CONCRETE DAMAGED CAUSES BY FIRE

CASE 1

(i) TYPE OF DAMAGE : Fire damaged concrete.

(ii) NATURE : Spalling of concrete to beams and column.

(iii) LOCATION : London

CASE 2

(i) TYPE OF DAMAGE :

• Fire damaged concrete. The intensity of the fire in the area of origin consumed any evidence that would lead to a cause of ignition.

(ii) NATURE :

• Spalling and cracking the exterior of the building, but due to concrete masonry construction behind the exterior fascia, fire did not penetrate the interior of the building.

(iii) LOCATION :

• South Atlanta

CASE 3

(i) TYPE OF DAMAGE :

• The impact of the explosion caused by a cooking gas tank.

(ii) NATURE:

• Cracking and spalling the wall of the house.

(iii) LOCATION:

• Gurun, Kedah.

CASE 4

(i) TYPE OF DAMAGE :

• Impact of fire burning thus pressure created by rapid changes in temperature.

(ii) NATURE :

• Spalling above a doorway. These processes break the bond that holds the solids together and thus cause the concrete to crumble. Rapid heating of concrete under fire is a more significant cause of spalling than the exposure of concrete to high temperatures over time.

(iii) LOCATION :

• Parit Buntar, Perak.

CASE 5

(i) TYPE OF DAMAGE :

• Bomb explosion using chain reaction.

(ii) NATURE :

• Building collapse due to spalling and shrinkage the floor area of hall. The floor above began to sag several inches.

(iii) LOCATION :

• Jerusalem, Israel.

CASE 6

(i) TYPE OF DAMAGE :

• These fires are initiated by explosions, which are often due to ignition of a dust cloud or gas leak, unintended/uncontrolled chemical reaction in an industrial plant, or a malicious act.

(ii) NATURE :

• Structural steel begin to soften at about 200C and begins to weaken at about 400C. Structure prior to collapse.

In addition to thermal damage to the material itself, the expansion associated with heating a structure can cause significant distortion and damage, even in areas distant from the worst heat.

(iii) LOCATION :

• Jerusalem, Israel.

CASE 7

(i) TYPE OF DAMAGE :

• Fire caused by explosion.

(ii) NATURE :

• Building structure collapse due to weakening of steel bar and concrete spalling and cracking caused by heating.

(iii) LOCATION :

• Chennai, India

CASE 8

(i) TYPE OF DAMAGE :

• Fire caused by short circuit and strike.

(ii) NATURE :

• A fire starting within this space will quickly spread vertically and horizontally.

Concrete wall was cracking and spallling.

(iii) LOCATION :

• Guang Zou, China.

CASE 9

(i) TYPE OF DAMAGE :

• Damaged cause by fire which pore pressure rises due to evaporating water when the temperature rises.

(ii) NATURE :

• Spalling of concrete during fire causes serious damage to concrete structures and at last will collapse the building.

(iii) LOCATION :

• London

CASE 10

(i) TYPE OF DAMAGE :

• Fire cause by cigarette smoke.

(ii) NATURE:

• Spalling of concrete during fire causes serious damage to concrete structures and at last will collapse the building.

(iii) LOCATION :

• United Kingdom

CASE 11

(i) TYPE OF DAMAGE :

• Channel Tunnel exploded cause of short circuit that become a fire.

(ii) NATURE:

• Spalling of concrete during fire causes serious damage to concrete structures and at last will collapse the building.

The tunnel would have collapsed if the fire occurred in another part of the tunnel.

(iii) LOCATION :

• Canada

CASE 12

(i) TYPE OF DAMAGE :

• Cause by fire explosive.

(ii) NATURE:

• Explosive Spalling is the result of a combination of rising pore pressures and thermal gradients in the cross-section.

The tunnel would have collapsed if the fire occurred in another part of the tunnel.

(iii) LOCATION :

• Canada

CASE 13

(i) TYPE OF DAMAGE :

• Cause by fire.

(ii) NATURE:

• Fire cause the concrete spalling and cracking the wall.

(iii) LOCATION :

• French

CASE 14

(i) TYPE OF DAMAGE :

• Generally start by lighting, but also by human negligence.

(ii) NATURE:

• Fire cause the concrete spalling and cracking the wall.

(iii) LOCATION :

• London

CASE 15

(i) TYPE OF DAMAGE :

• Generally start by lighting, but also by human negligence.

(ii) NATURE:

• Fire cause the concrete spalling and cracking the wall.

Fire start damaged the four story brick building.

(iii) LOCATION :

• French