon by the parties and would go as far as to open todiscussion the Treaty of Establishment by which th<_- base areaswere reserved from the territory of the Republic of Cyprus. Theyvill continue to be the least difficult party and might go asfar as to help to amend, but cot oppose the somewhat awkvardefforts of the United States to wean Turkey away from theirnewly acquired friends in the Soviet Union.
U T3 e c r e t ar y- Gen e r alUnited Nat ionsNew York, New YorkU. S. A.
AVENIDA C OE DICIEMBRE13004 QUITO, ECUADOR - 2 -
The fact that the Greek. Government has clearly recognizedthe right'of the people of Cyprus to deternine their future,whether it be independence or Enosis, and by doing so hasplaced itself squarely behind, .the Cyprus Government whichleads me to believe that they-will not interfere with whatevercourse of action, tJie Makarios1 Government chooses to taka.Although Bnosis is an .ancient aspiration of the people ofGreece, the policy adopted by Hbeir government, which mighteventually do away with Eno-ais has not met with any seriousoposition from Greek public opinion. Furthermore, the GreekGovernment would like to find a way out of'its present involvementin Cyprus not only because of its costly military presence onthe island but also for reasons of Greek-Turkish relations.
The Turkish position offers an entirely different picture,Turkey io primarily cdneern-ed with its own security, which itconsiders would be seriously undermined by Enosis, thereforethey feel they'must.reject it totally and permanently. Thewell being of the Turkish-Cyprlota as veil as their goalrelations with- Greece are considered of secondary importance.The Cyprus problem" fco" stated is a national issue in Turkey
• that no government would dare tinker with. .
Whether they are or are not aware of the fact that theGovernment of Cyprus and the majority of the people of Cyprusshare with them, obviously for different reasons, a distasteCor Snoeis, they will, in any case, reject any settlement thatdoes not include iron clad assurances^r-egjgain61 it.
They must realize that time is working against then andthat Makarioa* privileged position on the island as well ashis long range.tactics, • are slowly but surely rendering theirpolicy in Cyprus obsolete* It seema that their "nope 5 for aquick and favorable settlement lies with the aoisewhat vaguepossibility of maneuvering the United States, at the propertime, into a position- where their cooperation, at a broaderinternational level, could be conditioned to assistance ir,getting a solution in Cyprus to their liking. From all oft-hese considerations we can conclude that unless thttre is asubstantial change in the present international situationtha position of the Turkish Government will remain rigid.
The Turkish-Cypriot community is'frozen in its presentposition by the policies dictated by Turkey and by theirreversable commitments and. involvements of its leaders.The Turkish-Cypriote are as dependent on Turkey a?, the Green-Cy^riots are free of prewores frora Greece. However they mustrealise that their present situation is untenable an 3. t:iatthey must, sooner or later, find acecroodations for th^sijelve.-.in a Cyprus in which they are a minority. They &'l2c mustrealise that Makarios sistematic sibling at the statuquc -rill
DE DICIEMBRE 1300QUITO, ECUADOR - "-
continue to weaken their precarious position until only afew- irreductible hot heads and their leaders v/ill ,r<;nsui^ inthair self imposed ghettos. Although they continue t.o sJeftrchthe sky for a draatic solution from Turkey,, there iz a plowingsense of disillusion, in the Turkish policy of much bark anin o bite,. . . . . .
Makarios is the one man with a blue print for Cyprus, he-jcncws vhat he wants and'he is going' about it in a syst v<r,ati cway. Something he does not want and a growing nuiabe:- ffpeople in Cyprus agree with him, is Enosis although :-; ? ~ustpay lip service to this-vague and never clearly definedaspiration which still has its followers in rural areas anlaaong those that do nqt realize that, their country, in Tar.yways, is drifting away from Enosis in the direction of unfetteredindependence.
When as your•representative in Cyprus, I &et wit. you in4 Gene ITS in •ffulyy-196^, you may recall, I paio a friendly aniunofficial call'on Dean Acheson, who was at the time -muchinvolved In the Cyprus issue as a United States special envoy,lie vas enthused over a plan he had by which he would off-srArchbishop Makarios Btjosis in exchange for certain con :e5.3icnsand. assurances to the Turka and was surprised when I tclihim that I believed the last thing Makarios was interebiad inwas Snosia. . This has toeen my impression from the iay I set
. foot in Nicosia and nothing has happened since to make teechange. . •
The Cypriot Government under the leadership of its mrstauthoritive voice, President Makarios, is. the party lea-tinterested in an agreed • solution and henc« in th- dur.c-.ss cfUK mediation. Makarios realizes that he can in. th-? enJ obtainhi a basic objectives without making any major concessicvi. Heis also aware that the US Peace Force in its present fo:-ci,cannot stay for ever In Cyprus and soon must gradually transfermost of its responsibilities to the Government, This he h-cwjwould be the beginning of 'the end cf Turkiah-Cyprlct re •-- i c.tan ce.
From these observations we can conclude that unl-.-ss sen-sue stantial change takes.place in the Middle Bast, bearingon .-Cyprus, there are few probabilities for a break throughtoward an agreed.solution. On the other hand, if sous decreeof peace can be kept between the two communities, v'.l-;, il r.c*too unrealistic, it is possible for the people of Cyprus tcgradually find accomodationa for living ani working sii- byside e,wsr» if. each community continues to hold on, tr th-?ir badiconvictlona for generations tc cojne.
sincerely,
Galo Plaaa