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494 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141
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International Journal of Universal Pharmacy and Bio Sciences 2(6): November-December 2013
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UNIVERSAL
PHARMACY AND BIO SCIENCES IMPACT FACTOR 1.89***
ICV 5.13***
Pharmaceutical Sciences REVIEW ARTICLE……!!!
MORINDA CITRIFOLIA (NONI) – A DETAILED REVIEW
Sridevi Nagalingam, Changam Sheela Sasikumar* and Kotturathu Mammen Cherian
Department of Cellular & Molecular Biochemistry, Frontier Lifeline & Dr. K.M. Cherian
Heart Foundation, R-30-C, Ambattur Industrial Estate Road, Mogappair, Chennai - 600 101.
KEYWORDS:
Morinda citrifolia; Noni;
Polynesian; traditional
medicine; nutritional
value; therapeutic
property; Xeronine.
For Correspondence:
Dr. C. Sheela
Sasikumar*
Address:
Chief Scientific officer,
Department of Cellular
and Molecular
Biochemistry, Frontier
Lifeline Pvt. Ltd. & Dr.
K.M. Cherian Heart
Foundation, R-30-C,
Ambattur Industrial
Estate Road, Mogappair,
Chennai - 600 101.
ABSTRACT
Morinda citrifolia Linn Rubiaceae also called as ‘noni’ is being used
for many centuries as traditional medicine by Polynesians for over
2000 years. Morinda citrifolia is an evergreen shrub that originated in
Southeast Asia and has been naturalized in many other regions around
the world. Various communities throughout the world consume the
fruit and leaves of this traditional medicinal plant for its versatile
therapeutic nature. The fruit of this plant has a strong butyric acid
smell and a cheesy flavor due to the presence of carboxylic acid, where
as the leaves and roots are meant for many therapeutic processes and is
also used as dyes. Morinda citrifolia is found to have a broad range of
therapeutic effects like antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, antitumor,
anthelmintics, analgesic, hypotensive, anti-inflammatory, immune
enhancing effect etc.; hence, the juice obtained from ripe and unripe
fruit seems to be a more recent innovation that has been commercially
exploited to a greater extent in recent times. Therefore this review will
briefly investigate on the nutritional and therapeutic values of Morinda
citrifolia.
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1. INTRODUCTION:
Morinda citrifolia Linn (Rubiaceae) commonly known as Noni, is a traditional and Polynesian
medicinal plant that has been used for more than 2000 years. When the ancestors of Polynesians
migrated from South East Asia they brought many plants with them for food and medicinal
purposes, among them Noni was one of the most popular herbal medicinal plant that was used to
treat many types of diseases (Adams, 2001). Noni is called by different names by various cultures
throughout the world as Indian mulberry, Ba Ji Tian, Yor, Nono or Nonu, Cheese fruit, Nhau,
Mengkudu in Malay, Nhau in South East Asia, Ach in Hindi and Nunakaai in Tamil (Cardon, 2003).
Almost all parts of this tree such as leaves, root, bark, stem, and fruits are used for medicinal
purposes. Traditional cultural conversations with experts from Fiji, Hawaii, Rotuma, Samoa, Tahiti,
and Tonga, highlighted their significant role in ancient diets. Large-fruited M. citrifolia var.
citrifolia, Small fruited Morinda citrifolia var. bracteata and Morinda citrifolia cultivar ‘potteri’ are
some of the genetically modified variety of Morinda citrifolia which are being primarily focused for
greatest cultural, economical, medicinal and for manufacturing commercial products (Noni syrup,
Noni fruit juice, Noni powder, Noni soap, Noni face wash etc.,) in recent times (Nelson and
Elevitch, 2006). Noni is highly valued as a nutraceutical and contains a number of phytochemicals
such as scopoletin, alkaloids, sterols and flavonoids and is reported to possess antioxidant potential
and to help various types of diseases.
Due to its reported health benefits there is a high demand for this fruit in countries such as the
United States of America, Japan, China and Europe. To manage this demand, some countries have
increased the field of cultivation of Noni. There is however little scientific research to review the
actual nutritional and functional properties of Noni products. This paper attempts to report on the
scientific evidence relating to the nutritional and functional properties attributed to this plant.
2. Features of NONI Tree and fruit
Morinda citrifolia is a 2 to 9 meters tall evergreen tree naturalized in many regions of the world but
originating from South East Asia (Morton, 1992) and then distributed by humans, birds, animals and
natural causes into the islands of the Western Pacific and eastern Pacific, which include Tahiti and
Hawaii (Johansson, 1994 and Whistler, 1991).
The distinct variety depends on the morphology of leaves and fruits. The fruit results from
coalescence of the inferior ovaries of many closely packed small tubular white flowers inside the
peduncle, the size of which varies from 3 to 10 cm wide and sometimes over 20 cm long. The fruit is
normally green in colour and turns light yellow when it is matured and then to translucent white.
The pulp is juicy and bitter in taste while the odor of the fruit varies depending upon the variety.
Mostly the fruits are devoid of smell but some fruits have a butyric acid smell in their ripened form
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(Cardon, 2003; Ross, 2001). The outer layer of the fruit contains numerous triangular pits; reddish
brown in colour each containing four seeds. The leaves are opposite or whorled with long or short
petiolate; lamina ovate, broadly elliptic, oblong or oblanceolate, 15 to 30 cm wide and 20 to 40 cm
long (Fig 1 and 2).
Fig 1 Morinda citrifolia L (Rubiaceae) with flowers, ripe fruit and unripe fruit
Source: http://www.commerce.gov/media/photo/2011/06/13/noni-biotechs-noni-fruit.
Fig 2 Morinda citrifolia L (Rubiaceae) Tree
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Source: The picture was taken from the collection of Moorea Biocode Specimen
No. MBIO25759/2010/location Moorea/Place of origin Paopao (Moorea, French Polynesia)/
Morinda citrifolia L (Rubiaceae)
3. Production of Noni
Morinda citrifolia (Noni) undergoes several different stages of maturity. The yield of fruit depends
upon the procedures used and conditions under which it is cultivated. After planting the saplings, it
takes nine months to one year for the plants to bear fruits under favorable conditions (Plant
population, good soil fertility and drainage, good water supply, adequate disease, pest and weed
control, adequate fertilizer plan, ambient temperature). Since the yield of this fruit is very low in the
first year, the technique of pruning the branches and bushes is employed by many farmers to
increase their yield. It is possible to obtain yields of 7 tonnes per hectare per year by the end of the
second year after planting, and 70 tonnes per hectare per year by the end of the fifth year. If the plant
is cultivated with a density of 638 saplings per hectare with good soil fertility, drainage, irrigation
and appropriate pest, disease and weed control, along with an appropriate fertilization plan, one
hectare can yield around 35 tonnes of fruit (Nelson, 2001; 2003).
4. Harvesting:
Noni fruits are harvested two or three times per month in the early stage (Stage 3) by hand picking
from the branches and transported to the processing facility. In the early stages of development;
Noni fruit has a hard exterior, hence it is not prone to damage. Immediate exposure to sunlight after
harvesting is not recommended. They need not be refrigerated. The fruits are harvested at different
stages; specifically at ‘hard white’ stage (Stage 5), where the fruits are at their best for juice
production (Nelson, 2001; 2003).
Noni fruit can be classified into five stages depending upon the color and the hardness. (Fig 3)
Fig 3 Stages of Morinda citrifolia depending upon the color and hardness
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Source: The picture was collected from the Hawaii in-Natural highlights 2011 and Asian noni.com.
5. Processing of Noni fruit
The processing of fruits generally falls under two categories: a) Traditional and b) Non-Traditional.
The traditional method comprises drip-extraction and fermenting / Aging, whereas the non-
traditional method involves pressing or squeezing the extract from ripened fruits.
a) In the traditional method the whitish harvested Noni fruits are collected, washed, air dried
and placed in a vessel for 2 to 4 months. Ripe fruits produce more fruit juice than half ripe or unripe
fruit. The fermentor vessel used for fermentation must be made of glass or steel or food grade
plastic. The initial appearance of the extract is golden or amber in colour and gradually darkens with
the age of the extract. After the fermentation process the extract is collected and drained from the
spigots at the base of the container. Care must be taken so that there will be no contact between the
extract and air throughout the process. The Noni extract is finally decanted, filtered and stored in
containers. The pH of the juice is approximately 3.5, which provides a sour taste.
b) In the Non-traditional method the extract is separated into pulp and seeds from ripened fruits
by squeezing with hands through cheesecloth, a paint strainer or by homemade pressing devices like
a hydraulic fruit press. The resultant extract will be amber golden in colour which can be collected
and stored in closed vessels either by refrigeration or by pasteurization.
Noni juice can also be processed by other methods such as:
5.1 Amended or mixed Noni juice: Noni juice is mixed with other fruit flavours to improve the taste
of the product. Some producers choose to dilute their juice with water and sweeten the product
with the addition of sugar.
5.2 Reconstituted NONI powder: The fruit is chopped, dehydrated, powdered, standardised for
polysaccharides. Reconstituting with lots of warm water with desired flavour and sold as a
dietary supplement.
a. Noni juice powder: Noni juice is evaporated and shaped into a powder form which can be used
in various commodities, including reconstituted juices. Noni juice powder is highly hygroscopic
and must be mixed with a non-hygroscopic carrier or packed with a suitable desiccant to enable
it to preserve its powdered formulation (University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2006).
6. Components of Noni
Morinda citrifolia fruit contains 90% of water content, 11.3% of dry matter, 8.4% of minerals
(potassium, sulfur, calcium, phosphorous and trace amount of selenium) (Chunhieng, 2003) dietary
fibers, protein, vitamins (ascorbic acid, Provitamin A), about 160 phytochemical compounds and
more than 120 Nutraceutical compounds, these are Naturally occurring, biologically active
chemicals in plants, that helps to prevent and treat various types of diseases (Sridevi Nagalingam et
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al., 2012). Additionally, fermented Noni includes micronutrients, non-volatile and volatile
components, Ketones, lactones, beta-Carotenoids, terpenoids, proxeronine (Heinicke, 2001), beta-
sitosterol, carotene and polyphenols like flavonoids, flavone glycosides, rutin (Ying et al., 2002)
anthraquinones, damnacanthal, morindone, alizarin, nordamnacanthal, rubiadin, rubiadin-1-methyl
ether, aucubin, asperuloside and scopoletin are found to have analgesic property and have an ability
to control serotonin levels in the body and are responsible for most therapeutic activity of M.
citrifolia (Wang and Su, 2001).
Proxeronine precursor of xeronine in noni improves functionality of human proteins and acids like
cinnamic acid, octanoic acids, hexanoic acids, alcohols (3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol), esters (methyl
octanoate, methyl decanoate), benzoic acid, folic acid, ascorbic acid, caprylic acid tocopherols,
tocotrienols. All these vitamins, proteins, minerals and Biochemical constituents were claimed to
benefit health and may prevent or delay many illnesses (Wang and Su, 2001).
7. Protective role of Noni
The use of the whole plant has traditionally played a major role in the health of Polynesians. Noni
fruit has been used as a food, drink, medicine, dye and cosmetic. The root, leaves, stem, bark,
flowers and fruits are reported as herbal remedies for diabetes, hypertension, muscle aches,
menstrual difficulties, headaches, AIDS, arthritis, cancer, gastric ulcer, sprains, mental depression,
senility, poor digestion and atherosclerosis (Wang et al, 2002; West et al, 2006). Noni is reputed to
have antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antitumor, anti tubercular effects, analgesic activity,
immunological activity, antihelminthic, analgesic, hypotensive, anti inflammatory and immune
enhancing properties. Due to its beneficial effects the fruit juice of Noni is widely distributed
throughout the world as a nutraceutical dietary supplement. The leaf of this plant is directly used on
skin for treating ulcerations and for minor infections and also used as a treatment for broken bones,
deep cuts and wounds (Duke et al, 2002 ; Mc Clatchey, 2002).
8. Medicinal application of Noni
Noni fruits have been assessed in a small number of human clinical studies, however most work has
been carried out in-vitro with a moderate number of studies.
8.1 Antimicrobial Activities
Microbes play a major role in all types of infections which include viruses, bacteria, fungi, algae and
protozoa. All these pathogenic micro-organisms cause either acute infection or chronic infection.
Nowadays, there is a mounting interest on investigating the antimicrobial activity of natural
compounds in order to protect or prevent microbial infections. Therefore, this review article will
focus some anti-microbial activity of Morinda citrifolia fruit extract.
8.1.1 Antibacterial activity –
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Anti bacterial activity was the first action observed for Noni. Numerous in vitro studies have been
published on the antibacterial activity of Morinda citrifolia extract with reports, that it inhibits
certain bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Lactobacillus lactis,
Streptococccus thermophilus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Vibrio
harveyi, Klebsiella pneumonia, Shigella flexneri, Salmonella paratyphi A, Aeromonas hydrophila,
Vibrio cholerae, Chromobacterium violaceum and Enterobacter faecalis (Gerson, Paul et al., 2006;
Nakanishi, Sasaki et al., 1965). The ripe fruit was found to have higher anti-microbial activity than
other parts of the plant (Muthu Saravanan Manoharan et al., 2008; Locher et al., 1995).
8.1.2 Antifungal activity
Fungus remain a significant cause of different types of infections like skin infections (ring worm of
the body, groin), nail infection, Candida infection, Fungal meningitis (inflammation in membrane
covering the brain and spinal cord), Aspergillus (pulmonary and blood stream infection) etc.
Morinda citrifolia has shown antifungal activity on various fungi including Candida albicans,
Aspergillus niger, Trichophyton, Mentagrophytes, Penicillium sp, Fusarium sp, Aspergillus,
Fumigatus, Mucor sp, Rhizopus sp and Aspergillus flavus (Muthu Saravanan Manoharan et al.,
2008).
8.1.3 Antiviral A compound named 1- methoxy-2-formyl -3-hydroxyanthraquinone isolated from the root of
Morinda citrifolia (Umezawa, 1992) was shown to suppress the cytopathic effect of HIV infected
MT- 4 cells without inhibiting cell growth.
8.2 Antihelminthics activity
Anthelmintics are substances that expel parasitic worms from the body. Traditional medicine
practitioners have used various indigenous plants for treating helmintic activities (Satyavati et al.,
1976; Lewis et al., 1977). One such plant is Morinda citrifolia. Julia Francis McHugh Morton, an
American author and a botanist, University of Miami, reported that Noni has been used in the
Philippines and Hawaii as an effective insecticide and also found that within a day the ethanol
extract of Morinda citrifolia leaves induced paralysis and death of the human parasitic nematode
worm, Ascaris lumbricoides (Raj, 1975; Hiramatsu et al., 1993).
8.3 Anticancer activity
A Japanese research team has recently shown immunomodulatory effects of Morinda citrifolia
(Hirazumi et al., 1996). The ethanolic extract of Morinda citrifolia fruit juice has been found to have
anticancer and immune enhancing capacity against Lewis Lung Cancer (LLC) and prolong the life
span of a cancer survivors by stimulating the important mediators like T-cells, thymocytes and
macrophages that produce cytokines for tumor cytostasis and cytotoxicity (Hiramatsu et al., 1993).
Moreover, Noni juice slows down the tumor cell cycle and increases the response of cells to other
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immunized cells that fight tumor growth by stimulating the release of several mediators from murine
effector cells, and has a powerful macrophage activator activity that is alleged to play a major role in
tumor death (Hiramatsu et al., 1993; Hirazumi et al., 1994, 1996, 1999).
It was also proved that depending upon the sex and considered organ, the Noni juice prevents the
formation of chemical carcinogen DNA adduct when fed with 10% of Noni juice along with water
to cancer induced rat models .(Wang and Su, 2001) Noni root extract containing anthraquinone,
damnacanthal may change the morphology of particular type of cells in human neoplasias (K ras and
NKR cells) that are highly malignant and proliferent that associates with several types of cancers
like lung, colon, pancreas and leukemia (Hiramatsu et al., 1993).
8.4 Antidepressant activity
Clinical depression is one of the major and important public health issues in developed and
developing nations. The treatment of depression involves many modalities which include
psychotherapy and pharmacological interventions. Many scientists have investigated the potential
role of some plants like Hypericum perforatum, Ginkgo biloba, Apocynum venetum, Valeriana
officinalis, Melissa officinalis and Morinda citrifolia for the treatment of depression and anxiety,
(Weeks, 2009). Morinda citrifolia lowers the stress, and helps the response to some extent by
elevating serotonin blood levels (Sathish Kumar, 2007). It is also found that Morinda citrifolia can
be tolerated even at high dosage without any side effects (West et al., 2009). Moreover the recent
findings indicate Morinda citrifolia acting as an inhibitor of MAO-A and MAO-B (Monoamine
Oxidase) involve in synergistic effect from multiple active components (Shixin Deng and Brett,
2011).
8.5 Antigenotoxicity
Genotoxins are substances that amend DNA structure, where the structural modification can be
carried out in both somatic cells and germ cells which are transmitted from one generation to
another. Substances that can reduce the activity of genotoxins are commonly known as
Antigenotoxins. In the past few years considerable advancements have been made with natural
products that possess anti-mutagenic and anti-carcinogenic properties. Since Morinda citrifolia is
rich in anthraquinone and other active compounds it has an ability to control oxidative damage
caused by free radicals and associated with anti-genotoxic potential. (Zin et al., 2006; Sang et al.,
2001). Recent research has shown the anti-genotoxic effects and the role of Noni juice against
chromosomal aberration and sister chromatid exchange induced by a chemotherapeutic agent,
mitomycin C (MMC) in human lymphocytes (Treetip et al., 2008). These results suggest that active
compounds present in leaves, roots and juice of Noni may possess an antigenotoxicity activity.
8.6 Antioxidant
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Plants are known for their natural antioxidants which act as important inhibitors of lipid
peroxidation. Plants also provide a defense mechanism for living cells against oxidative damage.
Herbal and natural products have been used as medicines for many centuries throughout the world to
neutralize ROS. The antioxidant properties of ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of Noni juice have
been assessed using the ferric thiocyanate method (FTC) and thiobarbituric acid test (TBA) for lipid
oxidation measurement. The tetrazolium nitroblue (TNB) for radical scavenging activity showed
that there was a strong inhibition of lipid oxidation compared to α- tocopherol and butylated
hydroxyl toluene (BHT) (Mohd et al., 2001), and when assessing the potential capacity of Noni
juice to protect cells from superoxide anion radical (SAR) induced oxidative damage, the
scavenging activity of Noni juice against superoxide anion radical showed 2.8 times higher level of
activity than that of Vitamin C and 1.4 times that of pycnogenol (PCG) (Wang and Su, 2001).
8.7 Antitubercular
Polynesians were the first persons to use Noni leaves and juice against tuberculosis. Researchers in
Philippines reported that Noni has an ability to kill Mycobacterium tuberculosis. They also reported
about 89 % of bacteria in a test tube were killed by Noni juice extract, which was almost as effective
as the anti tuberculosis drug Rifampcin, which has an inhibitory rate of 97% (American Chemical
Society, 2000 ; Author Unlisted, 2001.)
8.8 Analgesic
The analgesic activity of Noni showed that rats had greater pain tolerance (162% and 212%,
respectively) compared with the placebo group (Wang et al., 2002) when fed with 10% and 20%
Noni juice. A Research team from France also studied the analgesic and sedative effects of Noni on
mice by writhing and hotplate tests. The Root extract of Noni (1600mg/kg) showed similar analgesic
activity to that of morphine (75% Vs 81% respectively), and it also proved to be non-toxic (Younos
et al., 1990).
8.9 Immunological Activity
A polysaccharide rich, ethanol insoluble precipitate of Noni in Lewis Lung Cancer (LLC) mice
enhances immunity and also been reported to exhibit antitumor effect in mice by acting as an
immunomodulator (Hiramatsu et al., 1993, 1999). The alcoholic extract of Noni publicized to inhibit
tumor promoting factor TNF-α (Hokama, 1993) and it also has a capability to stimulate and release
several mediators like interleukin-1 beta (IL-1b), IL-10, IL-12, interferon-gamma (IFN-g) and nitric
oxide (NO) (Hiramatsu et al., 1993, 1999). An in vitro study (Wang et al., 2002) also showed that a
50% alcoholic extract of Noni juice stimulated the BALB/c thymus cells in the (³H) thymidine
analysis of the thymus.
8.10 Anti-inflammatory Activity
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The anti-inflammatory activity of Noni has been shown in rats against acute inflammatory responses
of pro-inflammatory agents, with inhibition of rat paw edema. (Mc Koy et al., 2001). Another group
of research team has also proved the inhibitory activity of Noni juice in vitro against cyclo-
oxygenase enzymes (COX 1 and COX 2) involved in inflammation (Su et al., 2001).
8.11 Cardiovascular activity and Hypotensive effect
Recently, researchers have demonstrated the regular Noni juice supplement decreases cholesterol
and Triglyceride by 18% in vivo and reduced blood clotting and prevent thrombus formation. More
over they stated that the lignans and phenyl propanoid present in the Noni juice could prevent the
deterioration of cholesterol in the body, prevents the formation of atheromatous plaques by lowering
the lipids or oxidizing the low density lipoproteins (LDL) and assist with the prevention of
atherosclerosis (Kamiya et al., 2004).
It was found that both ethanol extract of Noni and hot water extract of Noni lowered the blood
pressure in anesthetized dogs (Moorthy and Reddy, 1970; Youngken et al., 1958, 1960). Research
based on the in vivo experiment demonstrated that a total extract of the Noni roots has hypotensive
effect but still this mechanism is unclear (Dang Van Ho, 1955; Davison, 1927 and La barre J et al.,
1961).
8.12 Anti lithiatic effect
The use of Noni to inhibit the stone formation caused due to the induction of ethylene glycol was
demonstrated in male albino rats. This observation indicated the possible anti lithiatic activity of
Noni (Murugesh et al., 2006).
8.13 Wound healing effect
Noni contains a broad range of phytochemical constituents and bioactive compounds which have
been documented to treat broken bones, deep cuts, bruises, sores and wounds (Singh et al., 1984).
The fresh leaf is used for the treatment of wounds and also as a poultice for broken bones and
sprains (Ivan, 2001). A study by Vijaykumar Pandurang Rasal et al., 2008 demonstrated that a Noni
leaf extract increased the hydroxyproline content in granuloma tissues which further confirmed the
involvement of collagen in the wound healing process.
8.14 Oestrogenic activity
Noni was found to have health benefits in alleviating menstrual symptoms. Scientific studies on
Noni have demonstrated several relevant biological effects (Wang et al., 2002). The flavone
glycosides in Noni fruits are structurally classified as one type of phytoestrogen, while these
phytoestrogens display very modest oestrogenic binding to the oestrogen alpha receptor compared to
endogenous or synthetic steroids, they may provide more selective actions on reproductive and non-
reproductive oestrogen targets (Cos et al., 2003).
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8.15 Antidiabetic Activity
When Noni juice was habitually taken by patients with type 2 diabetes as a combination therapy
(Noni and oral hypoglycemic agents), it lowered glucose levels under fasting and postprandial
conditions (Sathish kumar., 2007). Noni was also found to be safe and well tolerated to improve the
living quality of patients. Xeronine is a small alkaloid and active compound of Noni, in the presence
of insulin it activates the peripheral cell membrane insulin receptors and assists the normal
absorption of glucose. A low Glycemic index - A 3: 1 ratio of carbohydrate to fiber in Noni juice
helps to balance blood glucose levels. Noni modifies the immune system to keep the sensitivity of
beta islet pancreatic cells intact.
Besides regular consumption of Noni, it also inhibit the biosynthesis, absorption and secretion of
lipids which could reduce the body weight and acts as an anti-obesity agent (Nishioka and Nerurkar,
2007; Saf-ur Rehman Mandukhail et al., 2010).
9. Adverse effects
Noni, being highly rich in potassium, it is not recommended for patients with liver and kidney
diseases. The consumption of Noni leads to the development of hyperkalemia in patients with
potassium-restricted diets. Hyperkalemia can lead to nausea, muscle weakness and irregular
heartbeat (Mueller et al., 2000). In addition, consumption of Noni juice beyond the concerned level
(750 ml of Noni juice per Kg body weight per day, in vivo) of intake, in rare cases of liver problems
may further complicate the disease.However there is no persuasive evidence in relationship between
chronic hepatitis and consumption of Noni juice. Higher consumption of Noni juice during
pregnancy could delay ossification and skeleton alteration in fetus (pawlus et al., 2005)
10. Conclusion
This review has drawn collectively with various biological properties of Noni. The whole plant of
Noni, predominantly its fruit has been used for many centuries by Polynesians and ancestors as a
traditional folk medicine. Variety of research with controversial methodologies suggests many
functional bioactive compounds of Noni but not yet quantified. The most important active
compounds identified in Noni are phenolics like damnacanthal and scopoletin, organic acids
(caproic and caprylic acid), vitamins (ascorbic acid and provitamin A), amino acids such as aspartic
acid, and minerals. Compounds like Xeronine and alkaloids are also been reported; but their
presence is controversial and structure was unknown. Many active compounds in Noni provide a big
platform for the plant in nutritional and medicinal therapy. The antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory,
antidiabetic, anticancer, antihelmintic, antitubercular, and antioxidant effect of Noni may helps to
cure many diseases. Several studies are still needed to identify the nutritional values and the
functional compounds that constitute the Noni plant, to explain its mechanisms of action involved in
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various diseases and to determine the real potential of this fruit with best technological processes
that are used to extract and enhance these properties. A detailed study on Noni in the above
mentioned domains will create opportunities in the future to consider it as a well known medicinal
plant all over the world, which can be used for treating various communicable and non-
communicable diseases.
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