ib 20th cold war timeline
TRANSCRIPT
ANONYMOUSNOVEMBER03,
2014
December13th,1981
MartiallawimposedinPoland:
Poland'sauthoritariangovernmentwasrestrictedon
drastictermsfor2years,martiallawwasusedtogetrid
ofpoliticalopposition.Thousandswereimprisonedand
hundredswerekilled.
ANONYMOUSNOVEMBER03,
2014
November18th,1981
Diplomacy:Reaganproposessignificantreductionsin
strategicforces,calledthe"zerooption"whichwould
eliminateanentireclassofnuclearmissiles.President
ReaganwouldnotdeploythePershingIIandcruise
missilesonlyiftheSovietUnionremovedtheSS-,SS-5,
andSS-20missilesonWesternEurope.Thisgainedalot
ofattentionfromanti-nuclearandnuclearactivists
ANONYMOUS October6th,1981
IB20thColdWarTimeline
DONALD•OCTOBER23,2014
NOVEMBER03,2014 EgyptianpresidentAnwarSadatAssassinated
Beforehewasassassinatedtherewasinternaluprising
includingriots.TherewasevenamilitarycoupinJune
1981,howeveroncethatfailedSadatorderedavast
crackdownonseveraloppositionfigures.Elevenothers
werealsokillingincludingtheCubanambassador,Omani
general,Egypt'sCAA,etc.
ANONYMOUSNOVEMBER03,
2014
November4th,1980
RonaldReaganelectedPresident
ReaganescalatedtheColdwar.Hecontributedto
orderingalargebuildupoftheU.S.forces,producingthe
MXmissile,andrevivingtheB-1Lancerprogram,which
wascanceledbytheCarteradministration.Hedenounced
theSovietUnioninanaddressonJune8,1932saying
"theforwardmarchoffreedomanddemocracywillleave
Marxism-Leninismontheashheapofhistory"
ANONYMOUS
OCTOBER31 ,2014 September22,1980
SolidarityunionformedinPolandunderleadershipof
LechWalesa
SolidarityformallywasfoundedonSept.22,1980,when
delegatesof36regionaltradeunionsmetinGdańskand
unitedunderthenameSolidarność.
Priortodate:
KomitetObronyRobotnikowKOR,orWorkers'defense
committee,wasfoundedbyagroupofdissident
intellectualsafterseveralthousandstrikingworkershad
beenattackedandjailedbyauthoritiesinvariouscities.
TheKORsupportedfamiliesofimprisonedworkers,
offeredlegalandmedicalaid,anddisseminatednews
throughanundergroundnetwork.
ANONYMOUSOCTOBER28,2014 January,1980
CarterDoctrinecallsPersianGulfaU.S."vitalinterest"
ANONYMOUSOCTOBER31 ,2014 January20,1980
CarterDoctrinecallsPersianGulfU.S."vitalinterest"
Enunciatedbythen-PresidentJimmyCarterin
hisStateoftheUnionspeechinJanuary1980,
thedoctrinedefinesPersianGulfoilasa"vital
interest"oftheUnitedStatesthatmustbe
defended"byanymeansnecessary,including
militaryforce
Inseekingtoimplementhisdoctrine,Carter
establishedtheRapidDeploymentJointTask
ForceandestablishedawebofU.S.basing
arrangementsinthegreaterGulfregion.
Futureimpacts:
Theprocesswasacceleratedin1983,when
Reagantransformedthejointtaskforceintothe
U.S.CentralCommand(Centcom),givingitthe
statusofamajorunifiedcombatforcelikethe
U.S.EuropeanCommand,thePacificCommand,
andtheSouthernCommand.Centcom'sprincipal
missionistoprotecttheflowofoilfromthe
PersianGulftotheUnitedStatesandAmerican
alliesaroundtheworld.
ANONYMOUSNOVEMBER16,
2014
December1979
TheSovietwarinAfghanistanlastednineyearsfrom
December1979toFebruary1989.PartoftheColdWar,it
wasfoughtbetweenSoviet-ledAfghanforcesagainst
multi-nationalinsurgentgroupscalledtheMujahideen,
mostlycomposedoftwoalliances–thePeshawar
SevenandtheTehranEight.ThePeshawarSeven
insurgentsreceivedmilitarytraininginneighboring
PakistanandChina,aswellasweaponsandbillionsof
dollarsfromtheUnitedStates,UnitedKingdom,Saudi
Arabia,andothercountries.TheShiagroupsofthe
TehranEightalliancereceivedsupportfromtheIslamic
RepublicofIran.EarlyintheruleofthePDPA
government,theMaoistAfghanistanLiberation
Organizationalsoplayedasignificantroleinopposition,
butitsmajorforcewasdefeatedbylate1979,priortothe
Sovietintervention.Thedecade-longwarresultedinthe
deathof850,000–1.5millionciviliansaswellascausing
millionsofAfghanstofleethecountry,mostly
toPakistanandIran.
The1980SummerOlympicsboycottoftheMoscow
Olympicswasonepartofanumberofactionsinitiatedby
theUnitedStatestoprotesttheSovietinvasionin
Afghanistan.TheSovietUnionandothercountrieswould
latersupportthe1984SummerOlympicsboycott.
TheSALTIIwasneverratifiedbecausetheSovietUnion
invadedAfghanistanin1979.
TheNATODouble-TrackDecisionisthedecisionof
NATOfromDecember12,1979,tooffertheWarsaw
Pactamutuallimitationofmedium-rangeballistic
missilesandintermediate-rangeballisticmissiles
combinedwiththethreatthatincaseofdisagreement
NATOwoulddeploymoremiddle-rangenuclearweapons
inWesternEurope.
ANONYMOUSNOVEMBER16,
2014
November4,1979
IranHostageCrisis:
wasadiplomaticcrisisbetweenIranandtheUnited
States.Fifty-twoAmericandiplomatsandcitizenswere
heldhostagefor444days(November4,1979,toJanuary
20,1981),afteragroupofIranianstudents,belongingto
theMuslimStudentFollowersoftheImam'sLine,who
weresupportingtheIranianRevolution,tookoverthe
U.S.EmbassyinTehran.PresidentJimmyCartercalled
thehostages"victimsofterrorismandanarchy,"adding
that"theUnitedStateswillnotyieldtoblackmail.The
crisiswasdescribedbythewesternmediaasan
entanglementof"vengeanceandmutual
incomprehension.InIran,thehostagetakingwaswidely
seenasablowagainsttheUnitedStatesanditsinfluence
inIran,itsperceivedattemptstounderminetheIranian
Revolution,anditslongstandingsupportoftherecently
overthrownShahofIran,MohammadRezaPahlavi.
Followinghisoverthrowin1979,theShahwasadmitted
intotheU.S.formedicaltreatmentforcancer.The
IraniansdemandedthattheShahbereturnedtoIranfor
trialandexecutionforcrimeshewasaccusedof
committingduringhisreign.Specifically,theyaccused
theShahofcrimesagainstIraniancitizenswiththehelp
ofhissecretpolice,theSAVAK.
ANONYMOUSNOVEMBER16,
2014
July1979
NicaraguanRevolution:Itencompassedtherising
oppositiontotheSomozadictatorshipinthe1960sand
1970s,thecampaignledbytheSandinistaNational
LiberationFront(FSLN)toviolentlyoustthedictatorship
in1978-79,thesubsequenteffortsoftheFSLNtogovern
Nicaraguafrom1979until1990andtheContraWarwhich
waswagedbetweentheFSLNandtheContrasfrom1981-
1990.TheRevolutionmarkedasignificantperiodin
Nicaraguanhistoryandrevealedthecountryasoneofthe
majorproxywarbattlegroundsoftheColdWarwiththe
eventsinthecountryrisingtointernationalattention.
AlthoughtheinitialoverthrowoftheSomozaregimein
1978–79wasabloodyaffair,theContraWarofthe1980s
tookthelivesoftensofthousandsofNicaraguansandwas
thesubjectoffierceinternationaldebate.Duringthe
1980sboththeFSLN(aLeftistcollectionofpolitical
parties)andtheContras(arightistcollectionofcounter-
revolutionarygroups)receivedlargeamountsofaidfrom
theColdWarsuper-powers(respectively,theSoviet
UnionandtheUnitedStates).TheContraWarultimately
endedfollowingthesigningoftheTelaAccordin1989and
thedemobilizationoftheFSLNandContraarmies.
Democraticelectionsin1990resultedintheelectionofa
majorityofanti-sandinistapartiesandFSLNleaving
power.
ANONYMOUSNOVEMBER16,
2014
June18,1979
THESALT-IIagreementwastheresultofmanynagging
issuesleftoverfromthesuccessfulSALT-Itreatyof1972.
Thoughthe1972treatylimitedawidevarietyofnuclear
weapons,manyissuesremainedunresolved.Talks
betweentheUnitedStatesandtheSovietUnionbegan
almostimmediatelyafterSALT-Iwasratifiedbyboth
nationsin1972.Thosetalksfailedtoachieveanynew
breakthroughs,however.By1979,boththeUnitedStates
andSovietUnionwereeagertorevitalizetheprocess.For
theUnitedStates,fearthattheSovietswereleapingahead
inthearmsracewastheprimarymotivator.Forthe
SovietUnion,theincreasinglycloserelationshipbetween
AmericaandcommunistChinawasacauseforgrowing
concern.InJune197 9,CarterandBrezhnev metinViennaandsignedtheSALT-II
agreement.Thetreaty basically establishednumericalequality betweenthetwo
nationsintermsofnuclearweaponsdelivery systems.Italsolimitedthenumberof
MIRVmissiles(missileswithmultiple,independentnuclearwarheads).
ANONYMOUSNOVEMBER16,
2014
January16,1979
IranianRevolution:referstoeventsinvolvingthe
overthrowofthePahlavidynastyunderMohammadReza
ShahPahlavi,whowassupportedbytheUnitedStates,
anditseventualreplacementwithanIslamicrepublic
undertheGrandAyatollahRuhollahKhomeini,theleader
oftherevolution,supportedbyvariousleftistandIslamic
organizationsandIranianstudentmovements.
ANONYMOUSNOVEMBER16,
2014
December15,1978
PresidentGeraldFordvisitedthePRCin1975and
reaffirmedAmericaninterestinnormalizingrelations
withBeijing.Shortlyaftertakingofficein1977,
PresidentJimmyCarteragainreaffirmedthegoalsofthe
ShanghaiCommuniqué.Carter'sNationalSecurity
AdvisorZbigniewBrzezinskiandseniorstaffmemberof
theNationalSecurityCouncilMichel
OksenbergencouragedCartertoseekfulldiplomaticand
traderelationswithChina.BrzezinskiandOksenberg
traveledtoBeijinginearly1978toworkwithLeonard
Woodcock,thenheadoftheliaisonoffice,tolaythe
groundworktodoso.TheUnitedStatesandthePeople's
RepublicofChinaannouncedonDecember15,1978that
thetwogovernmentswouldestablishdiplomaticrelations
onJanuary1,1979.
ANONYMOUSNOVEMBER16,
2014
September17,1978
CampDav idaccords:
TheCampDavidAccordsweresignedbyEgyptian
PresidentAnwarElSadayandIsraeliPrimeMinister
MenachemBeginon17September1978,following
thirteendaysofsecretnegotiationsatCampDavid.The
twoframeworkagreementsweresignedattheWhite
House,andwerewitnessedbyUnitedStatesPresident
JimmyCarter.Thesecondoftheseframeworks(A
FrameworkfortheConclusionofaPeaceTreatybetween
EgyptandIsrael)leddirectlytothe1979Egypt-Israel
PeaceTreaty.Duetotheagreement,SadatandBegin
receivedtheshared1978NobelPeacePrize.Thefirst
framework(AFrameworkforPeaceintheMiddleEast),
whichdealtwiththePalestinianTerritories,waswritten
withoutparticipationofthePalestiniansandhadlittle
impactandwascondemnedbytheUnitedNations
ANONYMOUSNOVEMBER01 ,
2014
August10th,1977
UnitedStatesandPanamaagreetotransferPanama
CanaltoPanamaniancontrolbyyear2000
TheTorrijos-CarterTreatiesignoredthepreviouspolicies
establishedbetweentheU.S.andPanamaoverthe
PanamaCanal.ItpromisedPanamacontroloverthe
Canalafter1999;theUnitedStateshadcontrolsince
1903.ThistreatyledtotheendofexistenceoftheCanal
Zoneterritory.
ANONYMOUSNOVEMBER01 ,
2014
February24,1977
HumanRights:Carterannounceslinkageofforeignaidto
humanrights
InordertobringAmerica'sconfidencebackafterthe
demoralizationoftheVietnamWar,Cartersoughtoutto
rebuildAmerica'svirtuebypromotingtheimportanceif
humanrightsandincorporatingitinourforeignpolicy.
Hestatedthatthisnewpolicywastobeformedbasedon
America'spastmistakes.Overallthistransformationwas
successfulintheestablishmentofmanytreatiesand
agreementssuchasSALTIIwiththeSovietUnion,the
CampDavidPeaceAccordsbetweenEgyptandIsrael,
andthereturnofthePanamaCanaltothePanamanians.
Thisalsohelpedwithestablishingdiplomatic
relationshipswithmainlandChina,whentheprogress
begun.
ANONYMOUSNOVEMBER01 ,
2014
November2,1976
JimmyCarterelectedPresident
JimmyCarterranforpresidentandatthetimeseemed
likeanunlikelycandidateduetothelackofpopularity,
staff,andmoney.Howeverheendedupwinningand
becamethefirstDemocraticpresidentsincetheCivil
War.Healsogainedthevotefromthepeoplebecausehe
wasdistantfromtheWhiteHouse,whichwasabenefit
afterthecitizensexperiencedtheinconveniencesofthe
VietnamWarandtheWatergateScandal.Thisdistant
connectionhelpedhimwithhiscandidacybutnotwithhis
presidency.Overall,hispresidentialrulewasdescribedas
unsuccessful(ex:Congressignoringhistaxreformsand
pleaseforlong-rangeenergypolicyandinflation).
ANONYMOUSOCTOBER30,2014 September9,1976
MaoZedongdies,settingoffsuccessionstruggleinChina
ThisledtothesuccessofDengXiaoping'spowerover
China.Italsoleadtofallofthe"GangFour",whoall
supportedMaoduringtheCulturalRevolution.This
pavedtheroadforXiaoping'sconsolidationofpower.
attachment
ANONYMOUSOCTOBER30,2014 July1975
CSCEHelsinkiAccordssigned,pledgingtheUnitedStates
andSovietUniontoacceptEuropeanborders,protect
humanrights,andpromotefreertransnationaltradeand
culturalexchanges
Thiseventwassignificantbecauseitwasthefirstactof
theConferenceonSecurityandCo-operationinEurope.It
included35countriesincludingU.S.A.andCanada.The
FordAdministrationdidnotthinkmuchifitatfirst,"it
wasmeaningless."Buttheywentwithitanyways.Asthe
conclusionsfortheaccordswasarriving,abigconcern
cameacrosstheUnitedStateswhichwasthestateofthe
BalticstatesbeinginfluencebySovietPowers.This
agreement,however,itdecreasedtensionsoftheCold
WarandimprovediplomaticrelationsintheSoviet
Union.
ANONYMOUSOCTOBER28,2014 July17th,1975
U.S.-SovietastronautsinApolloandSoyuzspacecraftlink
upinspace.
ASTP,Apollo-SoyuzTestProject,wasthefirstjoint
U.S.-Sovietspceflight.Itwasasymbolforthepolicyof
"detente"andstoodasanofficialconclusionoftheSpace
Race.Missionsincluded
havingApolloeclipsetheSunastheSoyuzphotographed
thesolarcorona.Thisaidedbothprogramsinadvancing
intechnology.
attachment
ANONYMOUSOCTOBER28,2014 April30th,1975
SaigonfallstoNorthVietnamtroopsasAmericans
evacuate
NorthVietnameseandVietCongforcecaptureSouthVietnamaftertheUnitedStates
leftS.VietnamandsignedtheParisPeaceAccords.Thatrestrictedthemfromhav ing
any interventionwithVietnam.WeeksleadingtothefallofSaigon,TheU.Sunderwent
"OperationFrequentWind",evacuatingallAmericansandsomeVietnameseorphans
andrefugees.
ANONYMOUSOCTOBER28,2014 April12th,1975
UnitedStatesendsofficialpresenceinCambodiaas
MarinesevacuatediplomatsinthewakeoftheKhmer
Rougevictory
"OperationEaglePull",intheriseoftheKhmerRogue,
initiatedtheevacuationofPhnomPenh(oneofthelast
strongholdsoftheKhmerRepublic).TheU.Sattempted
tosaveallU.SnationalsandalliedCambodiansand
endedupbeingsuccessful.Howevertheconflictthat
arrivedafterthisoperationwasthefactthatmanytop
officialsrefusedtoleavetheircountrylikePremierLong
BoretandLonNon.TheFordAdmin.wasnotonly
shamedbutalsoastonishedbytheirdecisions.BothBoret
andNonwereontheRogue'sdeathlistandwereexecuted
onApril17,1975
ANONYMOUSOCTOBER31 ,2014 August9,1974
GeraldFordsworninas39thpresident.
ANONYMOUSOCTOBER31 ,2014 August8,1974
Nixonannounceshisresignition
ANONYMOUSOCTOBER31 ,2014 November6,1973
WarPowersAct,lawpassedbytheU.S.Congresson
November7,1973,overthevetoofPresidentRichard
Nixon.ThejointmeasurewascalledtheWarPowers
Resolution,thoughthetitleoftheSenate-approvedbill,
WarPowersAct,becamewidelyused.
TheWarPowersResolutionof1973isafederallaw
intendedtocheckthepresident'spowertocommitthe
UnitedStatestoanarmedconflictwithouttheconsentof
Congress.Theresolutionwasadoptedintheformofa
UnitedStatesCongressJointresolution;thisprovidesthat
thePresidentcansendU.S.armedforcesintoaction
abroadonlybydeclarationofwarbyCOngress,"statutory
authorization,"orincaseof"anationalemergency
createdbyattackupontheUnitedStates,itsterritoriesor
possessions,oritsarmedforces."
TheWarPowersResolutionrequiresthePresidentto
notifyCongresswithin48hoursofcommittingarmed
forcestomilitaryactionandforbidsarmedforcesfrom
remainingformorethan60days,withafurther30day
withdrawalperiod,withoutanauthorizationoftheuseof
militaryforceoradeclarationofwar.Theresolutionwas
passedbytwo-thirdsofCongress,overridinga
presidentialveto.IthasbeenallegedthattheWarPowers
Resolutionhasbeenviolatedinthepast,forexample,by
PresidnetClintonin1999,duringthebombingcampaign
inKosovo.Congresshasdisapprovedallsuchincidents,
butnonehasresultedinanysuccessfullegalactionsbeing
takenagainstthepresidentforallegedviolations.
ANONYMOUSOCTOBER31 ,2014 October17,1973
(Araboilproducersbeginembargoagainsttheunited
states).
1973oilcrisis
ArabmembersoftheOrganizationofPetroleum
ExportingCountries(OPEC),inthemidstoftheYom
KippurWar,announcedthattheywouldnolongership
petroleumtonationsthathadsupportedIsraelinits
conflictwithEgypt—thatis,totheUnitedStatesandits
alliesinWesternEurope.Ataroundthesametime,
OPEC-memberstatesagreedtousetheirleverageover
theworldprice-settingmechanismforoiltoquadruple
worldoilprices.Thecompletedependenceofthe
industrializedworldonoil,muchofwhichresided
beneaththesurfaceofMiddleEasterncountries,became
painfullycleartotheU.S.,WesternEurope,andJapan,
markingawatershedrequiringWesternpolicymakersto
respondtointernationaleconomicconstraintsthatwere
qualitativelydifferentfromthosefacedbytheir
predecessors.
Points(allexplainedin
thelinkbelow:
Originsofthe1973worldoilshock
Worldcompetitionoverresources
Thefallofthedollar
FoundingofOPEC
TheYomKippurWar
Immediateeconomic
impactoftheembargoResponseintheindustrialized
countries
Effectsoninternational
relations
DeclineofOPEC
readmoreat(e:http://www.actionforex.com/articles-
library/financial-glossary/1973-oil-crisis-20041204320/
ANONYMOUSOCTOBER31 ,2014 October6,1973
(YomKippurWarbeginsbetweenEgypt,Israeland
Syria).
TheLeaders
ThePrimeMinisterofIsraelwasGoldaMeir.Israeli
militaryleadersatthetimeincludedMinisterofDefense
MosheDayan,DavidElazar,andIsraelTal.
GoldaMeir
ThePresidentofEgyptwasAnwarSadat.The
Commander-in-ChiefofEgypt'sarmywasAhmadIsmail
Ali.ThePresidentofSyriawasHafezal-Assadandthe
MinisterofDefensewasMustafaTlass.
AnwarSadat
WhatOtherCountriesWereInvolved
TheUnitedStateswasonthesideofIsrael.Theyhelpedto
supplyIsraelwithweaponsaswellasputpressureonthe
attackingstatestostopfighting.Afewyearsafterthewar
theUnitedStateswouldhelptobrokerapeacetreaty
betweenIsraelandEgyptattheCampDavidAccords.
EgyptandSyriaweresupporteddirectlywitharmed
forcesfromIraqandJordan.Theywerealsosupported
bytheSovietUnionandanumberofArabstates
includingLibya,Morocco,SaudiArabia,andLebanon.
HowtheWarBegan
TheEgyptiansandtheSyriansstartedtheattackonYom
Kippur.TheyfiguredthattheIsraeliArmywouldbeless
alertontheirholyday.Theinitialattackworkedverywell.
TheEgyptianscrossedtheSuezCanalandtookcontrolof
theSinaiPeninsula.AtthesametimetheSyrians
attackedtothenorthtakingcontroloftheGolanHeights.
IsraelCounterattacks
Afewdaysaftertheinitialattack,theIsraelis
counterattacked.TheyquicklytookbacktheGolan
HeightsaswellastheSinaiPeninsula.Theycontinuedto
pushbackboththeEgyptiansandtheSyrians.Soonthe
IsraeliArmywasamere35milesfromDamascus,the
capitalofSyria,andonly65milesfromCairo,capitalof
Egypt.
HowitEnded
OnOctober22,theUnitedNationsnegotiatedacease-
fire,however,thefightingsoonbrokeoutagain.Soon
IsraelhadtheEgyptianArmynearlysurrounded.
Withthewarescalating,tensionsbetweentheUnited
StatesandtheSovietUnionbegantomount.Ifoneof
themshouldjoininthewartohelpoutanally,theother
wouldlikelyjoinaswell.Manypeoplefelttheworldwas
onthebrinkofWorldWarIII.
OnOctober25,1973anotherceasefirewasnegotiated.
Thistimetheeffortwassuccessfulandthewarcameto
anend.
FactsAbouttheYomKippurWar
Israelhadsomewarningthatanattackwascoming.
SomeIsraeligeneralswantedtostrikefirst,butGolda
MeirrefusedtoattackfirstasshewasworriedIsrael
wouldlosethesupportoftheUnitedStates.
AtthestartofattackandthecrossingoftheSuezCanal,
therewerenearly100,000Egyptiansoldiersagainstonly
around500Israelisoldiers.
OneofthebigadvantagesthattheIsraelishadwas
intelligencesuppliedbyUnitedStateswithitsSR-71
Blackbirdspyplane.Thisplanecouldflyhighandfast
overthebattlefieldandrelaythepositionsofenemy
troopsbacktothecommanders.
InresponsetotheUSsupportingIsrael,theAraboil
states(alsocalledOPEC)stoppedshippingoiltothe
UnitedStates.Thiscausedthe1973OilCrisis
ANONYMOUSOCTOBER24,2014 September11,1973
http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/foreigners/2013/09/augusto_pinochet_s_cia_backed_coup_against_salvador_allende_chile_s_9_11.html
JSWIZZ96OCTOBER24,2014 ApicforSeptember11th,1973
ThisisaphotooftheBombingofLaMoneda
(presidentialpalace)
JSWIZZ96OCTOBER30,2014 September15th,1970
NixonauthorizesU.S-cakedcoupinChile,accordingtoa
1975SenateIntelligenceCommitteerport.
Mmmmcakecoup.
JSWIZZ96OCTOBER24,2014 May4th,1970
FourKentStateUniversitystudentskilledbyNational
guardsmenwhileprotestingtheVietnamWar
Thisstudentprotestwastheexactresponsementionedin
theInvasionofCambodiapost.Itspokevolumesthatthe
youthofAmericawasspeakingoutagainsttheauthority
ofthegovernment.So,otherswereinspiredtoexercise
theirfreedomofspeechwithoutfear.Ofcoursethiswas
onlypossiblebecausethat"fear"wasreplacedbyanger.
Morethan450campusesacrossthecountryclosedwith
bothviolentandnon-violentdemonstrations.Thisledto
NixonestablishingthePresident'sCommissionon
CampusUnrest,knownastheScrantonCommission,
whichhechargedtostudythedissent,disorder,and
violencebreakingoutoncollegeanduniversitycampuses
acrossthenation.TheNationalGuardwasalsoforcedto
re-examineitsmethodsofcrowdcontrol.
PhotographsofthedeadandwoundedatKentStatethat
weredistributedinnewspapersandperiodicals
worldwideamplifiedsentimentagainsttheUnitedStates'
invasionofCambodiaandtheVietnamWaringeneral.
Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_State_shootings#Aftermath_and_long-
term_effects
ThisisthePulitzerPrizewinningphototakenbyJohnFilo
ofMaryAnneVecchio(14)kneelingoverthebodyof
JefferyMillerafterhewasshotbytheNationalGuard
JSWIZZ96OCTOBER24,2014 April29,1970
U.S.troopsinvadeCambodia
Onnationaltelevision,PresidentNixonannouncedthat
U.StroopsandtheSouthernVietnamesePeople'sArmy
wastoinvadeCambodiathenextday.Whathedidnottell
thepeoplewasthathehadbeenorderingbombingson
Cambodiaforthepastmonth.Thissparkednationwide
fear.Italsogavethepeopleanotherreasonforthenotto
trustthegovernment.WhatIfindsignificanttoisthat
thisannouncementistheepitomeofjusthowmuchofan
impacttelevisionmadeonAmericawhenitwasusedfor
politics.
AllthepeopleofAmericabecamefilledwithangerand
shock.NixonhadgonebackonhisVietnamization
promisetowithdraw25,000troopsfromVietnamand
another60,000inDecemberof1969.Asaresult,
protestsbothpeacefulandviolenteruptedacrossthe
country.Thisreactionwassignificantbecauseitmarked
thebeginningofthelargedisagreementbetweenthe
AmericanCitizensandtheMilitaryarrangementsthat
Nixondeclared.ItrockedAmerica'strustanditsfaithin
government.
Source:http://vietnamawbb.weebly.com/invasion-of-
cambodia.html
Thisisaphotoofanon-violentstudentprotestatLSU
ISABELLEOCTOBER28,2014 November17,1969
StrategicArmsLimitationTalks
TheracetobuildIntercontinentalBallisticMissilesand
Anti-ballisticMissilesintheUSandUSSRleadto
concernsforbothnations.SALTIwasanattempttocome
toanagreementtolimitthesetypesofweapons,
essentiallytosucceedwereprevioustreatiesand
agreementshadultimatelyfailed.Afterseveralyearsof
negotiations,thetwonationsfinallycametoan
agreement,makingthisamonumentalachievement.
ISABELLEOCTOBER28,2014 September3,1969
HoChiMinhdies
HoChiMinhwasthecommunistleaderofNorth
Vietnam,andtheprimaryfactorinthebeginningofthe
VietnamWar.AlthoughNorthandSouthVietnamhad
splitalready,HoChiMinh'sultimategoalwasnotjustthe
creationofacommunistNorthVietnam,butreunitingthe
twoVietnamsunderonecommunistgovernment.His
death(heartattack)leadhimtobecomeanevenmore
prominentfigurethanhehadbeenbefore.
ISABELLEOCTOBER28,2014 June8,1969
NixonDoctrineand"Vietnamization"begins
TheNixonDoctrinesetthestageforfutureconflictssuch
astheGulfWarbydefiningwhatkindofmilitaryaidthe
USwouldgiveitsallies.Atthesametime,growing
discontentwiththeVietnamWarcausedNixontobegin
withdrawingtroops;whereinDecemberoftheprevious
yearUStroopsinVietnamnumbered535,000,byJune
1969thisnumberhadbeenreducedto475,000.
ISABELLEOCTOBER28,2014 November5,1968
Nixonelectedpresident
Nixon'selectiontookplaceafterayearofturmoilboth
internally(assassinationsofMLKandRFK,racial
tension,etc.)andabroad(VietnamWar,China,USSR).
ThesefactorsgreatlyinfluencedNixon'spoliciesas
presidentandhiscampaign.Despitetheoverwhelming
supporthegainedduringtheelection,yearslaterhe
wouldberememberedmostlyfortheWatergatescandal.
ISABELLEOCTOBER28,2014 July1,1968
NuclearArmsNonproliferationTreaty
Thistreatywasamajorstepinlimitingthepossible
effectsofincreasednuclearweaponsworldwide.Major
nuclearpowerssuchastheUSSR,theUS,andBritain
signedthistreaty,however,otherslikethePRCorFrance
didnt.Additionally,althoughitwasdeemedasuccess
amongnuclearpowers,somenationswhichdidnotsign
thetreaty(andatthetimedidnothaveaccesstonuclear
technology)laterdevelopedit.
ISABELLEOCTOBER28,2014 June5,1968
RobertF.Kennedyassassinated
Severalyearsaftertheassassinationofhisbrother,
presidentJohnF.Kennedy,RobertF.Kennedywas
runningforpresident.Aftergivingaspeechonthenight
ofJunethe5th,hewasshotseveraltimesbySirhan
Sirhan,aPalestinianimmigrant.Thiseventleadtoa
numberofconspiracytheories,andachangeinsecurity
surroundingpresidentialcandidates.
ISABELLEOCTOBER28,2014 April4,1968
MartinLutherKing,Jr.assassinated
MartinLutherKingJr.wasassassinatedattheLorraine
HotelinMemphisbyJamesEarlRay,whoadmitedtothe
crime(butlaterclaimedhewasinnocent).Becauseofhis
statusasacivilrightsleader,MartinLutherKing,Jr.'s
deathwasmeatwithoutcryandprotestsaroundthe
country.Atthesametimehowever,italsoleadto
increasedracialviolenceinmorethan100citiesaround
theUS.
ISABELLEOCTOBER24,2014 March31,1968
Johnsonwithdrawsfrompresidentialelection
ReasonsforJohnson'swithdrawalrangefromlowpublic
supportbecauseoftheVietnamWartohishealth,which
wassteadilydeclining.Hiswithdrawalalsoleadtothe
creationoffourdifferentfactionswithintheDemocratic
Party,eachwithdifferentideals.
Included,linktothespeechinwhichheannounceshis
withdrawal:
attachment
ISABELLEOCTOBER24,2014 January1968
PragueSpring
LedbyAlexanderDubcek,thePragueSpringinvolveda
seriesofreformsinCzechoslovakia.Thesereformsdid
notseektogetridofcommunism,butrathertotakeaway
theextremegovernmentcontroloverthepeople
("socialismwithahumanface").Thismeantfreedomof
expressionfornon-communistsaswell.AlthoughDubcek
attemptedtonegotiatewiththegovernmentinMoscow,
WarsawPactforceseventuallycrushedDubcekandhis
government,arrestinghimandforcinghimtocooperate
withtheirdemands.
AlthoughDubcek'sgovernmentnevermadeanyattempts
toleavetheWarsawPactoropposethegovernmentin
Moscow,itwasstillcrushedbytheUSSR,showingjust
howlittletheytoleratedchangestotheirgovernmentand
thoseintheirsphereofinfluence.
ISABELLEOCTOBER24,2014 January30,1968
TetOffensive
NorthVietnamattacksover100SouthVietnamesecities
duringacease-fire.AlthoughtheU.S.technically'won'
theattacks,theyfacedconsiderablelosses,making1968
oneoftheworstyearsfortheU.S.innumberofdeaths,
greatlyreducingpublicsupportforthewar.
(detailsinvideo:)
ANONYMOUSOCTOBER26,2014 June17th,1967
Chinasuccessfullyexplodeditsfirsthydrogenbombin
westernChina.Theexplosivepoweris150timesthatof
theA-bombusedbytheUnitedStatesinHiroshimaof
JapanduringtheWorldWarII.Itmarkeda
breakthroughinChina'snucleardevelopment,and
indicatedChina'snucleartechnologyhasenteredanew
era.
(credits:
http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en_aboutchina/2003-
09/24/content_26049.htm)
Itwascodenamed'TestNo.6'.Theexplosiontookplace
intheatmosphereovertheLopNorTestSite,inthe
northwestofthecountry,withayieldof3.3megatons.
Thedesignofthebombwassuchthatitcouldbe
deliveredeitherbyaircraftorballisticmissile.
Thetestwascarriedoutonly32monthsafterthe
country’sfirstnuclearexplosionon16October1964.By
comparison,theUnitedStatestook86monthsfrom
conductingthefirst-evernucleartestin1945until
theworld’sfirstthermonuclearexplosionin1951.
(credits:http://www.ctbto.org/specials/testing-times/17-
june-1967-chinas-first-thermonuclear-test/)
ANONYMOUSOCTOBER26,2014 June5th,1967
SixDay,Arab-IsraeliWarBegins.
Israelrespondstoanominousbuild-upofArabforces
alongitsbordersbylaunchingsimultaneousattacks
againstEgyptandSyria.Jordansubsequentlyenteredthe
fray,buttheArabcoalitionwasnomatchforIsrael's
proficientarmedforces.Insixdaysoffighting,Israel
occupiedtheGazaStripandtheSinaiPeninsulaofEgypt,
theGolanHeightsofSyria,andtheWestBankandArab
sectorofEastJerusalem,bothpreviouslyunder
Jordanianrule.BythetimetheUnitedNationscease-fire
tookeffectonJune11,Israelhadmorethandoubledits
size.ThetruefruitsofvictorycameinclaimingtheOld
CityofJerusalemfromJordan.Manyweptwhilebentin
prayerattheWesternWalloftheSecondTemple.
TheU.N.SecurityCouncilcalledforawithdrawalfrom
alltheoccupiedregions,butIsraeldeclined,permanently
annexingEastJerusalemandsettingupmilitary
administrationsintheoccupiedterritories.Israelletitbe
knownthatGaza,theWestBank,theGolanHeights,and
theSinaiwouldbereturnedinexchangeforArab
recognitionoftherightofIsraeltoexistandguarantees
againstfutureattack.Arableaders,stingingfromtheir
defeat,metinAugusttodiscussthefutureoftheMiddle
East.Theydecideduponapolicyofnopeace,no
negotiations,andnorecognitionofIsrael,andmade
planstodefendzealouslytherightsofPalestinianArabs
intheoccupiedterritories.
Egypt,however,wouldeventuallynegotiateandmake
peacewithIsrael,andin1982theSinaiPeninsulawas
returnedtoEgyptinexchangeforfulldiplomatic
recognitionofIsrael.EgyptandJordanlatergaveuptheir
respectiveclaimstotheGazaStripandtheWestBankto
thePalestinians,whoopened"landforpeace"talkswith
Israelbeginninginthe1990s.ApermanentIsraeli-
Palestinianpeaceagreementremainselusive,asdoesan
agreementwithSyriatoreturntheGolanHeights.
(credits:http://www.history.com/this-day-in-
history/six-day-war-begins)
ANONYMOUSOCTOBER26,2014 April30th,1966
ChineseCulturalRevolutionbegins.
ZhouEnlaiechoesthispositioninastatementonApril
30,1966callingforaprotractedstruggletowipeout
“bourgeoisideologyintheacademic,educational,and
journalisticfields,inart,literature,andallotherfieldsof
culture.”ActivitybytheRedGuard,therevolutionary
movementofcommunistyouththatplayedamajorrole
inpressingthereformmovementforward,wasfirst
reportedinBeijingsecondaryschoolsinspring,1966.On
June13,1966,universitiesandschoolswereclosed
indefinitelytoenablestudentsthefreedomtoparticipate
intheCulturalRevolution.AtarallyonAugust18,1966,
MaoannouncedhissupportfortheRedGuard
movement.(credits:
http://www.learningace.com/doc/4529268/8ea328a246c863bc910179cd6fad5e3e/chinasgreatproletarianculturalrevolution)
TheCulturalRevolutionisseennegativelybymostpeople,
includingthosewhowereapartofit.Thefollowingvideo
showsa“son'sguiltoverthemotherhesenttoherdeath”.
"Mymother,fatherandIwerealldevouredbythe
CulturalRevolution,"saidZhang,60,whoisnowa
lawyer."[It]wasacatastrophesufferedbytheChinese
nation.Wemustrememberthispainfulhistoricallesson
andneverletithappenagain."
ANONYMOUSOCTOBER26,2014 March16th,1966
AfterDiem,SouthVietnameseeliteswereunableto
formulateagovernmentthatcouldmusteranysortof
traction.Itwasnotforlackoftrying;coupfollowedcoup
untilmid-1965,whenVNAFGeneralNguyenCaoKyand
ARVNGeneralNguyenVanThieutookchargeaspremier
andpresident,respectively.
GeneralThi,adevoutBuddhistandaneffectivecombat
officer,hadbeenpopularinICorps.Thigovernedwith
evenmoreindependencethantheothercorps
commanders.HehadthesupportofBuddhistsinthearea
anddidnothingtoopposetheirpoliticalgoals,which
includedanendtothefightingandanegotiated
settlementwiththeCommunistNationalLiberation
Front.KyandThieuregardedhimasathreat.U.S.
AmbassadorHenryCabotLodge,U.S.ArmyGeneral
WilliamWestmorelandandU.S.SecretaryofDefense
RobertMcNamaraallsupportedtheKy-Thieuregime
andopposedThi,whomtheyconsideredtoosofton
communism.
AccordingtotheofficialhistoryofU.S.MarineCorps
Vietnamoperationsin1966,'TheremovalofGeneralThi
causedanimmediateshockwavethroughoutICorps.'
ThousandsofdemonstratorstooktothestreetsofDa
Nangandothernortherncities.Theyformedan
organizationcalledtheMilitary-CivilianStruggle
CommitteetosupportThiandexpressoppositiontothe
Saigongovernment.Thatorganization,knownasthe
'StruggleMovement,'quicklyspread.Someofits
supporterstookoveraradiostationinDaNangandmade
antigovernmentbroadcasts.UniversitystudentsinHue
joinedthemovement.Ageneralstrikewascalledthat
lastedforafewdays.Thestakeswereraisedwhenthe
StruggleMovementclaimedauthorityoverthearmed
forcesofQuangNamprovince,whichincludedDaNang
anditsimportantmilitaryfacilities.BuddhistsinHue
tookoverthelocalradiostationandjoinedtheStruggle
MovementinoppositiontotheSaigongovernment.Bythe
endofMarchthesituationhadworsened.GeneralThi
slippedbackintoICorpswherehewasmetby
enthusiasticcrowdsinbothDaNangandHue.The
movementbecameanti-Americanaswellasanti-Saigon
government.
(credits:http://www.historynet.com/the-1966-buddhist-
crisis-in-south-vietnam.htm)
ANONYMOUSOCTOBER26,2014 March8th,1965
Vietnam
ThefirstU.S.combattroopsarriveinVietnamas3500MarineslandatChinaBeachto
defendtheAmericanairbaseatDaNang.They join23,000Americanmilitary
adv isorsalready inVietnam.By theDecemberof1967 theUSforceswerearound
485,000innumber.By thistime,overamillionAmericansoldiershaverotated
throughVietnam,withlengthofserv icefordrafteesbeingoneyear,andmost
Americansserv inginsupportunits.
LYDIAOCTOBER28,2014 November3,1964
LyndonBJohnsoneasilywinsthe1964elections.
LYDIAOCTOBER28,2014 October15,1964
NikitaKhrushchevisforcedoutofpower.Khrushchev's
endwasmarkedbyhissourrelationshipwiththeUnited
States(mostlyduetotheCubanMissileCrisis),theendof
theUSSR'srelationshipwithChina,andbyfood
shortagesintheUSSR.Manypeopledoubtedhis
legitimacyasaleader.Khrushchev'soustingmarksthe
beginningoftheendoftheUSSR
LYDIAOCTOBER28,2014 August2,1964
Pres.JohnsonsenttheUSSMaddoxtoNorthVietnamfor
reconnaissance.IntheGulfofTonkintheUSSMaddox
wasattackedbyNorthVietnamesetorpedoboats,this
gaveJohnsontheperfectopportunitytoretaliateandgive
theU.S.areasontobecomemoreinvolvedintheVietnam
War.HehadthefullsupportofCongressandordered
bombingraidsonNorthVietnam.Hemadeaspeechon
nationaltelevisionstatingthatactsofviolenceagainstthe
UnitedStateswillretaliated.
LYDIAOCTOBER28,2014 July2,1964
Pres.LyndonBJohnsonsignedtheCivilRightsActof
1964.ThisactfacedalotofoppositionintheHouseand
theSenate,butitwasapproved.Thislegislationbanned
racialsegregationinpublicplaces,schools,andplacesof
employment.Despitethisimportantdevelopment,this
actdidlittletoremoveobstaclesthatAfricanAmericans
facedwhentryingtovote.SotheCivilRightsActof'64
laidthegroundworkfortheVotingRightsof1965,it
allowedforequalvotingopportunitiesforminoritiesand
women.Anysortoftestingwasbannedforvoter
registrationandstatesthathadtoofewregisteredblack
voterswereputunderfederalsupervision.
LYDIAOCTOBER24,2014 January8,1964
PresidentLyndonBJohnsonmakeshisviewsoncivil
rightsandpovertyveryclearinhisfirstStateoftheUnion
Address.JohnsonplannedtomaketheUnitedStatesinto
a"GreatSociety",hisidealsandgoalsweregreatly
influencedbyRoosevelt'sNewDeal.Johnson'sspeech
aboutthewaronpovertyledthecreationoftheEconomic
OpportunityActandthecreationoftheOfficeof
EconomicOpportunity
ANONYMOUSOCTOBER24,2014 November22,1963
KennedyisassassinatedbyLeeHarveyOswald,butthere
aremanyconspiracytheoriessurroundingthe
assassination.ThissaddenedmanyAmericans.Itreally
didnotmattertotheSoviets.
ThisisaphotoofKennedybeforehewasshot.
ANONYMOUSOCTOBER24,2014 November1,1963
NgoDinhDIemisarrestedandthenassassinated.With
theUSbacked"president"gone,thecommuniststook
over.
ThisisapictureofNgoDinhDIem
Vietnam,foranyonewondering.-Lynch
ANONYMOUSOCTOBER24,2014
ANONYMOUSOCTOBER24,2014 October7,1963
KennedysignstheLimitedTestBanTreaty.Thetreaty
wastostopthetestingofnuclearweaponsaboveground,
butallowedtestingunderground.Thiswastopreventthe
additionofnuclearfallouttoouratmosphere,
TheUS,Britain,andUSSRagreetosignthistreaty.
Thisisaphotoofthesigningofthetreaty
ANONYMOUSOCTOBER24,2014 June26,1963
KennedygoestoBerlinandhasaspeechintheRudolph
WildePlatz(whichlaterbecomestheJohnF.Kennedy
Platz).ThismakestheUSmorepopular.
Animportant,memorablequote:"IchbineinBerliner."
ThisaphotoofthePlatz
ANONYMOUSOCTOBER24,2014 June20,1963
The"HotLine"iscreatedbetweentheUSandMoscow.
Thiseasesmoretensionbetweenthetwocountriesand
allowsforbettercommunication.-
Thisisaphotoofoneofthosehotlines.Itisnowatthethe
JimmyCarterMuseum.
Whateventshappenedthatnecessitatedthehot-line
phone?-Lynch
ANONYMOUSOCTOBER24,2014 October28,1962
KhrushchevagreestoremovemissilesfromCuba,and
theUSdothesameinTurkey.
ThiseasesthetensionbetweentheUSandtheUSSR.
Thisisaphotoofanewspaperarticleatthetime.
ANONYMOUSOCTOBER24,2014 October23,1962
TheCubanMissilesCrisis:
TheUSandtheUSSRhadmissilespointedateachother.
USSRhadmissilesinCuba,andtheUShadmissilesin
Turkey.
Ifthemissileshadbeenfiredthantherewouldhavebeen
nuclearwar.
Thisisanexampleofapoliticalcartoonthatshowthe
conflictbetweenKennedyandKhrushchev.
Howmanydaysdidthecrisislast?Howdoestheterm
Brinkmanshipapplytothisseriesofevents?-Lynch
ANONYMOUSOCTOBER24,2014
ROHITOCTOBER28,2014 January17th,1961
Eisenhower'sfarewelladdresswarnsofpotential
"unwarrantedinfluence...bythemilitary-industrial
complex"
ROHITOCTOBER24,2014 January3,1961
UnitedStates(Eisenhower)cutstieswithCuba.
-GovernmentfeltthatCubawasbecomingtoanti-americantobetrustedeversinceCastroseizedpower
-
ANONYMOUSOCTOBER29,2014 December20,1960
NorthVietnamannouncestheformationoftheNational
FrontfortheLiberationoftheSouthataconferenceheld
"somewhereintheSouth."Thisorganization,more
commonlyknownastheNationalLiberationFront
(NLF),wasdesignedtoreplicatethesuccessoftheViet
Minh,theumbrellanationalistorganizationthat
successfullyliberatedVietnamfromFrenchcolonial
rule.TheNLFreachedouttothosepartsofSouth
Vietnamesesocietywhoweredispleasedwiththe
governmentandpoliciesofPresidentNgoDinhDiem.
ANONYMOUSOCTOBER29,2014 November8,1960
OnNov.8,1960,SenatorJohnF.Kennedyof
MassachusettsdefeatedVicePresidentRichardM.Nixon
forthepresidencyinoneoftheclosestandmost
contentiouselectionsinAmericanhistory.Mr.Kennedy
wouldendupdefeatingMr.Nixonbyjust0.1percentin
thepopularvote.
ANONYMOUSOCTOBER29,2014 May1,1960
AninternationaldiplomaticcrisiseruptedinMay1960
whentheUnionofSovietSocialistRepublics(USSR)shot
downanAmericanU-2spyplaneinSovietairspaceand
captureditspilot,FrancisGaryPowers(1929-77).President
DwightD.Eisenhower(1890-1969)wasforcedtoadmittotheSov ietsthattheU.S.
CentralIntelligenceAgency (CIA)hadbeenfly ingspy missionsovertheUSSRfor
severalyears.TheSov ietsconv ictedPowersonespionagechargesandsentencedhim
to10yearsinprison.However,afterserv inglessthantwoyears,hewasreleasedin
exchangeforacapturedSov ietagentinthefirst-everU.S.-USSR“spy swap.”TheU-2
spy planeincidentraisedtensionsbetweentheU.S.andtheSov ietsduringtheCold
War(1945-91),thelargely politicalclashbetweenthetwosuperpowersandtheirallies
thatemergedfollowingWorldWarII.
ANONYMOUSOCTOBER28,2014 July24,1959
NixonvisitstheSovietUnionandtakesonKhrushchevin
the"KitchenDebate"onthemeritsofCapitalismvs.
Communism.Duringthegrandopeningceremonyofthe
AmericanNationalExhibitioninMoscow,Vice
PresidentRichardNixonandSovietleaderNikita
Khrushchevengageinaheateddebateaboutcapitalism
andcommunisminthemiddleofamodelkitchensetup
forthefair.Theso-called"kitchendebate"becameoneof
themostfamousepisodesoftheColdWar.Nixon
suggestedthatKhrushchev'sconstantthreatsofusing
nuclearmissilescouldleadtowar,andhechidedthe
Sovietforconstantlyinterruptinghimwhilehewas
speaking.Takingthesewordsasathreat,Khrushchev
warnedof"verybadconsequences."Perhapsfeelingthat
theexchangehadgonetoofar,theSovietleaderthen
notedthathesimplywanted"peacewithallothernations,
especiallyAmerica."Nixonrathersheepishlystatedthat
hehadnot"beenaverygoodhost."
SYDNEY OCTOBER24,2014 January1,1959
CubanRevolutionEnds.Theguerrillaforces,ledbyFidel
Castro,foughtagainstthegovernmentarmy,under
FulgencioBatista,adictatorwhohadgotintopower
throughamilitarycoupin1952.Itwasimportanttothe
countryofCubabecauseFidelCastroestablishedthe
CommunistDictatorshipwhichstillrulesCuba.
SYDNEY OCTOBER24,2014 November1958
Khrushchevdelivershisultimatumoverthefutureof
GermanyandwhetherGermanywouldbeseparated
betweenEastandWestpermanentlyorwhetheritwould
becomeunifiedonceagain.Khrushchevsoonbacks
down.TheBerlinBlockadewasanattemptin1948bythe
SovietUniontolimittheabilityofFrance,GreatBritain
andtheUnitedStatestotraveltotheirsectorsofBerlin,
whichlaywithinRussian-occupiedEastGermany.
Eventually,thewesternpowersinstitutedanairliftthat
lastednearlyayearanddeliveredmuch-neededsupplies
andrelieftoWestBerlin.
http://2001-
2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/lw/103638.htm
Videoofhisspeech:
http://footage.framepool.com/en/shot/138844606-
televised-address-berlin-ultimatum-listening-to-the-
radio-rise-of-the-berlin-wall
ANONYMOUSOCTOBER30,2014 November18,1956
“Wewillburyyou”statementmadebyKhrushchevto
Westerndiplomats
AphrasethatwasfamouslyusedbySovietpremierNikita
KhrushchevwhileaddressingWesternambassadorsata
receptionatthePolishembassyinMoscow
Actualverbalcontext:"Whetheryoulikeitornot,history
isonourside.Wewilldigyouin”
EscalatedTensionsbetweenwesternworldandUSSR
IncontrasttotheSecretSpeechthatcalledforpeace
ANONYMOUSOCTOBER30,2014 October23rd-November4th1956
Hungariansrevoltagainstcommunistruleandmake
futilepleasforUSassistanceasSovietforcescrushthe
resistance
ThepeopleofHungaryandtherestofEasternEurope
wereruledoverwitharodofironbyCommunistRussia
andanybodywhochallengedtheruleofStalinandRussia
paidtheprice.
ThereforeonceStalindies,Hungariansseetheseasan
opportunitytorevoltagainstcommunistrule.Protests
ensued.
OnOctober31st,1956,NagybroadcastthatHungary
wouldwithdrawitselffromtheWarsawPact.
ThiswaspushingtheRussianstoofarandKadarleftthe
governmentindisgustandestablishedarivalgovernment
ineasternHungarywhichwassupportedbySoviettanks.
OnNovember4th,SoviettankswentintoBudapestto
restoreorderandtheyactedwithimmensebrutalityeven
killingwoundedpeople.Tanksdraggedroundbodies
throughthestreetsofBudapestasawarningtoothers
whowerestillprotesting.
Americadidnothingbecauseofthegeographicallocation
ofHungaryandsincetheSuezcrisiswashappeningatthe
sametime,therewasmorefocustotheSuezconflict.
ANONYMOUSOCTOBER30,2014 August26th,1956
MoscowannouncesitsfirstsuccessfulICBMtest.Capableof
beingfired"intoany partofthe
world.”asstatedbyrepresentativesfromSovietUnion
NodetailsweregivenintheRussianannouncementand
somecommentatorsintheUnitedStatesdoubtedthatthe
ICBMtesthadbeenassuccessfulasclaimed
Lessthantwomonthslater,theSovietssentthesatellite
Sputnikintospace.Concernquicklyturnedtofearinthe
UnitedStates,asitappearedthattheRussianswere
gainingtheupperhandinthearmsandspaceraces.The
Americangovernmentaccelerateditsownmissileand
spaceprograms
JohnFKennedycriticizestheEisenhoweradministration
duringelectionsforallowingtheSovietstodevelop
missilesbeforetheUS
VANESSAOCTOBER24,2014 July26th,1956
NassernationalizesSuezCanal
Whatistheworld'sresponse?Capitalists?Communists?-
Lynch
ANONYMOUSOCTOBER30,2014 July26th,1956
ThenationalizationoftheSuezCanalbyNasserhappened
afterEisenhowerrefusedtofundtheAswanhighdam.
EisenhowerdidthisbecauseNasserwasplayingoffboth
theSovietUnionandtheUnitedStatesandthen
purchasedSovietmilitaryequipmentthrough
Czechoslovakia.ThismovebyNassersurprisedthe
westernworldandenragedGreatBritainwho’smilitary
andeconomicinterestsintheregionbecamethreatened.
EgyptalsoclosedtheStraitsofTiranandtheSuezCanal
toIsraelthenblockadedtheGulfofAqabaafter
nationalization.
TheIsraelisstruckfirst,onOctober26,1956.Twodays
later,BritishandFrenchmilitaryforcesjoinedthem.
Originally,forcesfromthethreecountriesweresetto
strikeatonce,buttheBritishandFrenchtroopswere
delayed.BritishandFrenchtroopstookcontrolofthe
SuezCanalasoriginallyplanned.However,thedelay
allowedtheSovietUniontobecomeinvolvedandsupport
Egyptbysendingmoreweaponsandsupplies.TheUnited
StatesalsofeltmiffedbecauseGreatBritaindidnot
consulttheUSGovernmentaboutthisactionandthey
threatenedeconomicsanctionsagainstGreatBritainand
France.TheSovietUnionalsothreatenedopenwarfare.
Eventually,GreatBritainandFrancesuccumbedto
pressuresfromboththeUSandtheUSSRandwithdrew.
Theyalsolostglobalinfluenceininternationalpolitics.
http://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/suez-crisis
VANESSAOCTOBER24,2014 February14th,1956
KhrushchevdenouncesStalinandcritiquedthefollowing
things
CultofpersonalitythatStalincreated
Despotism-annihilation/repressionagainstthosewho
hadn'tcommittedanycrimesagainsttheSovietUnion
StalinendangeredtheSovietstateduringWWII,ignored
thewarningsofOperationBarbarossa
"Destalinization"campaignbegantoconsolidatecontrol
oftheSovietUnionbecausetherewerestillmanyStalin
loyalists
COURTNEY OCTOBER28,2014 May14,1955
WarsawPact(referbacktoOctober23)
TheWarsawPactincludedtheSovietUnion,Albania,
Poland,Romania,Hungary,EastGermany,
Czechoslovakia,andBulgariaasmembers.Thetreaty
calledonthememberstatestocometothedefenseofany
memberattackedbyanoutsideforceanditsetupa
unifiedmilitarycommandunderMarshalIvanS.Konev
oftheSovietUnion.Theintroductiontothetreaty
establishingtheWarsawPactrevolvedaroundWestern
Germany,whichisbeingremilitarized.Thisdecisionwas
madebytheNorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization(NATO)
onMay9,1955tomakeWestGermanyamemberof
NATOandallowthatnationtoremilitarize.TheSoviets
sawthisasadirectthreatandrespondedwiththe
WarsawPact.
COURTNEY OCTOBER28,2014 December2,1954
SenatecondemsMcCarthy
TheU.S.Senatevotes65to22tocondemnSenator
JosephMcCarthyforconductunbecomingofasenator.
Thecondemnation,wasrelatedtoMcCarthy's
controversialinvestigationofsuspectedcommunistsin
theU.S.government,military,andciviliansociety;
McCarthyism.Intheearlymonthsof1954,McCarthy,
whohadalreadylostthesupportofmuchofhisparty
becauseofhiscontroversialtactics,finallyoverreached
himselfwhenheaccusedseveralU.S.Armyofficersof
communistsubversion.PresidentEisenhowerpushedfor
aninvestigationofMcCarthy'scharges,andthetelevised
hearingsexposedthesenatorasarecklessandexcessive
tyrantwhoneverproducedproperdocumentationforany
ofhisclaims.OnDecember2,afteraheateddebate,the
SenatevotedtocondemnMcCarthy.
COURTNEY OCTOBER28,2014 October23,1954
WestGermanyisinvitedtoNATO
AfterFrancevetoedthecreationoftheEuropeanDefense
Community(EDC)in1954,itwasinevitablethatthe
FederalRepublicwouldbeimmediatelyincorporatedinto
NATOasasolutiontotheWesternEuropeansecurity
problem.AttheParisConferenceofOctober19through
the23of1954,theFederalRepublicwasinvitedtojoin
NATO.Atthesametime,thethreeWesternpowers
undertookpartialrevisionstotheGermanyTreatyof
1952:inthenewversion,theFRGwasgrantedfull
sovereigntyoveritsdomesticandforeignaffairs.
COURTNEY OCTOBER31 ,2014 June28,1954
www.youtube.com/watch?v=CM6HmNL8H2
Coupd'étatofGuatemal
COURTNEY OCTOBER28,2014 May8,1954
FallofDienbienphu
DuringtheSecondWorldWartheVietminhCommunistguerrillasfoughttheJapanese
in
FrenchIndo-China,withAmericanassistance,underVoNguyenGiap.After1945
theVietminhturnedtoexpellingtheFrench.Thestruggle
continuedforlasaleguerre,untilin1953anewFrench
commander,GeneralHenriNavarre,plannedtolure
Giap’sirregularsintoaset-piecebattleinwhichthey
couldbedestroyed.InNovembertheFrenchseizedan
unprepossessingsettlementofbamboohutsonstiltsina
valleyinthenorth.TheyturnedDienBienPhuintoa
fortifiedbasecommandedbythedashingColonel
ChristiandeCastries.Itwastobeamooringpoint,from
whichtheFrenchcoulddominatethesurroundingarea
andontowhichtheycoulddrawGiap.Giaptookthebait
andcaughttheFrenchinatrap.Afterhead-onassaults
hadtakentheGabrielleandBeatricestrongpointsin
March1954,ColonelCharlesPiroth,theone-armed
Frenchartillerychief,feltsodishonoredthatheblew
himselfup.Giap’smenduganetworkoftrenchesand
tunnelswhichprotectedthemagainstfierceairattacks.
TheVietminhredflagroseabovetheFrenchredoubton
May7th.HoChiMinhbecamepresidentofNorth
VietnamandGiapwouldremaincommander-in-chief
againsttheAmericansinthe1960sand1970s.
JOIOCTOBER28,2014 February15,1950
Sino-SovietPact
ThetreatyofalliancesignedbetweenthePeople's
RepublicofChinaandtheSovietUnion.Thistreatywas
basedtoaconsiderableextentonasimilartreatythatwas
arrangedbetweentheSovietUnionandtheNationalist
GovernmentofChinain1945.Itwastheproductof
extendednegotiationsbetweenLiuShaoqiandStalin.The
SovietUnionofficiallyrecognizedthePeople'sRepublicof
ChinaandrecalledtherecognitionoftheinitialRepublic
ofChina.
TheTreatydealtwitharangeofissuessuchasSoviet
privilegesinXinjiangandManchuriaandoneofitsmost
importantpointswastheprovisionofa$300millionloan
fromtheSovietUniontothePRC,whichhadsuffered
economicallyandlogisticallyfromoveradecadeof
intensecivilwarfare.Chinarecognizedthatitneededto
partnerwithothercommunist/socialistnationsagainst
thosewhodoubtedthecommunistideology.
attachment
JOIOCTOBER28,2014 February9,1950
McCarthyism
McCarthy ismisisthepracticeofmakingaccusationsofdisloyalty ,subversion,or
treasonwithoutproperregardforev idence.ThetermcameaboutduringtheSecond
RedScare.ThousandofAmericanswerewereaccusedofbeingcommunistsor
communistsympathizersandbecamethesubjectofaggressiveinvestigationsand
questioningbeforegovernmentorprivate-industry panels,committeesandagencies.
Theprimary targetsofsuchsuspicionsweregovernmentemployees,thoseinthe
entertainmentindustry ,educatorsandunionactiv ists.Suspicionswereoftengiven
credencedespiteinconclusiveorquestionableev idence,andthelevelofthreatposed
by aperson'srealorsupposedleftistassociationsorbeliefswasoftengreatly
exaggerated.Many peoplesufferedlossofemploymentand/ordestructionoftheir
careers;someevensufferedimprisonment.Thenationwasnotbehindthepoliciesand
activ itiesthatcametobeidentifiedasMcCarthy ism.Thereweremany criticsof
variousaspectsofMcCarthy ism,includingmany figuresnotgenerally notedfortheir
liberalism.McCarthy ismwasabletogainsomegroundonly becausethenationwere
scaredthatcommunismwouldspreadtotheUS;thereforehav ingthistypeofpurges
wasoneway tocombattheexpansionofcommunism.
JOIOCTOBER28,2014 April1950
NSC68orNationalSecurityCouncilReport-68
NSC-68formedthebasisforAmerica'sColdWarpolicy
forthenexttwodecades.FollowingtheSovietatomic
explosionandChina'sturntowardscommunism,
PresidentTrumanrequestedacompletereviewandre-
evaluationofAmerica'sColdWardiplomacystrategy.
TheresultwasNSC-68,areportthattookfourmonthsfor
theDefenseDepartment,theStateDepartment,theCIA,
andotherinterestedagenciestocompileandwas
completedinApril1950.
ThereportemphasizedthattheUSwasfacinga
completelychangedworldthatlefttheSovietUnionand
theUSasthelastingsuperpowers.MeaningtheSoviet
nowposedanewfrighteningthreat.TheUSfocusedtheir
policiesonthe"containment"ofcommunismandSoviet
expansion.NSC-68recommendedthattheUnitedStates
embarkonrapidmilitaryexpansionofconventional
forcesandthenucleararsenal,includingthedevelopment
ofthenewhydrogenbomb.Inaddition,massiveincreases
inmilitaryaidtoU.S.allieswerenecessaryaswellas
moreeffectiveuseof"covert"meanstoachieveU.S.
goals.
JOIOCTOBER28,2014 January31,1950
Trumanapprovesthehydrogenbomb.Thehydrogenbombisa
hundredtimesmorepowerfulthantheatomicbombsdroppedonJapan.
FivemonthspriortoTruman'sendorsement,theUSlost
it'snuclearsupremacytotheSovietUnion.Thiseventand
theknowledgethattheSoviethadalltheplansfor
developingthebomb,promptedTrumantoapprovethe
massivefundingfortheracetohavetheworld'sfirst
superbomb.ThiswastheUSmovetobeonestepahead
oftheSovietUnion.
JOIOCTOBER28,2014 October1,1949
People'sRepublicofChinaisestablished
MaoZedongofficiallyproclaimstheexistenceofthe
People'sRepublicofChina.Theproclamationwasthe
climaxofyearsofcivilbattlebetweenMao'scommunist
forcesandtheregimeofNationalistChineseleader
ChiangKai-Shek,whohadbeensupportedwithmoney
andarmsfromtheAmericangovernment.Thelossof
China,thelargestnationinAsia,tocommunismwasa
severeblowtotheUnitedStates,whichwasstillreeling
fromtheSovietUnion'sdetonationofanucleardevice
onemonthearlier.Thisjustaddedtotheblowsthe
communistdealttotheUS,theUSwasrealizinghow
muchofathreatthecommunistnationswere.
TheUnitedStateswithheldrecognitionfromthenew
communistgovernmentinChina.Theoutbreakof
theKoreanWarin1950,duringwhichcommunist
ChineseandU.S.forcesbattled,droveanevendeeper
wedgebetweenthetwonations.Intheensuingyears,
continuedU.S.supportofChiang'sRepublicofChina,
whichhadbeenestablishedontheislandofTaiwan,and
therefusaltoseatthePeople'sRepublicofChinaatthe
UnitedNationsmadediplomaticrelationsimpossible.
JOIOCTOBER28,2014 September23,1949
TrumanannouncesthatSovietUnionexplodedanatomic
bomb
ThisSovietachievementwasthoughttobeyearsaheadof
whatwasthoughtpossibleandsentpanicintheAmerican
government.TheUSstarteddevelopingtheatomicbomb
duringthelatterpartofWWII.ManyUSofficialscameto
seeAmerica'sdevelopmentoftheatomicbombasa
valuableweaponindevelopingtheirstanceinthenuclear
armsrace.Mostbelievedthatitwouldbemanyyears
beforetheSovietscoulddevelopanatomicbombandby
thattimetheUSwouldhavereachedsuperiority.However,
theSov ietUnionruinedtheUSmonopoly .
ThisshowedthattheSov ietwascapableofmuchmorethanwasprev iously thought
andmadethemouttobeanevengreaterthreatthenbefore.
JOIOCTOBER28,2014 April4,1949
NATOisestablished.
ConflictbetweenWesternEuropeandtheEasternBloc
beganassoonasWWIIended.TheUSSRpushedthe
installationofpro-Sovietgovernmentsintheareasittook
fromGermany.InresponsetheWesterncountriesand
theUSsoughtoutwaystopreventthespreadof
communismontheEuropeancontinent.Eventstheyear
before,suchastheBerlinBlockadeandthe1948
Czechoslovakcoupd'etatpromptedtheUStoagreeto
joindiscussionsatformingajointsecurityagreement
withtheirWesternallies.
Thisagreementwasestablishedby12Westernnations:
US,GreatBritain,Denmark,Italy,France,Belgium,
Netherlands,Luxembourg,Canada,Iceland,Norway,and
Portugal.Itwasamilitaryalliancecreatedinresponseto
theincreasedSovietaggressionandessentiallyitwasan
anti-communisttreaty.Thetreatywascreatedtoprovide
acollectiveself–defense.TheUSspearheadedtheefforts
oftheorganizationcausinganincreaseintheAmerican
influenceinEurope.
ByestablishingNATOtheWesterncountriesfurther
promptedthedivisionofEurope.Nearlyeverycountry
alignedwithoneoftheopposingsidesformalizingthe
politicaldivideofEuropeandprovidedtheframeworkfor
theColdWar.
attachment
SARAHOCTOBER28,2014 March12,1947
PresidentTrumanestablishedtheeTrumanDoctorine
whichwasaUSpolicytostopSovietexpansionduringthe
ColdWar.ThePolicymadetheUSoutome
DONALDOCTOBER23,2014 Lynch
UsethiswebsitetocreateaninteractivefeedoftheCold
Wartimeline.Addimages,importanttext,videos,etc.to
deepenyourknowledgeandhelponeanotherlearn
content.Thefreeformlayoutallowsustoedittextbox
sizes,movethem,arrangethemasnecessary-sowecan
groupitemsbyyear.
http://padlet.com/donald_lynch/IB20thBday
