document resume james, donna walker, ed.; jurich, soniadocument resume ce 078 952 james, donna...
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ED 431 927
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INSTITUTIONSPONS AGENCY
ISBNPUB DATENOTEAVAILABLE FROM
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ABSTRACT
DOCUMENT RESUME
CE 078 952
James, Donna Walker, Ed.; Jurich, SoniaMore Things That Do Make a Difference for Youth: ACompendium of Evaluations of Youth Programs and Practices.Volume II.American Youth Policy Forum, Washington, DC.Lilly Endowment, Inc., Indianapolis, IN.; Commonwealth Fund,New York, NY.; General Electric Foundation, Ossining, NY.ISBN-1-887031-64-21999-00-00393p.; For volume I, see ED 409 462.American Youth Policy Forum, 1836 Jefferson Place, NW,Washington, DC 20036; Tel: 202-775-9731 ($10).Guides - Non-Classroom (055)MF01/PC16 Plus Postage.Adolescents; *Career Development; *Disadvantaged Youth;*Education Work Relationship; Elementary SecondaryEducation; High Risk Students; Higher Education; LateAdolescents; Models; Preadolescents; Program Descriptions;Program Effectiveness; Program Implementation; ProgramImprovement; *Youth Programs
This book contains 46 summaries of positive findings fromyouth interventions based on 64 evaluations. Each of the summaries follows anoutline that includes these components: an overview, population information,evidence of effectiveness, key components, contributing factors, studymethodology, geographic areas, and contact information (plus a section ofadditional resources for some studies) . The summaries are organized in threesections: education and career development, building strong communities, andof interest (recent studies dealing with a variety of topics about youthpolicies and practices). Among the best known approaches described are thefollowing: Career Academies, School-to-Work, Tech Prep, Boys and Girls Clubsof America, 4-H, Teen Outreach Program, Youth as Resources, and programsrecognized by PEPNet (the Promising and Effective Practices Network). Thereport also summarizes evaluations of community schools and after-school,juvenile justice, and English language development programs. The reportprovides a resource of empirical findings (beyond anecdotal evidence) forpolicy makers and program practitioners to use to create and implementstrategies to improve services and supports for youth, particularlydisadvantaged and at-risk young people. The document also contains a tablesummarizing program characteristics and a bibliography of the 64 evaluations.(KC)
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MO
RE
Thi
ngs
Tha
t
Mak
e A
iffe
renc
e fo
r Y
outh
:
AC
onip
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valu
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Pro
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OF
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ALU
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S O
F Y
OU
TH
PR
OG
RA
MS
AN
D P
RA
CT
ICE
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Don
na W
alke
r Ja
mes
, edi
tor,
with
Son
ia J
uric
h
Cop
yrig
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199
9 A
mer
ican
You
th P
olic
y F
orum
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ay b
e or
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r $1
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lum
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Am
eric
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Pol
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Foru
m18
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5)
Abo
ut th
e A
mer
ican
You
th P
olic
y Fo
rum
The
For
um is
a n
onpa
rtis
an p
rofe
ssio
nal d
evel
opm
ent o
rgan
izat
ion
prov
idin
g le
arni
ng o
ppor
tuni
ties
for
polic
ymak
ers
and
prac
titio
ners
wor
king
on
yout
h is
sues
at t
he lo
cal,
stat
e an
d na
tiona
l lev
els.
The
For
um's
goa
l is
to p
rovi
de p
artic
ipan
ts w
ith in
form
atio
n, in
sigh
ts a
nd n
etw
orks
on
issu
esre
late
d to
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f he
alth
y an
d su
cces
sful
you
ng p
eopl
e, p
rodu
ctiv
e w
orke
rs a
nd p
artic
ipat
ing
citiz
ens
in a
dem
ocra
tic s
ocie
ty, i
nclu
ding
:sc
hool
ing,
tran
sitio
n to
car
eers
and
car
eer
deve
lopm
ent,
trai
ning
and
pre
para
tion
for
empl
oym
ent,
post
seco
ndar
y ed
ucat
ion,
nat
iona
l and
com
mun
ityse
rvic
e an
d re
late
d fo
rms
of y
outh
dev
elop
men
t.
Sinc
e 19
93, t
he F
orum
has
con
duct
ed a
n av
erag
e of
40
even
ts e
ach
year
for
up
to 2
,000
par
ticip
ants
, inc
ludi
ng lu
ncht
ime
mee
tings
and
out
-of-
tow
nfi
eld
trip
s an
d fo
reig
n st
udy
mis
sion
s w
ith a
them
atic
foc
us. F
orum
par
ticip
ants
incl
ude
Con
gres
sion
al s
taff
, off
icia
ls o
f va
riou
s fe
dera
l age
ncie
s,st
ate
and
loca
l gov
ernm
ent o
ffic
ials
, pol
icym
aker
s fr
om n
atio
nal n
on-p
rofi
t and
adv
ocac
y as
soci
atio
ns a
nd m
embe
rs o
f th
e m
edia
who
rep
ort o
n yo
uth
issu
es. T
he F
orum
als
o pu
blis
hes,
for
the
bene
fit o
f po
licym
aker
s, p
ract
ition
ers
and
scho
lars
, a w
ide
vari
ety
of in
expe
nsiv
e an
d br
ief
polic
y re
port
san
d ba
ckgr
ound
mat
eria
ls o
n yo
uth
issu
es. T
hese
may
be
cons
ulte
d on
our
web
site
: ww
w.a
ypf.
org
Fund
ing
from
a c
onso
rtiu
m o
f fo
unda
tions
allo
ws
the
Foru
m to
off
er a
wid
e/ ran
ge o
f ac
tiviti
es a
t no
cost
to f
eder
al e
mpl
oyee
s an
d at
a s
ubsi
dy r
ate
tono
n-pr
ofits
. air
rent
For
um f
unde
rs in
clud
e: P
ew C
hari
tabl
e T
rust
s, C
harl
es S
. Mot
t Fou
ndat
ion,
For
d Fo
unda
tion,
Gen
eral
Ele
ctri
c Fu
nd a
nd o
ther
s.Fu
ndin
g fo
r th
is s
peci
al r
epor
t was
pro
vide
d by
Lill
y E
ndow
men
t, T
he C
omm
onw
ealth
Fun
d an
d G
ener
al E
lect
ric
Fund
. The
con
tent
of
this
volu
me
repr
esen
ts th
e ed
itor's
und
erst
andi
ng o
f th
e su
mm
ariz
ed e
valu
atio
ns, r
evie
wed
by
the
eval
uatio
n au
thor
s, a
nd d
oes
not n
eces
sari
ly r
epre
sent
the
view
s of
the
spon
sori
ng f
ound
atio
ns a
nd th
eir
dire
ctor
s, o
ffic
ers
or s
taff
.
4
-
MORE 'Tiling nal
nie A affennee fat° Youth.
A C
ompe
ndiu
m o
f E
valu
atio
ns o
f Y
outh
Pro
gram
s an
d Pr
actic
es
Vol
ume
II
Am
eric
an Y
outh
Pol
icy
Foru
m
JUL
-
Tab
le o
f Con
tent
s
'Li L
.
Edi
tor's
Ack
now
ledg
emen
ts
Res
earc
h N
otes
iiiB
uild
ing
Stro
ng C
omm
uniti
es
Serv
ice-
Lea
rnin
gA
mer
iCor
ps: S
tate
/Nat
iona
l95
Intr
oduc
tion
and
Ove
rvie
w o
f Fi
ndin
gs.
.ix
Am
eriC
orps
: Har
tfor
d, C
T98
Lea
rn &
Ser
ve A
mer
ica
101
Edu
catio
n an
d C
aree
r D
evel
opm
ent
You
th a
s R
esou
rces
: Ind
iana
105
Alli
ance
for
Ach
ieve
men
t3
Vol
unta
ry Y
outh
Ser
ving
Org
aniz
atio
nsA
dvan
cem
ent V
ia I
ndiv
idua
l Det
erm
inat
ion
4-H
: Kan
sas
City
, MO
109
(AV
ID)
6B
eaco
ns: N
ew Y
ork
City
112
Car
eer
Aca
dem
ies:
Cal
ifor
nia
9B
oys
& G
irls
Clu
bs o
f A
mer
ica
115
Car
eer
Aca
dem
ies:
Jun
ior
RO
TC
12Sa
fe H
aven
s: B
& G
CA
, Gir
ls, I
nc. a
ndC
omm
unity
Sch
ools
: New
Yor
k C
ity15
YM
CA
s11
9H
oke
Cou
nty
Hig
h Sc
hool
: Nor
th C
arol
ina
18I
Hav
e a
Dre
am: C
hica
go, I
L21
Juve
nile
Jus
tice
Kid
s an
d th
e Po
wer
of
Wor
k (K
APO
W)
..
24M
ultis
yste
mic
The
rapy
123
Nat
iona
l Gua
rd Y
outh
Cha
lleN
Ge
Prog
ram
27Pr
ojec
t CR
AFT
127
New
Am
eric
an S
choo
ls31
ProT
ech:
Bos
ton,
MA
36Pr
egna
ncy
Prev
entio
nSc
hool
-to-
Wor
k: E
mpl
oyer
s39
Gir
ls, I
nc.
131
Scho
ol-t
o-W
ork:
Nat
iona
l43
Tee
n O
utre
ach
Prog
ram
s13
4Sc
hool
-to-
Wor
k: N
ew Y
ork
47T
een
Preg
nanc
y Pr
ogra
ms
137
Tec
h-Pr
ep: N
atio
nal
50T
eena
ge P
aren
t Dem
onst
ratio
n13
9T
ech-
Prep
: Tex
as54
Tur
ner
Tec
hnic
al A
rts
Hig
h Sc
hool
: Flo
rida
59O
f In
tere
stU
nion
City
Sch
ool D
istr
ict:
New
Jer
sey
63Y
outh
Riv
er W
atch
: Aus
tin, T
X66
Ado
lesc
ent H
ealth
145
Cou
nsel
ing
for
Hig
h Sk
ills
147
PEPN
et R
ecog
nize
d Pr
ogra
ms
69T
he G
ED
150
CS2
: Mas
sach
uset
ts70
Hea
d St
art
154
WA
Y S
chol
arsh
ip P
rogr
am: N
ew Y
ork
73H
igh/
Scop
e Pe
rry
Pres
choo
l: Y
psila
nti,
MI
158
Pred
ictin
g E
mpl
oym
ent
162
Eng
lish
Lan
guag
e D
evel
opm
ent P
rogr
ams
.76
AB
AC
US
& A
SHS:
New
Yor
k C
ity.
.77
Sum
mar
y of
Pro
gram
Cha
ract
eris
tics
..
165
Esp
ailo
l Aum
enta
tivo!
: Hou
ston
, TX
81Pr
ojec
t PR
ISM
: New
Yor
k C
ity84
Bib
liogr
aphy
of
Eva
luat
ions
173
Sant
a U
nifi
ed S
choo
l Dis
tric
t: C
alif
orni
a.
87Su
cces
s fo
r A
ll/E
xito
par
a T
odos
90O
ther
Pub
licat
ions
of
the
Am
eric
an Y
outh
Polic
y Fo
rum
176
0 L
i
-
Edi
tor's
Ack
now
ledg
emen
ts
The
idea
of
com
pend
ia o
f ev
alua
tions
of
yout
hpr
ogra
ms
and
prac
tices
was
fir
st c
once
ived
in 1
996
by D
r. S
amue
l Hal
peri
n, f
orm
er d
irec
tor,
now
Sen
ior
Fello
w, o
f th
e A
mer
ican
You
th P
olic
y Fo
rum
. He
pers
uade
d fu
nder
s, in
itial
ly T
he C
omm
onw
ealth
Fund
of
New
Yor
k, o
f th
e im
port
ance
of
abst
ract
ing
a m
ass
of c
ompl
ex, s
omet
imes
arc
ane,
and
oft
enve
rbos
e re
sear
ch a
nd e
valu
atio
n re
port
s in
to a
for
mth
at p
olic
ymak
ers
and
prac
titio
ners
alik
e co
uld
read
ily a
cces
s. T
hrou
ghou
t the
pro
cess
of
prep
arin
gth
ese
volu
mes
, he
has
been
a s
ourc
e of
ref
erra
ls to
addi
tiona
l eva
luat
ions
and
a d
ilige
nt e
dito
r of
the
entir
e m
anus
crip
t.
Prof
esso
r E
linor
Wat
ers,
for
mer
ly o
f O
akla
ndU
nive
rsity
, Mic
higa
n, a
nd S
usan
Kim
, a w
rite
rsp
ecia
lizin
g in
you
th p
olic
y an
d pu
blic
atio
ns f
orno
npro
fits
, rea
d pi
les
of o
rigi
nal d
ocum
ents
and
tran
slat
ed b
ulky
eva
luat
ions
into
our
tigh
tlyfo
rmat
ted,
use
r-fr
iend
ly s
umm
arie
s.
Soni
a Ju
rich
, a p
rofe
ssor
and
aut
hor,
pla
yed
am
ajor
rol
e in
the
wri
ting
and
prod
uctio
n of
this
volu
me,
fro
m s
earc
hing
for
and
scr
eeni
ngev
alua
tions
; to
wri
ting,
rev
iew
ing
and
revi
sing
sum
mar
ies;
to c
reat
ing
a sy
stem
to k
eep
trac
k of
prog
ress
on
each
sum
mar
y; to
cre
atin
g th
e pr
ogra
mm
atri
x an
d co
-aut
hori
ng th
e In
trod
uctio
n an
dR
esea
rch
Not
e. S
onia
als
o ke
pt th
e pr
ojec
t goi
ngw
hile
I to
ok a
thre
e-m
onth
mat
erni
ty le
ave.
10
JoA
nn J
astr
zab,
Sen
ior
Res
earc
h A
ssoc
iate
at
Abt
Ass
ocia
tes,
pro
vide
d a
thou
ghtf
ul e
xter
nal r
evie
wfr
om th
e vi
ewpo
int o
f an
eva
luat
or w
ith o
ver
25ye
ars
of e
xper
ienc
e in
eva
luat
ion.
Alth
ough
I ta
kere
spon
sibi
lity
for
the
cont
ent o
f th
e pu
blic
atio
n, s
hepr
ovid
ed n
umer
ous
com
men
ts, s
ugge
stio
ns a
ndco
rrec
tions
whi
ch a
re f
or th
e m
ost p
art r
efle
cted
inth
is v
olum
e.
Raf
ael C
harg
el, a
tale
nted
com
pute
r gr
aphi
csar
tist,
form
atte
d th
e en
tire
docu
men
t for
pub
licat
ion.
Bet
sy B
rand
, AY
PF C
o-D
irec
tor,
pro
vide
ded
itori
al a
ssis
tanc
e an
d gu
idan
ce o
ver
the
past
six
mon
ths,
and
Gle
nda
Part
ee, A
YPF
Co-
Dir
ecto
r,pr
ovid
ed g
uida
nce
and
mor
al s
uppo
rt o
ver
the
year
sinc
e th
e pr
ojec
t beg
an.
Spec
ial t
hank
s to
our
fun
ders
: Lill
y E
ndow
men
t,T
he C
omm
onw
ealth
Fun
d, a
nd G
ener
al E
lect
ric
Fund
. With
out y
ou w
e co
uld
not h
ave
com
plet
edth
is u
nder
taki
ng.
Don
na W
alke
r Ja
mes
, Sen
ior
Prog
ram
Ass
ocia
teA
mer
ican
You
th P
olic
y Fo
rum
Proj
ect C
oord
inat
or a
nd E
dito
r
-
Res
earc
h N
otes
The
Sea
rch
for
Eva
luat
ions
We
exte
nd a
spe
cial
than
ks to
all
thos
epr
ogra
ms
that
hav
e em
bark
ed o
n th
edi
fficu
lt jo
urne
y of
eva
luat
ion
and
wer
ew
illin
g to
pub
lish
and
shar
e th
e da
ta w
epr
esen
t her
e.
12
Thi
s C
ompe
ndiu
m o
ffer
s a
broa
d pi
ctur
e of
effe
ctiv
e pr
ogra
ms
addr
essi
ng a
var
iety
of
conc
erns
rela
ted
to y
outh
, fro
m in
crea
sing
aca
dem
icac
hiev
emen
t to
redu
cing
cri
min
al b
ehav
ior.
The
sear
ch f
or e
valu
atio
ns o
f su
ch p
rogr
ams
prov
ed a
chal
leng
e. E
valu
atio
ns a
re e
xpen
sive
and
dif
ficu
lt to
deve
lop.
The
y re
quir
e ha
rd w
ork,
ext
ra s
taff
tim
ean
d tr
aini
ng a
nd, s
omet
imes
, a c
hang
e in
pro
gram
cultu
re. F
or p
ract
ition
ers,
eva
luat
ion
is a
lso
a da
ring
vent
ure
that
cha
lleng
es b
oth
prid
e an
d co
nvic
tions
,an
d m
ay s
omet
imes
end
one
's p
rogr
am o
r on
e's
care
er. O
n th
e ot
her
hand
, eva
luat
ion
is e
ssen
tial f
oron
-goi
ng p
rogr
am im
prov
emen
t and
fun
ding
, and
topr
omot
e in
crea
sed
know
ledg
e of
you
th-r
elat
ed p
olic
yan
d pr
actic
es.
In s
earc
h of
eva
luat
ions
, we
used
dif
fere
ntst
rate
gies
that
incl
uded
: (1)
sea
rch
of e
stab
lishe
dda
taba
ses,
suc
h as
the
Edu
catio
nal R
esou
rces
Info
rmat
ion
Cen
ter
(ER
IC),
Soc
iolo
gica
l Abs
trac
tsan
d th
e N
atio
nal C
rim
inal
Jus
tice
Ref
eren
ce S
ervi
ce(N
CJR
S); (
2) I
nter
net s
earc
hes;
(3)
pho
ne c
alls
,el
ectr
onic
-mai
l and
fax
es to
pro
gram
coo
rdin
ator
s,po
licym
aker
s, f
undi
ng o
ffic
ers
and
rese
arch
ers;
(4)
dist
ribu
tion
of f
lyer
s re
ques
ting
eval
uatio
n du
ring
foru
ms,
con
fere
nces
and
sim
ilar
even
ts; a
nd (
5) a
requ
est f
or e
valu
atio
ns p
oste
d on
our
hom
e pa
ge(w
ww
.ayp
f.or
g). T
he s
earc
h re
sulte
d in
ove
r 15
0do
cum
ents
that
we
revi
ewed
acc
ordi
ng to
thre
ecr
iteri
a: p
rogr
am c
hara
cter
istic
s, d
ata
prod
uced
and
qual
ity o
f ev
alua
tion.
Prog
ram
cha
ract
eris
tics:
pro
gram
s an
dpr
actic
es h
ad to
targ
et y
outh
and
aim
for
long
-ter
min
flue
nce
on p
artic
ipan
ts. F
ollo
win
g th
ese
crite
ria,
stro
ng e
valu
atio
ns o
f w
elfa
re-t
o-w
ork
prog
ram
s w
ere
reje
cted
bec
ause
they
lack
ed in
form
atio
n on
how
the
prog
ram
s af
fect
ed y
oung
rec
ipie
nts.
Goo
dev
alua
tions
of
shor
t-te
rm p
rogr
ams
wer
e si
mila
ryex
clud
ed. H
owev
er, w
e ho
pe to
use
thes
edo
cum
ents
in a
noth
er p
ublic
atio
n.
Dat
a pr
oduc
ed: T
he ti
tle o
f th
is c
ompe
ndiu
mca
lls f
or s
ucce
ssfu
l pro
gram
s, d
efin
ed a
s pr
ogra
ms
that
pro
mot
e po
sitiv
e ch
ange
s in
par
ticip
ants
' liv
es.
The
refo
re, w
e le
ft e
valu
atio
ns w
ith n
egat
ive
orco
ntro
vers
ial f
indi
ngs
to a
fut
ure
volu
me.
Alth
ough
we
do n
ot d
eny
the
impo
rtan
ce o
f su
bjec
tive
fact
ors
in m
easu
ring
qua
lity
of li
fe, i
n th
is ti
me
of li
mite
dbu
dget
s fo
r un
limite
d ne
eds,
we
felt
com
pelle
d to
look
for
eva
luat
ions
that
rel
ied
on m
ore
than
satis
fact
ion
surv
eys
and
self
-est
eem
sca
les.
We
wan
ted
to k
now
whe
ther
the
prog
ram
s w
ere
impr
ovin
g yo
uth
acad
emic
ach
ieve
men
ts (
test
sco
res,
drop
out r
ates
, pos
tsec
onda
ry e
duca
tiona
lat
tain
men
t), i
ncre
asin
g em
ploy
men
t and
bet
ter
earn
ings
, and
red
ucin
g ri
sky
beha
vior
s.
Qua
lity
of e
valu
atio
n: W
e st
arte
d th
eco
mpe
ndiu
m lo
okin
g fo
r th
ird
part
y, in
depe
nden
tev
alua
tions
that
rel
ied
on c
ontr
ol o
r co
mpa
riso
ngr
oups
. Suc
h ev
alua
tions
are
not
eas
y to
fin
d an
dw
e ha
d to
intr
oduc
e th
ree
vari
atio
ns to
this
cri
teri
on.
Firs
t, fo
r w
ell-
esta
blis
hed
prog
ram
s th
at h
ad n
ot b
een
eval
uate
d be
fore
, we
acce
pted
des
crip
tive
stud
ies,
such
as
Safe
Hav
ens:
B&
GC
A, G
irls
, Inc
., an
dY
MC
As.
Sec
ond,
we
incl
uded
con
trov
ersi
alev
alua
tions
that
are
rar
ely
read
but
fre
quen
tlym
isqu
oted
, suc
h as
Hig
h/Sc
ope
Perr
y Pr
esch
ool:
Yps
ilant
i, M
I. T
hird
, we
also
incl
uded
pop
ular
1 3
-
viM
OR
E T
hing
s T
hat 0
0 M
ake
a D
iffer
ence
for
You
thst
udie
s th
at a
re o
ften
men
tione
d bu
t are
littl
e kn
own
inth
eir
entir
ety,
suc
h as
Pro
-Tec
h: B
osto
n, M
A, s
o th
atre
ader
s ha
ve a
bet
ter
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
wha
t the
dat
are
pres
ent.
Alth
ough
this
com
pend
ium
doe
s no
t int
end
to b
e a
rese
arch
man
ual,
it pr
esen
ts a
var
iety
of
type
s of
eval
uatio
ns, i
nclu
ding
des
crip
tive
stud
ies
(Tur
ner
Tec
hnic
al A
rts
Hig
h Sc
hool
; Tec
h-Pr
ep: N
atio
nal)
,qu
asi-
expe
rim
enta
l stu
dies
(M
ultis
yste
mic
The
rapy
,B
oys
&G
irls
Clu
bs o
fAm
eric
a), l
ongi
tudi
nal r
esea
rch
(Hig
h/Sc
ope
Perr
y Pr
esch
ool)
and
eve
n an
exa
mpl
eof
Act
ion
Res
earc
h' (
Nat
iona
l Gua
rd C
halle
NG
ePr
ogra
m).
We
sum
mar
ized
eac
h of
the
chos
en s
tudi
es a
ndha
d ou
r br
iefs
rev
iew
ed f
or a
ccur
acy
by th
ere
spec
tive
rese
arch
ers
and
prog
ram
sta
ff. I
nad
ditio
n, o
ur e
xter
nal r
evie
wer
rea
d ea
ch o
f th
esu
mm
arie
s, a
sked
que
stio
ns, m
ade
com
men
ts, a
ndev
alua
ted
once
mor
e th
e ov
eral
l qua
lity
of th
edo
cum
ents
. The
boo
k th
us r
efle
cts
the
join
t eff
ort
of a
ll th
ose
indi
vidu
als,
alth
ough
fin
al d
ecis
ions
on
both
con
tent
and
whi
ch s
umm
arie
s to
incl
ude
are
the
sole
res
pons
ibili
ty o
f th
e A
mer
ican
You
th P
olic
yFo
rum
.
IA
ctio
n re
sear
ch is
a n
ew a
ppro
ach
whe
re r
esea
rche
ran
d pr
ovid
ers
inte
ract
thro
ugho
ut th
e re
sear
ch p
erio
dex
chan
ging
info
rmat
ion
that
aim
s to
impr
ove
both
the
prog
ram
and
the
rese
arch
.
The
Com
pend
ium
For
mat
1 4
The
sum
mar
ies
follo
w th
e ei
ght-
sect
ion
outli
neus
ed in
Som
e T
hing
s D
O M
ake
a D
iffe
renc
e fo
rY
outh
: Ove
rvie
w p
rovi
des
a br
ief
look
at h
ow th
epr
ogra
m s
tart
ed a
nd it
s pu
rpos
e. W
here
ava
ilabl
e, th
efu
ndin
g so
urce
is id
entif
ied.
Popu
latio
n of
fers
dem
ogra
phic
info
rmat
ion
on th
epo
pula
tion
serv
ed.
Evi
denc
e of
Eff
ectiv
enes
s su
mm
ariz
es th
e im
pact
of th
e pr
ogra
m o
n th
e ta
rget
pop
ulat
ion.
Dat
a on
prog
ram
cos
ts, c
ost/b
enef
it da
ta a
nd le
vels
of
stat
istic
al s
igni
fica
nce
of f
mdi
ngs
are
prov
ided
whe
neve
r av
aila
ble.
Key
Com
pone
nts
desc
ribe
s th
e ba
sic
elem
ents
or
stru
ctur
e of
the
prog
ram
.
Con
trib
utin
g Fa
ctor
s su
mm
ariz
es th
e fa
ctor
sth
at m
ost s
tron
gly
cont
ribu
ted
to th
e pr
ogra
m's
posi
tive
resu
lts, e
ither
acc
ordi
ng to
info
rmat
ion
dire
ctly
sup
plie
d by
the
eval
uato
rs, o
r ou
run
ders
tand
ing
of th
e do
cum
ents
, con
firm
ed b
y th
eev
alua
tor
or th
e pr
ogra
m s
taff
.
Stud
y M
etho
dolo
gy b
rief
ly d
escr
ibes
the
desi
gnof
the
eval
uatio
n. T
he te
rm "
cont
rol g
roup
" is
use
dfo
r ra
ndom
ly s
elec
ted
grou
ps in
exp
erim
enta
l or
quas
i-ex
peri
men
tal d
esig
ns. "
Com
pari
son
grou
p" is
used
whe
n re
sear
cher
s co
mpa
re o
utco
mes
of
the
grou
p re
ceiv
ing
the
inte
rven
tion
with
thos
e of
exis
ting
grou
ps, s
uch
as c
ompa
ring
dat
a on
asp
ecif
ic s
choo
l pro
gram
with
dis
tric
t-w
ide
stud
ents
.Fo
r re
ader
s w
ho a
re n
ot f
amili
ar w
ith r
esea
rch,
it is
impo
rtan
t to
rem
embe
r th
at f
indi
ngs
are
mos
tre
liabl
e w
hen
rese
arch
ers
com
pare
the
targ
et g
roup
with
ano
ther
gro
up th
at is
sim
ilar
in a
ge, e
thni
city
,an
d ot
her
impo
rtan
t cha
ract
eris
tics.
The
siz
e of
the
-
MO
RE
Thi
ngs
Tha
t DO
Mak
e a
Diff
eren
ce fo
r Y
outh
VII
sam
ple
is le
ss im
port
ant t
han
the
care
pla
ced
in it
sse
lect
ion,
the
met
hods
use
d to
mak
e th
e tw
o sa
mpl
esco
mpa
rabl
e ("
adju
stin
g" th
e sa
mpl
e), a
nd th
ean
alys
is o
f th
e da
ta. L
ongi
tudi
nal s
tudi
es a
rees
sent
ial t
o ev
alua
te lo
ng-t
erm
res
ults
of
inte
rven
tions
, but
they
tend
to b
e ve
ry e
xpen
sive
and
diff
icul
t to
cond
uct (
for
this
rea
son,
they
may
use
smal
l sam
ples
). W
hen
the
grou
p st
udie
d is
com
pare
dto
dat
a co
llect
ed f
or o
ther
pur
pose
s, s
uch
as n
atio
nal
empl
oym
ent r
ates
or
dist
rict
-wid
e gr
ades
, fm
ding
s ar
ele
ss r
elia
ble.
In
thes
e ca
ses,
man
y fa
ctor
s (o
rva
riab
les)
may
inte
rven
e an
d th
e re
sear
cher
can
not
be s
ure
whe
ther
the
grou
ps a
re c
ompa
rabl
e. F
orin
stan
ce, i
f a
grou
p of
stu
dent
s ha
s, o
n av
erag
e, a
low
er s
ocio
-eco
nom
ic s
tatu
s th
an th
e di
stri
ct-w
ide
aver
age,
eva
luat
ors
expe
ct, b
ased
on
prev
ious
rese
arch
, tha
t thi
s gr
oup
will
sho
w lo
wer
gra
des
and
low
er e
mpl
oym
ent r
ates
than
the
dist
rict
-wid
e da
ta.
To
com
pens
ate
for
the
soci
o-ec
onom
ic a
nd o
ther
poss
ible
dif
fere
nces
, the
two
grou
ps m
ust b
e ad
just
edth
roug
h st
atis
tical
pro
cedu
res
that
are
dif
ficu
lt an
dre
quir
e sk
illed
res
earc
hers
with
mat
hem
atic
alba
ckgr
ound
or
supp
ort.
We
trie
d to
indi
cate
all
the
inst
ance
s w
hen
sam
ples
wer
e ad
just
ed.
Geo
grap
hic
Are
as id
entif
y th
e si
te o
r si
tes
of th
epr
ogra
ms
and/
or th
e ev
alua
tions
.
Con
tact
Inf
orm
atio
n is
pro
vide
d fo
r bo
thev
alua
tors
and
pro
gram
impl
emen
ters
.
Add
ition
al R
esou
rce
appe
ars
at th
e en
d of
a f
ewsu
mm
arie
s w
ith in
form
atio
n on
rec
ent p
ublic
atio
nsth
at e
ither
did
not
flo
w n
atur
ally
with
the
sum
mar
y,
but p
rovi
ded
valu
able
info
rmat
ion
on th
e to
pic
orw
ere
publ
ishe
d to
o la
te to
be
incl
uded
in th
esu
mm
ary
proc
ess.
The
sum
mar
ies
wer
e de
sign
ed to
be
read
able
,ac
cess
ible
, bri
ef a
nd o
f a
cons
iste
nt f
orm
at.
How
ever
, in
seve
n su
mm
arie
s th
e fo
rmat
had
to b
em
odif
ied
to b
ette
r re
flec
t the
type
of
info
rmat
ion
prov
ided
. Tee
n Pr
egna
ncy
Prog
ram
s an
d Sa
nta
Ana
Uni
fied
Sch
ool D
istr
ict:
Cal
ifor
nia
focu
s on
fact
ors
that
infl
uenc
e th
e ou
tcom
es o
f m
ultip
lepr
ogra
ms,
rat
her
than
pro
vidi
ng o
utco
me
data
. The
othe
r su
mm
arie
s pr
ovid
e in
form
atio
n on
gen
eral
topi
cs o
f in
tere
st f
or th
e yo
uth
deve
lopm
ent f
ield
, but
not d
irec
tly r
elat
ed to
pro
gram
out
com
es. T
hese
topi
cs in
clud
e: th
e ch
arac
teri
stic
s an
d ch
alle
nges
of
invo
lvin
g em
ploy
ers
in s
choo
l ref
orm
(Sc
hool
-to-
Wor
k: E
mpl
oyer
s); t
he f
acto
rs th
at in
flue
nce
heal
th-
rela
ted
beha
vior
(A
dole
scen
t Hea
lth)
and
care
erch
oice
s (C
ouns
elin
g fo
r H
igh
Skill
s) a
mon
g yo
uth;
the
infl
uenc
e of
the
GE
D in
em
ploy
men
t and
post
seco
ndar
y ed
ucat
ion
of h
igh
scho
ol d
ropo
uts
(The
GE
D);
and
pre
dict
ors
of e
mpl
oym
ent f
or h
igh
scho
ol d
ropo
uts
(Pre
dict
ing
Em
ploy
men
t).
Whi
le th
e br
evity
of
the
sum
mar
ies
faci
litat
esre
adin
g, it
lim
its th
e in
form
atio
n th
at c
an b
epr
ovid
ed. R
eade
rs a
re s
tron
gly
enco
urag
ed to
cons
ult t
he o
rigi
nal e
valu
atio
ns. T
he b
iblio
grap
hyco
ntai
ns f
ull c
itatio
ns a
nd c
opie
s of
unp
ublis
hed
docu
men
ts m
ay b
e ob
tain
ed th
roug
h th
e co
ntac
tslis
ted
in e
ach
sum
mar
y.
16uu
t.,17
-
MO
RE
Thi
ngs
Tha
t DO
Mak
e a
Diff
eren
ce fo
r Y
outh
The
Sec
tions
The
sum
mar
ies
are
orga
nize
d in
thre
e se
ctio
ns.
The
fir
st s
ectio
n, E
duca
tion
and
Car
eer
Dev
elop
men
t, pr
ovid
es th
e re
ader
with
an
over
view
of a
var
iety
of
appr
oach
es b
eing
use
d to
impr
ove
publ
ic e
duca
tion:
fro
m s
mal
l, pr
ivat
ely-
fund
ed e
ffor
tsto
enh
ance
the
educ
atio
nal a
chie
vem
ent o
f m
inor
ityan
d lo
w-i
ncom
e st
uden
ts to
larg
e, f
eder
ally
-sup
port
edin
itiat
ives
. Thr
ee im
port
ant m
ovem
ents
in p
ublic
educ
atio
n to
day
are
not r
epre
sent
ed in
this
vol
ume,
beca
use
we
wer
e un
able
to f
md
stro
ng e
valu
atio
ns o
rre
sear
cher
s w
ere
unw
illin
g to
sha
re th
eir
find
ings
with
us: c
hart
er s
choo
ls, s
choo
l vou
cher
s an
d sp
ecia
led
ucat
ion.
The
sec
ond
sect
ion,
Bui
ldin
g St
rong
Com
mun
ities
, inc
lude
s se
rvic
e-le
arni
ng p
rogr
ams
and
prog
ram
s pr
imar
ily c
ondu
cted
out
side
of
scho
ols.
The
maj
ority
of
thes
e in
itiat
ives
targ
et y
outh
who
, due
toso
cial
, cul
tura
l, ec
onom
ic o
r ps
ycho
logi
cal
char
acte
rist
ics,
are
at r
isk
of f
ailin
g in
sch
ool a
nd/o
rbe
com
ing
invo
lved
with
the
judi
cial
sys
tem
.
The
thir
d se
ctio
nO
f In
tere
stin
clud
es a
sele
ctio
n of
rec
ent s
tudi
es d
ealin
g w
ith a
var
iety
of
topi
cs o
f sp
ecia
l int
eres
t for
thos
e in
volv
ed w
ithyo
uth
polic
ies
and
prac
tices
, inc
ludi
ng h
ealth
beha
vior
am
ong
adol
esce
nts,
fac
tors
that
pre
dict
empl
oym
ent f
or s
choo
l dro
pout
s, a
nd w
hat i
sha
ppen
ing
with
you
th w
ho o
btai
n a
GE
D c
rede
ntia
lin
pla
ce o
f a
high
sch
ool d
iplo
ma.
Alth
ough
AY
PFfo
cuse
s on
you
th a
ges
14 to
29,
we
incl
uded
eval
uatio
ns o
f tw
o ea
rly
inte
rven
tion
prog
ram
s,H
igh/
Scop
e Pe
rry
Pres
choo
l and
Hea
d St
art,
toad
dres
s re
sear
ch c
laim
s th
at a
ntis
ocia
l beh
avio
rsst
art i
n ea
rly
ages
and
pre
vent
ion
and
earl
yin
terv
entio
n m
ay b
e th
e m
ost c
ost-
effe
ctiv
e w
ay to
deal
with
thes
e be
havi
ors.
,
Don
na W
alke
r Ja
mes
is S
enio
r Pr
ogra
m A
ssoc
iate
at t
he A
mer
ican
You
th P
olic
y Fo
rum
and
pro
ject
coo
rdin
ator
and
edito
r of
this
and
the
earl
ier
com
pend
ium
, "So
me
Thi
ngs
DO
Mak
e a
Dif
fere
nce
for
You
th"
(AY
PF: 1
997)
.M
s. J
ames
has
nea
rly
fift
een
year
s of
exp
erie
nce
in th
e yo
uth
fiel
d.Sh
e ha
s be
en th
e ad
min
istr
ator
of
the
Wes
tPh
ilade
lphi
a Im
prov
emen
t Cor
ps (
WE
PIC
), a
hig
h sc
hool
teac
her
and
an e
valu
athr
of
Phild
elph
ia s
choo
lre
form
eff
orts
.A
t the
US.
Dep
artm
ent o
f L
abor
, she
hel
ped
deve
lop
the
Nat
iona
l Sch
ool-
to-W
ork
Act
of
1994
.M
s. J
ames
has
als
o se
rved
as
a co
nsul
tant
on
scho
ol-t
o-w
ork
issu
es f
or th
e C
ounc
il of
Chi
ef S
tate
Sch
ool
Off
icer
s, th
e N
atio
nal S
choo
l-T
o-W
ork
Lea
rnin
g C
ente
r, S
chol
astic
, Inc
. and
Ale
xand
ria
City
Pub
lic S
choo
ls.
She
has
a M
aste
rs in
Edu
catio
n.
Soni
a Ju
rich
ear
ned
her
M.D
. with
a s
peci
aliz
atio
n in
com
mun
ity p
sych
iatr
y. S
he h
as h
eld
prof
esso
rshi
ps a
tC
atho
lic a
nd F
eder
al U
nive
rsiti
es in
Rio
de
Jane
iro,
Bra
zil,
serv
ed a
s di
rect
or o
f th
e Ps
ychi
atri
c O
utpa
tient
Clin
ic a
t the
Fed
eral
Uni
vers
ity H
ospi
tal,
and
of m
enta
l hea
lth c
linic
s in
the
Was
hing
ton,
DC
are
a.D
r. J
uric
h is
the
auth
or o
r tr
ansl
ator
of
over
a d
ozen
pub
licat
ions
on
yout
h de
velo
pmen
t, yo
uth
with
dis
abili
ties,
men
tal
illne
ss a
nd p
sych
iatr
y. C
hang
ing
care
ers,
she
is c
urre
ntly
a d
octo
ral c
andi
date
in S
peci
al E
duca
tion
at T
heG
eorg
e W
ashi
ngto
n U
nive
rsity
, wor
king
on
her
diss
erta
tion
in ju
veni
le ju
stic
e.
19
-
Intr
oduc
tion
and
Ove
rvie
w o
f Fin
ding
six
Bac
kgro
und
The
Am
eric
an Y
outh
Pol
icy
Foru
m (
AY
PF)
is a
non-
prof
it, n
on-p
artis
an p
rofe
ssio
nal d
evel
opm
ent
orga
niza
tion
dedi
cate
d to
info
rmin
g po
licym
aker
s an
dpr
actit
ione
rs a
bout
"w
hat w
orks
" to
impr
ove
life
pros
pect
s fo
r yo
uth.
To
help
ref
ute
the
unfo
unde
das
sum
ptio
n th
at n
othi
ng w
orks
in p
rogr
amm
ing
for
yout
h, p
artic
ular
ly lo
w-i
ncom
e yo
uth,
AY
PFpu
blis
hed
Som
e T
hing
s D
O M
ake
a D
iffe
renc
e fo
rY
outh
: A C
ompe
ndiu
m o
f E
valu
atio
ns o
f Y
outh
Prog
ram
s an
d Pr
actic
es (
1997
) an
d th
is v
olum
e,M
OR
E T
hing
s T
hat D
O M
ake
a D
iffe
renc
e fo
r Y
outh
(199
9). E
ach
of th
e C
ompe
ndia
con
tain
s ne
arly
50
sum
mar
ies
of e
valu
atio
ns o
f yo
uth
inte
rven
tions
that
are
show
n to
impr
ove
the
lives
of
youn
g pe
ople
. In
an e
asy-
to-r
ead
form
at, t
hese
sum
mar
ies
high
light
rese
arch
fin
ding
s, d
escr
ibe
the
key
com
pone
nts,
and
shar
e w
hat i
s kn
own
abou
t the
ingr
edie
nts
of s
ucce
ssun
derl
ying
eac
h pr
ogra
m.
In th
e fo
llow
ing
anal
ysis
of
Vol
ume
II, w
eex
pand
on
the
list o
f ba
sic
prin
cipl
es f
rom
Vol
ume
I,us
ing
exam
ples
fro
m b
oth
Com
pend
ia. D
eter
min
ing
basi
c pr
inci
ples
of
effe
ctiv
e yo
uth
prog
ram
s fo
und
inth
e C
ompe
ndia
was
not
a s
cien
tific
pro
cess
. The
prog
ram
s in
clud
ed d
epen
ded
alm
ost e
ntir
ely
on th
eav
aila
bilit
y of
qua
lity
eval
uatio
ns. A
lso,
we
wer
elim
ited
to th
e st
rate
gies
des
crib
ed b
y th
e ev
alua
tors
as c
ontr
ibut
ing
to p
rogr
am s
ucce
ss a
nd m
ay h
ave
mis
sed
addi
tiona
l str
ateg
ies
that
wer
e no
t the
foc
usof
the
eval
uato
rs' w
ork.
Thi
s sa
id, o
ur a
naly
sis
yiel
ds im
port
ant i
nfor
mat
ion
for
yout
h pr
ogra
ms
and
polic
ies.
In ta
king
thes
e pr
inci
ples
fro
m th
eory
into
prac
tice,
rea
ders
are
cau
tione
d th
at th
e be
stpr
ogra
ms
are
thos
e th
at in
corp
orat
e al
l or
mos
t of
thes
e pr
inci
ples
, not
just
a f
ew.
Bas
ic P
rinci
ples
Vol
ume
I
impl
emen
tatio
n qu
ality
adul
t sup
port
, str
uctu
re a
nd e
xpec
tatio
nscr
eativ
e fo
rms
of le
arni
ngyo
uth
as r
esou
rces
a co
mbi
natio
n of
gui
danc
e an
d ri
ch c
onne
ctio
nsto
the
wor
kpla
cesu
ppor
t and
fol
low
-up
Vol
ume
II
impl
emen
tatio
n qu
ality
cari
ng, k
now
ledg
eabl
e ad
ults
high
sta
ndar
ds a
nd e
xpec
tatio
nspa
rent
/gua
rdia
n pa
rtic
ipat
ion
impo
rtan
ce o
f co
mm
unity
holis
tic a
ppro
ach
yout
h as
res
ourc
es/c
omm
unity
ser
vice
and
serv
ice-
lear
ning
wor
k-ba
sed
lear
ning
long
-ter
m s
ervi
ces/
supp
ort a
nd f
ollo
w-u
p
-
MO
RE
Thi
ngs
Tha
t DO
Mak
e a
Dif
fere
nce
for
You
thIm
plem
enta
tion
Qua
lity
An
impo
rtan
t fm
ding
in b
oth
Com
pend
ia, t
houg
hof
ten
over
look
ed w
hen
anal
yzin
g ev
alua
tion
resu
lts, i
sth
e im
port
ance
of
qual
ity im
plem
enta
tion.
It i
sob
viou
s th
at p
rogr
ams
wor
k be
tter
whe
n th
ey a
reim
plem
ente
d w
ell.
Man
y ev
alua
tions
, par
ticul
arly
of
larg
e, f
eder
al, m
ulti-
site
pro
gram
s, s
how
sup
erio
rou
tcom
es in
thos
e si
tes
whe
re im
plem
enta
tion
wen
t as
inte
nded
. Thi
s w
as, f
or e
xam
ple,
true
of
the
Sum
mer
You
th E
mpl
oym
ent a
nd T
rain
ing
Prog
ram
(V
olum
e I,
pp. 5
1-56
), T
ech-
Prep
: Nat
iona
l and
Lea
rn a
nd
Serv
e A
mer
ica
(Vol
ume
II, p
p. 5
0-53
and
pp.
101
-10
4). F
acto
rs c
ontr
ibut
ing
to s
ucce
ssfu
lim
plem
enta
tion
are:
am
ple
star
t-up
tim
e; c
lear
com
mun
icat
ion
of g
oals
; suf
fici
ent,
timel
y an
dsu
stai
ned
reso
urce
s; s
tron
g le
ader
ship
fro
m th
efe
dera
l, st
ate
or lo
cal l
evel
s; s
taff
dev
elop
men
t; an
dus
e of
dat
a to
impr
ove
perf
orm
ance
. Whe
nev
alua
tions
sho
w n
egat
ive
resu
lts, i
t is
not a
lway
sdu
e to
fla
ws
in e
lem
ents
of
the
mod
el, b
ut r
athe
r to
flaw
s of
impl
emen
tatio
n.
Car
ing,
Kno
wle
dgea
ble
Adu
lts
"Mer
ely
hitc
hing
adu
lts to
kid
s, w
ithou
tad
equa
te in
fras
truc
ture
, may
cre
ate
ase
nse
of a
ctio
n, b
ut is
like
ly to
acco
mpl
ish
little
.It
may
eve
n ba
ckfir
e.If
a re
latio
nshi
p en
gend
ers
hurt
or
rein
forc
es n
egat
ive
ster
eoty
pes,
it is
wor
se th
an n
o m
ento
ring
at a
ll."
Mar
c F
reed
man
Big
Bro
ther
s B
ig S
iste
rs o
f Am
eric
aV
olum
e I,
pp. 1
01-1
03
From
fir
st e
ntry
into
a s
choo
l cla
ssro
om,
alte
rnat
ive
scho
ol, j
ob tr
aini
ng p
rogr
am o
r a
neig
hbor
hood
clu
b, c
arin
g, k
now
ledg
eabl
e ad
ults
are
criti
cal t
o ga
inin
g a
youn
g pe
rson
's tr
ust a
ndco
mm
itmen
t. T
hese
adu
lts c
an b
e te
ache
rs,
coun
selo
rs, m
ento
rs, c
ase
wor
kers
, com
mun
itym
embe
rs, p
rogr
am d
irec
tors
or
othe
r tr
aine
din
divi
dual
s w
ho u
nder
stan
d an
d de
eply
car
e ab
out
yout
h, w
ho p
rovi
de y
oung
peo
ple
with
sig
nifi
cant
tim
ean
d at
tent
ion,
wor
k w
ith a
sm
all n
umbe
r of
you
th, a
ndca
n de
mon
stra
te th
at th
ey a
re "
in f
or th
e lo
ng h
aul."
Eva
luat
ors
repo
rted
that
car
ing,
sup
port
ive
adul
tsco
ntri
bute
d to
suc
cess
ful o
utco
mes
in 2
2 of
49
Vol
ume
I pr
ogra
ms.
Sev
enty
-fiv
e pe
rcen
t of
stud
ents
surv
eyed
by
Jobs
for
the
Futu
re f
or th
eir
stud
y of
ten
Scho
ol-t
o-C
aree
r pr
ogra
ms
(Vol
ume
I, p
p. 4
1-43
)in
dica
ted
that
pro
gram
s al
low
ed th
em to
dev
elop
spec
ial r
elat
ions
hips
with
adu
lts, g
ener
ally
a w
orks
item
ento
r or
sup
ervi
sor.
The
sch
ool-
with
in-a
-sch
ool
fram
ewor
k of
the
Tal
ent D
evel
opm
ent H
igh
Scho
olm
odel
(V
olum
e I,
pp.
57-
60)
lets
teac
hers
get
to k
now
thei
r st
uden
ts m
ore
easi
ly a
nd f
orm
str
onge
r
rela
tions
hips
with
them
. Qua
ntum
Opp
ortu
nitie
sPr
ogra
m (
Vol
ume
I, p
p. 1
23-1
25)
adm
inis
trat
ors
and
staf
f, a
s w
ell a
s te
ache
rs a
nd m
ento
rs, t
ook
anac
tive
inte
rest
in th
e w
elfa
re o
f th
e st
uden
ts,
enco
urag
ing
them
, vis
iting
them
, fol
low
ing
up a
nddo
ing
ever
ythi
ng n
eces
sary
to k
eep
them
in th
epr
ogra
m.
Car
ing,
sup
port
ive
adul
ts a
re s
peci
fica
llym
entio
ned
as im
port
ant i
n 12
of
the
46 V
olum
e II
eval
uatio
ns. A
dditi
onal
Vol
ume
II e
valu
atio
nsm
entio
n th
e us
e of
men
tori
ng a
nd tu
tori
ng a
nd lo
wte
ache
r/st
uden
t rat
ios.
In
Car
eer
Aca
dem
y: J
unio
rR
OT
C (
Vol
ume
II, p
p. 1
2-14
), th
e st
uden
ts w
hopa
rtic
ipat
ed in
foc
us g
roup
s ag
reed
that
the
maj
orfa
ctor
in th
eir
succ
ess
was
not
nec
essa
rily
the
mili
tary
str
uctu
re, b
ut th
e nu
rtur
ing
envi
ronm
ent.
The
stu
dent
s w
ho r
espo
nded
to th
e su
rvey
sem
phas
ized
thei
r te
ache
rs' i
nter
est i
n th
em a
nd th
ein
divi
dual
atte
ntio
n th
ey r
ecei
ved.
The
low
sta
fftu
rnov
er in
Bea
cons
: New
Yor
k C
ity (
Vol
ume
II,
pp. 1
12-1
14)
allo
ws
yout
h to
bui
ld s
tabl
e an
d ca
ring
rela
tions
hips
with
sta
ff.
-
MO
RE
Thi
ngs
Tha
t DO
Mak
e a
Diff
eren
ce fo
r Y
outh
xi
It is
not
eno
ugh
for
prog
ram
s to
hav
esy
mpa
thet
ic a
dult
staf
f an
d vo
lunt
eers
. The
se a
dults
need
to b
e kn
owle
dgea
ble
as w
ell.
The
y sh
ould
rece
ive
exte
nsiv
e tr
aini
ng in
wor
king
eff
ectiv
ely
and
com
pass
iona
tely
with
you
ng p
eopl
e an
d in
pro
vidi
ngag
e-ap
prop
riat
e ac
tiviti
es th
at f
ollo
w s
ound
you
thde
velo
pmen
t pri
ncip
les.
Tw
elve
eva
luat
ions
inV
olum
e I
and
18 in
Vol
ume
II m
entio
ned
staf
f an
dvo
lunt
eer
deve
lopm
ent a
s cr
itica
l. Fo
r ex
ampl
e, B
ig
Bro
ther
s B
ig S
iste
rs (
Vol
ume
I, p
p. 1
01-1
03)
ensu
res
that
all
men
tors
are
car
eful
ly s
cree
ned
and
wel
l-tr
aine
d in
the
resp
onsi
bilit
ies
of th
eir
role
. The
4-H
: Kan
sas
City
, MO
pro
gram
(V
olum
e II
, pp.
109
-11
1) h
ires
pub
lic h
ousi
ng r
esid
ents
for
key
sta
ffpo
sitio
ns, o
ffer
ing
trai
ning
in p
erso
nal a
nd c
aree
rgu
idan
ce, c
onfl
ict r
esol
utio
n, in
terp
erso
nal r
elat
ions
and
curr
icul
um d
evel
opm
ent f
or a
min
imum
of
250
hour
s pe
r ye
ar.
Hig
h S
tand
ards
and
Exp
ecta
tions
The
con
cern
exp
ress
ed b
y so
me
pare
nts
and
othe
rs th
at s
choo
l-to-
wor
kin
itiat
ives
wou
ld n
egat
ivel
y im
pact
stud
ents
' aca
dem
ic le
arni
ng w
as n
otsu
ppor
ted
by th
e fin
ding
s.
Sch
ool-t
o-W
ork
New
Yor
kV
olum
e II,
pp
47-4
9
Car
ing
for
youn
g pe
ople
als
o m
eans
gui
ding
beha
vior
, cha
lleng
ing
stud
ents
and
insi
stin
g on
pers
onal
res
pons
ibili
ty a
nd a
ccou
ntab
ility
. You
thw
ill r
ise
to th
e ex
pect
atio
ns o
f ad
ults
they
trus
t and
will
ach
ieve
mor
e po
sitiv
e ou
tcom
es in
pro
gram
setti
ngs
with
thes
e ch
arac
teri
stic
s. E
ight
eva
luat
ions
in V
olum
e I
and
16 e
valu
atio
ns in
Vol
ume
IIem
phas
ized
the
impo
rtan
ce o
f hi
gh e
xpec
tatio
ns f
orbo
th a
cade
mic
ach
ieve
men
t and
beh
avio
r. F
orex
ampl
e, G
atew
ay to
Hig
her
Edu
catio
n (V
olum
e I,
pp. 2
2-25
) pr
epar
es p
rim
arily
low
- to
mid
dle-
inco
me
Afr
ican
Am
eric
an a
nd H
ispa
nic
stud
ents
for
hig
her
educ
atio
n an
d ca
reer
s in
sci
ence
, med
icin
e an
dte
chno
logy
thro
ugh
high
exp
ecta
tions
, a d
eman
ding
curr
icul
um a
nd a
str
ong
supp
ort s
yste
m.
Succ
essf
ul p
rogr
ams
do n
ot w
ater
dow
n th
eir
stan
dard
s to
acc
omm
odat
e "a
t-ri
sk"
stud
ents
. On
the
cont
rary
, the
y m
aint
ain
high
sta
ndar
ds a
nd o
ffer
supp
orts
so
that
all
stud
ents
can
atta
in th
ose
stan
dard
s. U
nfor
tuna
tely
, man
y sc
hool
s te
nd to
enro
ll lo
w-i
ncom
e, p
artic
ular
ly m
inor
ity s
tude
nts,
inle
ss a
cade
mic
ally
dem
andi
ng c
ours
es u
nder
the
assu
mpt
ion
that
they
wou
ld f
ail o
ther
wis
e an
d w
ould
be p
ushe
d in
to d
ropp
ing
out o
f sc
hool
. The
Com
pend
ia s
how
man
y ex
ampl
es in
whi
ch lo
w-
inco
me,
min
ority
, and
lim
ited
Eng
lish-
spea
king
stud
ents
suc
ceed
aca
dem
ical
ly a
t hig
h le
vels
whe
nch
alle
nged
. Alli
ance
for
Ach
ieve
men
t (V
olum
e II
,pp
. 3-5
), f
or e
xam
ple,
aim
s to
incr
ease
the
num
ber
of e
cono
mic
ally
dis
adva
ntag
ed s
tude
nts
purs
uing
post
seco
ndar
y ed
ucat
ion
and
show
s in
crea
ses
inm
inor
ity e
nrol
lmen
t in
colle
ge p
repa
rato
ry c
ours
es,
incl
udin
g ad
vanc
ed m
ath
cour
ses
and
incr
ease
s in
mat
h te
st s
core
s.
The
Com
pend
ia a
lso
show
that
hig
hex
pect
atio
ns a
nd s
tand
ards
pay
off
in c
aree
rde
velo
pmen
t ini
tiativ
es. T
he a
cade
mic
ach
ieve
men
tsan
d po
stse
cond
ary
atte
ndan
ce o
f yo
ung
peop
le in
thes
e in
itiat
ives
are
equ
al to
or
bette
r th
an y
oung
peop
le in
trad
ition
al a
cade
mic
edu
catio
n. T
his
find
ing
is h
elpf
ul in
alla
ying
fea
rs th
at p
rogr
ams
with
a ca
reer
foc
us w
ill le
ad to
low
er a
chie
vem
ent l
evel
s.T
he e
valu
atio
n of
Sch
ool-
to-W
ork:
New
Yor
k(V
olum
e II
, pp.
47-
49)
indi
cate
s th
at s
tude
nts
enro
lled
in a
dvan
ced
scie
nce
and
mat
h co
urse
s in
grea
ter
num
bers
than
stu
dent
s no
t inv
olve
d in
scho
ol-t
o-w
ork
and
atte
nded
two-
and
fou
r-ye
arco
llege
s at
sim
ilar
leve
ls.
Juk_
24;.)
r:
-
xii
MO
RE
Thi
ngs
Tha
t DO
Mak
e a
Diff
eren
ce fo
r Y
outh
Par
enta
l/Gua
rdia
nP
artic
ipat
ion
Stu
dent
s w
ho p
erce
ive
sign
ifica
ntpe
ople
in th
eir
lives
as
carin
g, a
nd s
eeth
emse
lves
as
conn
ecte
d to
oth
ers,
are
affo
rded
a s
igni
fican
t deg
ree
ofpr
otec
tion
from
a v
arie
ty o
f hea
lth r
isks
.In
the
fam
ily c
onte
xt, f
eelin
g co
nnec
ted
to p
aren
ts w
as m
uch
mor
e im
port
ant
than
the
amou
nt o
f tim
e sp
ent w
ithpa
rent
s as
a p
rote
ctiv
e fa
ctor
.In
the
scho
ol c
onte
xt, s
choo
l per
sonn
el w
how
ere
perc
eive
d by
the
stud
ents
to b
eca
ring
and
fair
had
a gr
eate
r im
pact
than
sch
ool p
olic
ies
gove
rnin
g st
uden
tbe
havi
or o
r cl
assr
oom
siz
e.
Ado
lesc
ent H
ealth
Vol
ume
II, p
p. 1
45-1
46
With
the
incr
ease
d re
aliz
atio
n of
the
impo
rtan
ce o
fca
ring
adu
lts in
the
lives
of
youn
g pe
ople
, man
ypr
ogra
ms
seem
to b
e re
achi
ng th
e m
ost i
mpo
rtan
tad
ults
in c
hild
ren'
s liv
es, t
he p
aren
ts o
r gu
ardi
ans.
Pare
nt a
nd g
uard
ian
part
icip
atio
n w
as s
peci
fica
llym
entio
ned
as c
ontr
ibut
ing
to p
rogr
am s
ucce
ss in
14
Vol
ume
II e
valu
atio
ns. A
ccor
ding
to th
ese
eval
uatio
ns, p
rogr
ams
appe
ar to
be
goin
g w
ell b
eyon
dtr
aditi
onal
goa
ls o
f pa
rent
al/g
uard
ian
"inv
olve
men
t,"(e
.g.,
occa
sion
al p
aren
t mee
tings
, cal
ls h
ome
for
mis
sed
clas
ses)
to a
ttain
"pa
rtic
ipat
ion.
"
Vol
ume
II p
rogr
am e
valu
atio
ns c
ited
such
stra
tegi
es a
s ho
me
visi
ts, i
nvol
vem
ent i
n sp
ecif
icsc
hool
act
iviti
es, a
dult
educ
atio
n cl
asse
s, li
nkag
es to
com
mun
ity s
ervi
ces
for
fam
ily m
embe
rs, a
nd o
n-go
ing
com
mun
icat
ion
betw
een
prog
ram
sta
ff a
nd f
amili
es.
For
exam
ple,
dis
tric
t-w
ide
refo
rms
in U
nion
City
Scho
ol D
istr
ict:
New
Jer
sey
(Vol
ume
II, p
p.63-65)
incl
uded
a "
Pare
nt U
nive
rsity
" of
feri
ng m
ath,
sci
ence
,E
nglis
h as
a S
econ
d L
angu
age,
par
entin
g an
dco
mpu
ter
clas
ses.
Add
ition
ally
, eva
luat
ions
rep
ort t
hat
pare
nts
or g
uard
ians
oft
en s
erve
as
deci
sion
-mak
ing
part
ners
, res
pect
ed s
take
hold
ers
and,
som
etim
es, p
aid
empl
oyee
s of
you
th p
rogr
ams.
Prac
titio
ners
who
ass
ist y
outh
with
mul
ti-cu
ltura
l bac
kgro
unds
sho
uld
note
that
the
Eng
lish
lang
uage
dev
elop
men
t pro
gram
s de
scri
bed
inV
olum
e II
em
phas
ize
activ
e pa
rent
al/g
uard
ian
part
icip
atio
n an
d su
ppor
t as
an e
ssen
tial c
ompo
nent
.In
Suc
cess
for
All/
Exi
to p
ara
Tod
os, p
aren
ts/
guar
dian
s ha
ve a
n op
en f
orum
thro
ugh
"Fam
ilySu
ppor
t Tea
ms"
to d
iscu
ss th
eir
child
's p
rogr
ess
with
teac
hers
(V
olum
e II
,pp. 90-92).
In iE
spai
iol
Aum
enta
tivo!
: Hou
ston
, TX
(V
olum
e II
, pp.
81-
83),
the
effo
rts
to in
volv
e pa
rent
/gua
rdia
ns in
the
prog
ram
wer
e so
suc
cess
ful t
hat t
heir
bili
ngua
lca
sew
orke
r w
as in
vite
d to
coo
rdin
ate
a di
stri
ct-w
ide
cam
paig
n to
incr
ease
par
ticip
atio
n of
Spa
nish
-sp
eaki
ng p
aren
ts/g
uard
ians
in s
choo
ls w
ithou
t the
prog
ram
.
In V
olum
e I,
par
ents
or
guar
dian
s w
ere
not a
sfr
eque
ntly
men
tione
d as
impo
rtan
t to
prog
ram
succ
ess.
It i
s no
t cle
ar if
they
wer
e le
ss in
volv
ed in
the
prog
ram
s or
if e
valu
ator
s di
d no
t foc
us o
n th
isas
pect
of
the
prog
ram
. Vol
ume
II e
valu
ator
s di
dno
t men
tion
pare
nts
or g
uard
ians
as
havi
ng a
rol
e in
care
er d
evel
opm
ent o
r se
rvic
e-le
arni
ng in
itiat
ives
.C
aree
r de
velo
pmen
t pro
gram
s, in
par
ticul
ar, s
houl
dse
ek to
incr
ease
par
ent/g
uard
ian
role
s to
fur
ther
acce
ptan
ce a
nd u
nder
stan
ding
of
thei
r go
als.
Impo
rtan
ce o
f Com
mun
ityY
outh
pro
gram
s ha
ve a
long
his
tory
of
prov
idin
gyo
ung
peop
le w
ith c
arin
g ad
ults
and
she
ltere
d se
tting
s.In
add
ition
, the
re s
eem
s to
be
a ne
w o
penn
ess
toem
brac
e en
tire
com
mun
ities
in e
ffor
ts t