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DOCUMENT RESUME
ED 367 805 CE 065 828
AUTHOR Ghazal4h, I. A.TITLE 1983 Vocational Education Graduates in 1987. A Study
Based on Federal Income Tax Data.INSTITUTION Ohio Univ., Athens.SPONS AGENCY Ohio State Dept. of Education, Columbus. Div. of
Vocational and Career Education.PUB DATE 93
NOTE 119p.; For related reports, see CE 065 827-829.PUB TYPE Reports Research/Technical (143) Statistical
Data (110)
EDRS PRICE MF01/PC05 Plus Postage.DESCRIPTORS *Associate Degrees; Comparative Analysis; Educational
Status Comparison; Employment Patterns; *High SchoolGraduates; High Schools; *Income; Job Training;*Outcomes of Education; Postsecondary Education;Salary Wage Differentials; State Aid; State Surveys;Tables (Data); Taxes; *Vocational Education;Vocational Followup
IDENTIFIERS *Ohio
ABSTRACTA 1987 study that examined the economic performance
of 23,500 graduates in 1983 of 14 vocational programs in Ohio usedfederal income tax records. Twelve of the programs with 21,857graduates wele at the secondary level, and 2 with 1,643 graduateswere at the associate level. The incomes of vocational graduates werecompared to income of equivalent groups in the general population.The study also investigated the geographic mobility of vocationalgraduates since 1979. Results showed predominantly higher incomes forvocrtional graduates than for the general population. The resultva.:ed by vocational program, but the ratios were higher than 1 forthe 1979 graduates in all programs. The income advantage ranged from10 to 79 percent for graduates of secondary programs and from 11 to68 percent for graduates of associate programs. (An executive summaryand 46 tables and diagrams are provided.) (YLB)
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A Study Based onfederal Income Tax Data
nY
I. 91. Gkazafafi
Ovfessor of Economics01th University
Executive Summary
Ohio UniversityAthens, Ohio 45701
1993
3
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The economic performance of graduates of votational programs is a primary factor in the
evaluation of vocational education. This study evaluates the performance of students who completed
state-funded vocational job-training programs in Ohio.
The study uses an original source of information federal income tax records. The data
were provided in batch form by the Internal Revenue Service from its Information Returns Master
File in full compliance with the strict requirements regarding disclosure of personal information.
This study examines the performance in 1987 of 23,500 graduates in 1983 of fourteen
vocational programs. Twelve of the programs with 21,857 graduates were at the secondary level, and
two with 1,643 graduates at the associate (second-year college) level.
The incomes of vocational graduates were compared to those in the general population at
the same age bracket, educational achievement and geographical location. Data on the equivalent
groups in the general population were based on Bureau of the Census, Money Income of
Households Families and Persons in the United States 1987 and East North Central 1988
Population and 1987 Capita Income Estimates for Counties and Incorporated Places.
The results of the study indicate predominately higher incomes of vocational graduates than
others in the general population who are of the same age bracket and years of schooling, i.e. 18-24
years old and 4 years of high school for Secondary Vocational graduates, and 25-34 years old and
1-3 years of college for Associate Vocational graduates.
The following tables and the corresponding graphs show the ratio in 1987 of the average
income earned by 1983 vocational graduates to the average income of the equivalent group. The
ratios for graduates of all secondary and associate programs are higher than 1. The income
advantage ranges from 10% to 79% for graduates of secondary programs and 11% and 68% for
graduates of associate programs.
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4
Ratios of Mean Income of 1 98 3 Secondary Vocational Graduates
to Mean Income of Equivalent Group in the General Population(1987 Tax Year)
Vocational Program
Vocational GraduatesCompared to Equivalent Group
Mean Income Ratio Fercentage Adyantage
Agricultural Productionand Horticulture
1.20 20%
Marketing 1.38 38%
Health Occupations Education 1.79 79%
Home Economics 1.10 10%
Accounting, Computing and 1.50 50%
Business Data ProcessingGeneral Office Clerk, Stenographic, 1.60 60%
Secretarial and Related OccupationsAuto Mechanics 1.33 33%
Carpentry 135 35%
Electronics 1.45 45%
Machine Shop 1.64 64%
Cosmetology 1.11 11%
Occupational Work Experience 1.12 12%
Secondary Programs
1.8-Z
+ 20% + 38% + 29% + 10% 4. 50% + GO% + 33% + 35% + 46% + 64% + 11% + 12%
ar- LTLI. I- !:11-5-2 ! FL; 51- F.1 I11 I Et 1= -7-11.11Fr"i=11-11r..1-11.1! -r. L.11 r. - .11E-A
Ratios of Mean Income of 1983 Associate Vocational Graduatesto Mean Income of Equivalent Group in the General Population
(1987 Tax Year)
Vocational GraduatesVocational Program Compared to Equivalent Group
Mean Income Ratio Percentage Advantage
Health Occupations EducationTechnical Education
Associate Degree Programs
1.68 68%1.11 11%
2.0
Health Occupation. Technical Education
+ 68%
6
1983Vocational Education
Graduates
in 1987
A Study Based on5eiend Income Tgt Data
tY
2. A. gfiazafah
Professor cf EconomicsOhio 'University
Ohio UniversityAthens, Ohio 45701
1993
7
The research project reported herein was performed pursuant to agreement with the Ohio
Department of Education's Division of Vocational and Career Eclucation. Contractors undertaking
such projects under government sponsorship are encouraged to express freely their professional
judgment in the conduct of the project. This research does not necessarily represent official positions
of the Ohio Department of Education.
Ted SandersSuperintendent of Public InstructionState of Ohio
It is the policy of the Ohio Department of Education, Division of Vocational and Career Education, that
educational activities, employment, programs, and services are offered without regard to race, color, national
origin, sex, religion, handicap, or age.
PREFACE
The purpose of this study is to evaluate vocational education by examining the economic
performance of vocational graduates. In its measurement of this performance, the study uses an
original source of information federal income tax records. The Internal Revenue Service provided
the data in batch form in full compliance with the strict requirements for protection of personal
inform ation.
I am deeply indebted to many individuals and organizations for their assistance and
cooperation in the design and implementation of this study. At the Internal Revenue Service, Dr.
Fritz Scheuren, Director, Statistics of Income Division lent his gracious support and encouragement
to the research effort. Mr. Peter Sailer provided encouragement, valuable coordination and advice.
Ms. Dodie Riley was a source of insightful advice, unfailing support, effectiveness and genuine
interest in the project. Ms. Cathy Katz and Mr. Ray Salen organized and processed the data with
ability and dedication.
Dr. Darrell L Parks, Director, Vocational and Career Education, Ohio Department of
Education gave his persistent and keen support to the research project. Dr. G. James Pinchak,
Associate Director, was a valuable source of encouragement, judicious coordination and advice at
different stages of the research.
Mr. David Sarchet served very ably in computer programming and data processing. Mr.
Matloob Piracha performed important data processing and research assistance. Ms. Elisha Nuzum
and Ms. Catherine Kupec provided capable and dedicated research assistance. Ms. Shahida
Abubakar, Ms. Sri A. Abubakar, Mr. Nanda J. Karanaganda, Ms. Wai Man Wong, Mr. Naiying Yu,
Mr. Zhang Yu, and Ms. Xiu-Zhen Zhao performed effective data processing and research assistance.
Mr. Rob Painter provided valuable assistance including graphic map design. Mrs. Becky Huff
performed the task of processing, typing and related graphics. She did so with high ability, patience,
and dedication.
Athens, Ohio I. A. Ghazalah
II
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LE1 I ER OF TRANSMITTAL
PREFACE ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iii
LIST OF TABLES AND DIAGRAMS
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1
CHAPTER II THE 1983 SECONDARY VOCATIONAL EDUCATION GRADUATES .. 7
A. Income of 1983 Secondary Vocational Graduates:
1987 Income Tabulations 14
B. Geographic Mobility of 1983 Secondary
Vocational Graduates 29
C. Income of 1983 Secondary Vocational Graduates:
Comparison With Equivalent Groups 32
D. Income of 1983, 1982, 1981 and 1980 Secondary Vocational Graduates
Four Years Following Their Graduation: A Comparison 35
E. Income of 1983, 1982, 1981 and 1980 Secondary Vocational Graduates Four
Years Following Graduation: Comparison With Equivalent Groups 42
CHAPTER III THE 1983 ASSOCIATE VOCATIONAL EDUCATION GRADUATES .. 46
A. Income of 1983 Associate Vocational Graduates:
1987 Income Tabulations 50
B. Geographic Mobility of 1983 Associate
Vocational Graduates 54
C. Income of 1983 Associate Vocational Graduates:
Comparison With Equivalent Groups 57
1 0
D. Income of 1983, 1982, 1981 and 1980 Associate Vocational Graduates
Four Years Following Their Graduation: A Comparison 61
E. Income of 1983, 1982, 1981 and 1980 Associate Vocational Graduates
Four Years Following Their Graduation: Comparison With Equivalent
Groups 63
CHAPTER IV SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 66
iv
1 i
LIST OF TABLES AND DIAGRAMS
Table orDiagram
T.I-A List of State Geographic Regions 4
D.I-B State Geographic Regions 5
T.II-A Study of 1983 Secondary Vocational Education Graduates:by Program and Gender 9
D.II-B Study of 1983 Secondary Vocational Graduates:Number of Completers by Program 10
D.II-C Study of 1983 Secondary Vocational Graduates:Percentage of Females and Males by Program 10
D.II-D Study of 1983, 1982, 1981 and 1980 Secondary Vocational Graduates:Number vf Completers by Program 11
D.II-E Studies of 1983, 1982, 1981 and 1980 Secondary Vocational Graduates:Percentage of Females and Males by Program 12
T.II-F Study of 1983 Secondary Vocational Graduates:Distribution by Vocational Program and Geographical Region 13
T.IIA-1 Agricultural Production and Horticulture1983 Secondary Vocational Completers:Reported Income (1987 Tax Year) 15
T.IIA-2 Marketing 1983 Secondary Vocational Completers:Reported Income (1987 Tax Year) 16
T.IIA-3 Health Occupations Education1983 Secondary Vocational Completers:Reported Income (1987 Tax Year) 17
T.IIA-4 Home Economics Education1983 Secondary Vocational Completers:Reported Income (1987 Tax Year) 18
T.IIA-5 Accounting, Computing and Business Data Processing1983 Secondary Vocational Cornpleters:Reported Income (1987 Tax Year) 19
1 2
General Office, Clerical, Stenographic, Secretarial andRelated Occupations1983 Secondary Vocational Completers:Reported Income (1987 Tax Year) 20
T.IIA-7 Auto Mechanics 1983 Secondary Vocational Completers:Reported Income (1987 Tax Year) 21
T.IIA-8 Carpentry 1983 Secondary Vocational Completers:Reported Income (1987 Tax Year) 22
T.IIA-9 Electronics 1982 Secondary Vocational Completers:Reported Income (1987 Tax Year) 23
T.HA-10 Machine Shop 1983 Secondary Vocational Completers:Reported Income (1987 Tax Year) 24
T.IIA-11 Cosmetology 1983 Secondary Vocational Completers:Reported Income (1987 Tax Year) 25
T.IIA-12 Occupational Work Experience1983 Secondary Vocational Completers:Reported Income (1987 Tax Year) 26
T.IIA-13 Mean Reported Income of 1983 Secondary Vocational Graduatesby Vocational Program and Region (1987 Tax Year) 27
D.IIA-A 1987 Mean Reported Income of 1983 Secondary Vocational Graduatesby Program 28
T.IIB-1 State Retention Rates of 1983, 1982, 1981 and 1980 SecondaryVocational Graduates by Vocational Program 30
D.IIB-A State Retention Rates of 1980, 1981, 1982 and 1983 SecondaryVocational Graduates by Program 31
T.IIC-1 Ratios of Mean Reported Income of 1983 Secondary VocationalGraduates To Mean General Income by V.)cational Program and Region(1987 Tax Year) 34
T.IID-1 Mean Reported Income of 1983 Secondary Vocational Graduatesby Vocational Program and Region (1987 Tax Year) 36
T.IID-2 Mean Income of 1982 Secondary Vocational Graduatesby Vocational Program and Region (1986 Tax Year) 37
vi
13
T.IID-3 Mean Income of 1981 Secondary Vocational Graduatesby Vocational Program and Region (1985 Tax Year) 38
T.IID-4 Mean Income of 1980 Secondary Vocational Graduatesby Vocational Program and Region (1984 Tax Year) 39
T.IID-5 Mean Income of 1983, 1982, 1981 and 1980 Secondary VocationalGraduates Four Years After Graduation by Vocational Program 40
D.IID-A Mean Income of 1980, 1981, 1982 and 1983 Secondary VocationalGraduates by Program 41
T.IIE-1 Ratios of Mean Reported Income of 1983 Secondary VocationalGraduates To Mean General Income by Vocational Program and Region(1987 Tax Year) 43
T.IIE-2 Ratios of Mean Incomes of 1983, 1982, 1981 and 1980 SecondaryVocational Graduates To Mean Income of Comparable Groups inGeneral Population by Vocational Program 44
D.IIE-A Ratios of Mean Income of 1980, 1981, 1982 and 1983 SecondaryVocational Graduates; To Mean Income of Comparable Groups inGeneral Population by Vocational Program 45
T.III-A Study of 1983 Associate Vocational Graduates:Distribution by Program and Gender 48
T.III-B Study of 1983 Associate Vocational Graduates:Distribution by Vocational Program and Geographic Region 49
T.IIIA-1 Health Occupations Education1983 Associate Vocational Completers:Reported Income (1987 Tax Year) 51
T.IIIA-2 Technical Education1983 Associate Vocatio:,,7! Mmpleters:Reported Income (1987 Year) 52
T.IIIA-3 Mean Income of 1983 Associate Vocational Graduates:by Vocational Program and Region (1987 Tax Year) 53
T.IIIB-1 State Retention Rates of 1983, 1982, 1981 and 1980 Associate.Vocational Graduates by Vocational Program 55
vii
14
D.IIIB-A State Retention Rates of 1980, 1981, 1982 and 1983 AssociateVocational Graduates by Vocational Program 56
T.IIIC-1 Ratios of Mean Income of 1983 Associate Vocational GraduatesTo Mean General Income by Vocational Program and Region(1987 Tax Year) 59
D.IIIC-A Ratios of Mean Income of 1983 Associate Vocational GraduatesTo Mean General Income by Program and Region(1987 Tax Year) 60
T.IIID-1 Mean Income of 1983, 1982, 1981 and 1980 Associate VocationalEducation Graduates by Vocational Program and Region 62
T.IIIE-1 Ratios of Mean Income of 1983, 1982, 1981 and 1980 AssociateVocational Graduates To Mean Income of Comparable Group inGeneral Population by Vocational Program and Region 64
D.IIIE-A Ratios of Mean Income of 1980, 1981, 1982 and 1983 AssociateVocational Graduates to Mean Income of Comparable Groups inGeneral Population by Program 65
15
CHAPTER I
IN V Pi UCTION
6
CHAPUR I
IN O,PUCTION11;
Vocational education, as all forms of education, has a multi-dimensional effect on the
welfare of individuals and society. Determination of the economic performance of graduates
of vocational programs is essential to the process of decision making over the allocation of a
given set of scarce resources among numerous competing uses.
Studies of the economic performance of vocational education graduates generally rely
on earnings and related data gathered through personal surveys. Such follow-up studies have
a number of limitations:
1. small percentage of returns in the form of completed questionnaires,
2. doubt about the randomness of returns, i.e. that they represent a random
sample of the surveyed population,
3. doubt about the accuracy of information provided, partly because the
individuals surveyed may not have the information readily available in the form
sought hy investigators. Particularly in the case of income earned over a full
year (let alone various categories of income), the data obtained could suffer
from significant inaccuracies.
In its measurement of the economic performance of graduates of vocational programs,
this study uses an original source of information federal income tax records. The federal
income tax source avoids a number of limitations associated with follow-up studies utilizing
questionnaires. The tax data records are standardized by type of income and by period (tax
year), and do not rely on the memory nor the selectivity of individual responses to
questionnaires. The data were provided in batch form by the Internal Revenue Service from
its Information Returns Master File in full compliance with the strict requirements regarding
disclosure of personal information.
Methodology
The study seeks to measure the economic performance in 1987 of 23,500 graduates in
1983 of fourteen vocational programs in Ohio. Twelve of the programs with 21,857 graduates
were secondary vocational programs. A total of 1,643 graduated from two associate programs.
2
1 7
Each of the vocational graduates was identified by social security number and the code
of the vocational program completed. Furthermore, each of the graduates was identified by
the school attended. The school location was then used to group trainees by geographical
region. The State of Ohio was divided into five regions: Central, Northeast, Northwest,
Southwest, and Balance of Ohio. The first four regions contain only metropolitan statistical
areas. The Central Region included the Columbus Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA); the
Northeast Region: the Akron Primary Metropolitan Statistical Area (PMSA), the Canton
MSA, the Cleveland PMSA, the Lorain-Elyria PMSA, kfferson County in the Steubenville-
Weirton MSA, and the Youngstown-Warren MSA. The Northwest Region included the Lima
MSA and Toledo MSA, while the Southwest Region was comprised of Clermont, Hamilton
and Warren counties in the Cincinnati PMSA, and the Dayton-Springfield MSA. The region
"Balance of Ohio" included Mansfield MSA, Washington county in the Parkersburg-Marietta
MSA, as well as all non-MSA counties in the State of Ohio. Table I-A lists these regions by
component counties. Diagram I-B shows the five Ohio regions on a state map.
Under a negotiated agreement with the Internal Revenue Service, the Statistics of
Income Division of IRS was provided on a magnetic tape with a list of social security numbers
in sequence of the vocational education graduates coded by vocational program attended. In
addition, the Internal Revenue Service was furnished on hard copy with a list of all zip codes
included in each of the five Ohio geographic regions. The list was developed using the
following source materials:
1. Bureau of the Budget, Office of Management and Budget,Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas: Titles and Definitions,1985 and 1986,
2. National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce,.Five-Digit Zip Code Area Data (from 1985 and 1986 returns), Area four,Codes 43000 through 45899,
3. U.S. Postal Service, Map: National Service Area 4 (including Ohio)4lowing 3-Digit Zip Code Boundaries.
The Internal Revenue Service utilized its Information Returns Master File to prepare
data on the vocational education graduates. A completed table was provided by IRS for each
vocational program, in each of the five Ohio regions as well as in a sixth (outside Ohio) region.
3
18
TABLE IA
LIST OF STATE GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS
The State of Ohio was divided into five geographic regions. Four of the regions
(Central, Northeast, Northwest, and Southwest) contain only metropolitan statistical
areas. The fifth region, Balance of Ohio, includes the Mansfield MSA and Washington
County of the Parkersburg-Marietta MSA, as well as all non-MSA counties in the State
of Ohio.
The components of each of the regions are listed below:
1. CENTRAL OHIOColumbus MSA (Delaware, Fairfield, Franklin, Licking, Madison,Pickaway, and Union counties)
2. NORTHEAST OHIOAkron PMSA (Portage and Summit counties)Canton MSA (Carroll and Stark counties)Cleveland PMSA (Cuyahoga, Geauga, Lake, and Medina counties)Lorain-Elyria PMSA (Lorain county)Steubenville-Weirton M3A (Jefferson county)Youngstown-Warren MSA (Mahoning and Trumbull counties)
3. NORTHWEST OHIOLima MSA (Allen and Auglaize counties)Toledo MSA (Fulton, Lucas, and Wood counties)
4. SOUMWEST OHIOCincinnati PMSA (Clermont, Hamilton, Warren counties)Dayton-Springfield MSA (Clark, Greene, Miami, and Montgomery counties)
5. BAIANCE OF OHIOMansfield MSA (Richland county)Parkersburg-Marietta MSA (Washington county)All Non-MSA Counties: Adams, Ashland, Ashtabula, Athens, Belmont, Brown,Butler, Champaign, Clinton, Columbiana, Coshocton, Crawford, Darke, Definance,Erie, Fayette, Gallia, Guernsey, Hancock, Hardin, Harrison, Henry, Highland,Hocking, Holmes, Huron, Jackson, Knox, Lawrence, Logan, Marion, Meigs, Mercer,Monroe, Morgan, Morrow, Muskingum, Noble, Ottawa, Paulding, Perry, Pike,Preble, Putnam, Ross, Sandusky, Scioto, Seneca, Shelby, Tuscarawas, Van Wert,Vinton, Wayne, Williams, and Wyandot.
4
Diagram I-BState Geographic Regions
Ashtabula
Williams Ottawa Celan aCuyahoga
SanduskyDefiance
Paulding
Trumbull
Wyandot
Hardin
CrawfordRichland
Marion Holmes
Jo fro monShelby
ChanspaispsLicking I
BelmontMuskingum
Madison INoble
PickawayFayette
Butler WashingtonClinton Athens
Vinton
MaigsClairmont
Scioto Gallia
BEST COPY AVAILABLE
Lawrence
20
5
Region 2 - Northeast Ohio
IIRegion 3 _
Region 4
Region 5
Northwest Ohio
- Southwest Ohio
- Balance of Ohio
The latter region included those among the vocational graduates who were identified
as non-Ohio residents, since their listed zip codes were not among those identifying the five
Ohio regions.
The IRS Statistics of Income Division reviewed all tables to assure that no cell
contained data on less than 10 individuals, in compliance with disclosure requirements. When
necessary, data cells were combined. Furthermore, all tables were scrutinized and cleared by
the IRS Disclosure Division before their release.
In Chapter II, we will report on and analyze the earnings and geographic mobility of
the 1983 Secondary Vocational graduates in 1987 four years following their graduation.
Chapter III will deal with the income and geographic mobility of graduates of the two associate
vocational programs. In each of these, the performance in 1987 of the 1983 vocational
grar' ites will be compared with that of the 1982, 1981 and 1980 vocational graduates in 1986,
1985 and 1984, respectively. The same data base, vocational programs and analytical
techniques were used for the four chronological groups of vocational graduates.
The final chapter, Chapter IV, presents a summary of the findings, conclusions and
recommendations.
6
21
CHAPTER 11
THE 1983 SECONDARYVOCATINAL EDUCATION
GRADUATES
22
CHAPTER II
THE 1983 SECONDARY VOCATIONAL EDUCATION GRADUATES
The stut included 21,857 graduates in 1983 of twelve secondary vocational programs
in Ohio. In this chapter, wc will report on and analyze the earnings and geographic mobility
of the 1983 Secondary Vocational graduates in 1987, four years following their graduation. The
performance and geographic mobility in 1987 of the 1983 Secondary Vocational graduates will
be compared with that of the 1982, 1981 and 1980 Secondary Vocational graduates in 1986,
1985 and 1984, respectively.
Table II-A lists the secondary vocational programs included in the study, the number
of graduates, and the percentage of females and males in each program. Diagram 11-B is a bar
chart of the number of completers in each of the study's twelve secondary vocational programs.
Diagram II-C shows the percentage of females and males in each of the study's programs.
Diagrams H-D and H-E compare respectively the 1983 number of completers and percentage
of females and males to those in 1982, 1981 and 1980 included in previous studies. Table 1I-F
presents the distribution of the 1983 Secondary Vocational Education graduates by vocational
program and training region.
8
23
TABLE II-A
STUDY OF 1983 SECONDARY VOCATIONAL EDUCATION GRADUATESBY PROGRAM AND GENDER
VOCATIONAL PROGRAM NUMBER OF I PERCENTAGE PERCENTAGEGRADUATES FEMALES MALES
Agricultural Productionand Horticulture
408 61.18% 38.82%
Marketing 4,456 57.14 42.86
Health Occupations 2,770 92.34 7.66Education
Home Economics Education 1,218 74.70 25.30
Accounting, Computing and 3,000 83.40 16.60Business Data Processing
General Office Clerical, 1,539 99.61 0.39Stenographic, Secretarial,and Related Occupations
Auto Mechanics 1,309 1.33 98.67
Carpentry 702 1.56 98.44
Electronics 804 5.92 94.08
Machine Shop 1,118 2.16 97.84
Cosmetology 1,132 97.80 2.20
Occupational Work 3,401 29.77 70.23Experience
TOTAL 21,857 57.27% 42.73%
9
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-5. 5. N5,5 `,5555 ve.5 555, 55,, 55, .55., ,
to-
TA
BL
E I
I-F
STU
DY
OF
1983
SE
CO
ND
AR
Y V
OC
AT
ION
AL
GR
AD
UA
TE
SD
IST
RIB
UT
ION
BY
VO
CA
TIO
NA
L P
RO
GR
AM
AN
D G
EO
GR
APH
ICA
L R
EG
ION
VO
CA
TIO
NA
L E
DU
CA
TIO
NC
EN
TR
AL
NO
RT
HE
AST
NO
RT
HW
EST
SOU
TH
WE
STB
AL
AN
CE
AL
LPR
OG
RA
MO
HIO
OH
IOO
HIO
OH
IOO
F O
HIO
RE
GIO
NS
1. A
gric
ultu
ral P
rodu
ctio
nan
d H
ortic
ultu
re90
108
2789
9440
8
2. M
arke
ting
506
1,58
739
685
11,
116
4,45
6
3. H
ealth
Occ
upat
ions
Edu
catio
n25
81,
104
286
597
525
2,77
0
4. H
ome
Eco
nom
ics
Edu
catio
n15
841
211
215
638
01,
218
5. A
ccou
ntin
g, C
ompu
ting
and
167
1,29
322
071
460
63,
000
Bus
ines
s D
ata
Proc
essi
ng
6. G
ener
al O
ffic
e C
leri
cal,
107
698
8328
137
01,
539
Sten
ogra
phic
, Sec
reta
rial
,an
d R
elat
ed O
ccup
atio
ns
7. A
uto
Mec
hani
cs29
522
4936
834
11,
309
8. C
arpe
ntry
1617
226
165
323
702
9. E
lect
roni
cs41
380
6115
716
580
4
10. M
achi
ne S
hop
6242
861
296
271
1,11
8
11. C
osm
etol
ogy
3840
868
274
344
1,13
2
12. O
ccup
atio
nal W
ork
Exp
erie
nce
771,
270
287
956
811
3,40
1
TO
TA
L
30
1,54
98,
382
1,67
64,
904
5,34
621
,857
13
31
A. INCOME OF 1983 SECONDARY VOCATIONAL GRADUATES: 1987 INCOMETABULATIONS
The data provided by the Internal Revenue Service were used to determine the
economic performance of the 1983 Secondary Vocational graduates four years following their
graduation.
Tables IIA-1 through 11A-12 present data on the 1987 Tax Year reported income of
the 1983 vocational graduates for each of the twelve secondary programs. Reported income
is the sum of wages and salaries, interest and dividends, and other income (miscellaneous
income from work provided by other than as employees) as reported to the Internal Revenue
Service.
Table 11A-6, for example, provides the reported income of those who completed the
General Office Clerical, Stenographic, Secretarial and Related Occupations Program. For the
entire group of completers, the mean reported income in 1987 was $11,162. Among the group,
reported income varied as follows: 19.26% received less than $5,500 (a mean of $2,949), 5.82%
between $5,500 and $6,999 (a mean of $6,734), another 7.11% between $7,000 and $8,499 (a
mean of $8,305), 8.84% between $8,500 and $9,999 (a mean of $9,986), 13.90% between
$10,000 and $11,499 (a mean of $10,824), 13.02% between $11,500 and $12,999 (a mean of
$12,598), 11.50% between $13,000 and $14,499 (a mean of $14,295), 7.03% between $14,500
and $15,999 (a mean of $15,502), 8.75% between $16,000 and $18,999 (a mean of $18,546),
2.58% between $19,000 and $21,999 (a mean of $21,098), 0.91% between $22,000 and $23,999
(a mean of $23,789), and 1.28% had an income of at least $24,000 with a mean of $36,458.
The table also shows the distribution of the reported income among the 1983 General
Office Clerical, Stenographic, Secretarial and Related Occupations completers who resided
outside Ohio in 1987 as compared to those who resided in the state (a mean reported income
of $11,809 and $11,097, respectively). The reported incomes of the Ohio residents are then
shown by the region of their residence.
A tabulation of the mean reported income by program and region is given in Table
IIA-13. Diagram IIA-A is a bar gra7h of mean reported incomes of completers of each of the
twelve secondary vocational programs studied.
14
32
TA
BL
E H
A-1
AG
RIC
UL
TU
RE
PR
OD
UC
TIO
N A
ND
HO
RT
ICU
LT
UR
E19
83 S
EC
ON
DA
RY
VO
CA
TIO
NA
L C
OM
PLE
TE
RS
RE
POR
TE
D I
NC
OM
E(1
987
TA
X Y
EA
R)
Size
of
Rep
orte
dIn
com
e
All
Reg
ions
Perc
ent/M
ean
Out
side
Ohi
oPe
rcen
t/Ohi
oA
ll O
hio
Perc
ent/M
ean
Cen
tral
Ohi
oPe
rcen
t/Mea
nN
orth
east
Ohi
oPe
rcen
t/Mea
nN
orth
wes
t Ohi
oPe
rcen
t/Mea
n
Sout
hwes
t Ohi
oPe
rcen
t/Mea
nB
alan
ce o
f O
hio
Perc
ent/M
ean
Und
er $
5,50
030
.81%
$2,9
3617
.07%
$2,2
3433
.33%
$3,0
3941
.94%
$3,4
4439
.22%
$2,6
1350
.00%
$3,7
9323
.85%
$3,0
29
$5,5
00-6
,999
11.4
96,
883
14.6
35,
607
3.35
6,98
712
.90
6,88
65.
886,
110
15.3
86,
685
$7,0
00-8
,499
10.4
58,
274
34.1
48,
042
11.7
28,
210
9.68
8,25
411
.76
7,65
731
.25
9,16
1$8
,500
-9,9
999.
499,
286
7.32
11,4
21
9.89
8,55
716
.12
9,75
310
.77
9,05
1
$10,
000-
11,4
9910
.46
11,1
8910
.26
10,1
089.
6811
,427
7.84
10,3
239.
2310
,050
$11,
500-
12,9
995.
6712
,389
7.32
13,5
17
8.52
12,0
457.
8411
,675
15.3
911
,913
$13,
000-
14,4
994.
8814
,195
4.13
13,5
339.
8014
,003
$14,
500-
15,9
994.
9215
,430
5.49
15,4
6311
.77
15,6
95
5.38
14,7
45
$16,
000-
18,9
994.
5818
,279
9.76
18,7
07
4.40
16,7
1913
.07
17,5
08
$19,
000-
21,9
992.
9221
,491
5.61
20,1
815.
8920
,564
18.7
522
,011
6.93
22,7
93$2
2,00
0-23
,999
1.26
23,8
99
$24,
000
and
over
3.07
33,6
489.
7625
,691
3.30
32,4
849.
6830
,031
TO
TA
L10
0%$9
,565
100%
$10,
106
100%
$9,4
6610
0%$8
,717
100%
$8,7
1910
0%$8
,440
100%
$8,8
8610
0%$1
0,14
8
1983
Voc
atio
nal E
duca
tion
Gra
duat
es in
198
7: A
Stu
dy B
ased
on
Fede
ral I
ncom
e T
ax D
ata
by I
.A. G
haza
lah,
Ohi
o U
nive
rsity
3 3
153
4
TA
BL
E I
IA-2
MA
RK
ET
ING
1983
SE
CO
ND
AR
Y V
OC
AT
ION
AL
CO
MPL
ET
ER
SR
EPO
RT
ED
IN
CO
ME
(198
7 T
AX
YE
AR
)
Size
of
Rep
orte
dIn
com
e
All
Reg
ions
Perc
ent/M
ean
Out
side
Ohi
oPe
rcen
t/Ohi
oA
ll O
hio
Perc
ent/M
ean
Cen
tral
Ohi
oPe
rcen
t/Mea
nN
orth
east
Ohi
oPe
rcen
t/Mea
nN
orth
wes
t Ohi
oPe
rcen
t/Mea
nSo
uthw
est O
hio
Perc
ent/M
ean
Bal
ance
of
Ohi
oPe
rcen
t/Mea
n
Und
er $
5,50
027
.29%
$3,1
1120
.70%
$2,
885
28.4
1%$3
,162
20.9
5% $
3,07
735
.19%
$3,6
5925
.22%
$2,9
9926
.55%
$4,0
4927
.80%
$3,2
76
$5,5
00-6
,999
9.73
6,29
815
.12
7,31
6
3.01
6,47
510
.13
6,51
58.
326,
410
7.08
6,41
19.
766,
626
$7,0
00-8
,499
9.34
8,19
89.
457,
447
10.1
39.
267,
878
10.6
87,
853
8.00
7,78
818
.92
8,82
1$8
,500
-9,9
9910
.08
9,90
711
.39
8,77
210
.12
9,38
910
.13
12.3
99,
611
$10,
000-
11,4
998.
8911
,289
11.4
210
,165
8.89
10,8
957.
4311
,123
14.8
010
,139
17.8
010
,960
9.73
11,0
288.
8211
,005
$11,
500-
12,9
997.
4912
,565
15.7
312
,074
8.86
12,3
858.
1112
,714
7.41
12,3
607.
7212
,414
8.85
12,4
126.
6412
,487
$13,
000-
14,4
995.
2914
,023
2.69
14,3
13
6.72
13,4
1914
.88
14,7
835.
3414
,057
8.00
13,8
715.
1113
,970
$14,
500-
15,9
994.
5715
,295
4.98
15,0
659.
2614
,805
6.19
15,4
1011
.75
16,7
97$1
6,00
0-18
,999
6.23
18,6
366.
2116
,361
9.74
18,1
464.
0517
,228
12.9
618
,042
11.8
716
,913
8.00
18,2
50$1
9,00
0-21
,999
3.35
21,2
085.
5920
,138
2.21
20,7
893.
3820
,782
5.56
21,1
95
4.75
21,5
353.
3720
,534
$22,
000-
23,9
992.
1723
,491
11.1
534
,051
2.01
22,3
1310
.81
32,0
72
2.65
22,3
487.
8329
,793
$24,
000
and
over
5.57
38,9
795.
6033
,517
5.56
34,3
078.
3036
,024
2.56
25,1
26
TO
TA
L10
0%$1
1,16
410
0% $
12,0
8610
0%$1
1,01
710
0% $
12,0
0410
0%$1
1,22
910
0%$1
1,80
910
0%$1
0,27
310
0%$1
0,73
8
1983
Voc
atio
nal E
duca
tion
Gra
duat
es in
198
7: A
Stu
dy B
ased
on
Fede
ral I
ncom
e T
ax D
ata
by L
A. G
haza
lah,
Ohi
o U
nive
rsity
cy,
16
TA
BL
E I
IA-3
HE
AL
TH
OC
CU
PAT
ION
S E
DU
CA
TIO
N19
83 S
EC
ON
DA
RY
VO
CA
TIO
NA
L C
OM
PLE
TE
RS
RE
POR
TE
D(1
987
TA
X Y
EA
R)
Size
of
Rep
orte
dIn
com
e
All
Reg
ions
Perc
ent/M
ean
Out
side
Ohi
oPe
rcen
t/Ohi
oA
ll O
hio
Perc
ent/M
ean
Cen
tral
Ohi
oPe
rcen
t/Mea
nN
orth
east
Ohi
oPe
rcen
t/Mea
nN
orth
wes
t Ohi
oPe
rcen
t/Mea
nSo
uthw
est O
hio
Perc
ent/M
ean
Bal
ance
of
Ohi
oPe
rcen
t/Mea
n
Und
er $
5,50
021
.90%
$3,2
5820
.73%
$2,8
4131
.50%
$3,7
2130
.68%
$2,5
0424
.49%
$2,2
0115
.27%
$3,4
0016
.90%
$2,8
9021
.56%
$3,0
22
$5,5
00-6
,999
7.42
6,56
411
.79
8,12
41.
486,
517
7.95
6,51
21.
976,
483
4.23
6,19
17.
886,
345
$7,0
00-8
,499
7.10
8,22
12.
908,
259
11.3
67,
860
10.2
19,
312
4.93
8,03
57.
048,
020
7.64
8,04
0
58,5
00-9
,999
8.49
9,59
619
.92
10,8
00
7.16
8,87
87.
959,
599
7.88
9,74
18.
459,
268
8.69
9,52
1
$10,
000-
11,4
997.
9811
,138
6.02
10,8
727.
9510
,999
8.16
10,4
6010
.84
11,1
6712
.68
10,8
87
7.08
11,0
86
511,
500-
12,9
997.
0512
,364
6.91
12,2
467.
4512
,330
11.3
712
,962
10.2
112
,541
11.3
313
,677
7.00
12,4
95
$13,
000-
14,4
995.
9514
,197
5.28
14,1
116.
1913
,671
8.16
14,1
1511
.27
13,8
585.
7914
,171
$14,
500-
15,9
995.
9215
,660
2.85
15,5
254.
0314
,785
4.56
15,6
498.
1615
,589
6.90
15,4
7716
.90
17,6
00
6.60
15,6
63
$16,
000-
18,9
9910
.30
18,4
568.
9417
,889
16.2
618
,544
13.6
319
,620
8.16
17,7
0817
.24
17,6
719.
0918
,015
$19,
000-
21,9
997.
1421
,597
7.72
21,6
293.
0220
,763
10.2
121
,300
10.8
420
,817
12.6
820
,994
7.32
21,0
28
522,
000-
23,9
992.
9823
,496
5.29
23,5
163.
9123
,274
4.55
30,1
59
6.12
23,2
462.
9623
,753
2.90
23,9
28
$24,
000
and
over
7.77
32,8
5210
.57
35,9
2110
.08
29,7
046.
1227
,094
9.84
30,4
239.
8527
,329
8.45
30,4
67
TO
TA
L10
0%$1
2,82
710
0%$1
4,04
210
0%$1
2,70
510
0%$1
0,05
810
0%$1
2,74
810
0%$1
4,63
710
0%$1
3,36
910
0%$1
2,55
2
1983
Voc
atio
nal E
duca
tion
Gra
duat
es in
198
7: A
Stu
dy B
ased
on
Fede
ral I
ncom
e T
axD
ata
by L
A. G
haza
lah,
Ohi
o U
nive
rsity
17
37
'3 8
TA
BL
E I
IA-4
HO
ME
EC
ON
OM
ICS
ED
UC
AT
ION
1983
SE
CO
ND
AR
Y V
OC
AT
ION
AL
CO
MPL
ET
ER
SR
EPO
RT
ED
IN
CO
ME
(198
7 T
AX
YE
AR
)
Siz
e of
Rep
orte
dIn
com
e
All
Reg
ions
Per
cent
/Mea
n
Out
side
Ohi
oP
erce
nt/O
hio
All
Ohi
oP
erce
nt/M
ean
Cen
tral
Ohi
oP
erce
nt/M
ean
Nor
thea
st O
hio
Per
cent
/Mea
n
Nor
thw
est O
hio
Per
cent
/Mea
n
Sou
thw
est O
hio
Per
cent
/Mea
n
Bal
ance
of O
hio
Per
cent
/Mea
n
Und
er $
5,50
039
.02%
$2,9
6533
.03%
$3,
523
35.7
8%$2
,328
31.7
1%$3
,118
27.2
7%$3
,716
54.6
9%$3
,732
54.6
9%$3
,205
35.1
2%$2
,964
$5,5
00-6
,999
12.6
56,
073
7.34
5,98
011
.68
5,82
714
.63
6,06
413
.89
6,33
113
.06
6,35
1
$7,0
00-8
,499
9.92
8,28
75.
507,
073
13.5
37,
764
7.32
7,80
545
.45
7,11
029
.68
9,16
4
8.33
7,31
411
.56
7,89
0
$8,5
00-9
,999
8.17
9,51
65.
508,
996
6.86
9,98
219
.51
9,16
79.
649,
247
$10,
000-
11,4
997.
5111
,222
10.0
910
,337
5.08
11,3
037.
3211
,204
6.25
13,6
76
16.6
610
,201
8.57
10,8
40
$11,
500-
12,9
996.
1512
,488
11.9
311
,652
4.19
12,6
2911
.11
12,9
17
6.21
12,4
59
$13,
000-
14,4
993.
7814
,269
8.26
14,4
80
7.11
13,0
509.
7614
,329
27.2
814
,271
3.85
13,8
52
$14,
500-
15,9
993.
1515
,614
7.11
15,3
838.
5315
,815
7.06
16,2
79$1
6,00
0-18
,999
4.33
18,4
5910
.09
17,8
13
6.02
16,6
529.
7518
,678
9.38
20,6
13$1
9,00
0-21
,999
2.06
21,2
270.
8921
,126
3.43
20,5
16
$22,
000-
23,9
991.
1523
,189
8.26
27,9
001.
5023
,413
$24,
000
and
over
2.11
31,9
051.
7525
,975
TO
TA
L10
0%$8
,343
100%
$10
,217
100%
$8,0
1910
0%$8
,275
100%
$8,1
3810
0%$7
,555
100%
$7,3
0210
0%$8
,118
1983
Voc
atio
nal E
duca
tion
Gra
duat
es in
198
7: A
Stu
dy B
ased
on
Fed
eral
Inco
me
Tax
Dat
a
by I
.A. C
haza
lah,
Ohi
o U
nive
rsity
;IP
18
40
TA
BL
E I
IA-5
AC
CO
UN
TIN
G, C
OM
PUT
ING
AN
D B
USI
NE
SS D
AT
A P
RO
CE
SSIN
C19
83 S
EC
ON
DA
RY
VO
CA
TIO
NA
L C
OM
PLE
TE
RS
RE
POR
TE
D I
NC
OM
E
(198
7 T
AX
YE
AR
)
Size
of
Rep
orte
dIn
com
e
All
Reg
ions
Perc
ent/M
ean
Out
side
Ohi
oPe
rcen
t/Ohi
oA
ll O
hio
Perc
ent/M
ean
Cen
tral
Ohi
oPe
rcen
t/Mea
nN
orth
east
Ohi
oPe
rcen
t/Mea
nN
orth
wes
t Ohi
oPe
rcen
t/Mea
nSo
uthw
est O
hio
Perc
ent/M
ean
Bal
ance
of
Ohi
oPe
rcen
t/Mea
n
Und
er$5
,500
25.8
1%$3
,197
24.2
8%$3
,188
21.1
0%$2
,726
24.0
4%$2
,755
19.3
5%$2
,675
19.3
7%$3
,112
18.0
7%$2
,216
26.9
2%$3
,124
$5,5
00-6
,999
6.94
6,60
06.
166,
504
6.59
6,41
43.
856,
587
9.68
6,15
6
6.34
6,08
47.
236,
316
6.82
6,64
0
$7,0
00-8
,499
8.28
8,29
26.
888,
038
8.45
8,08
35.
777,
986
5.63
7,66
19.
988,
246
$8,5
00-9
,999
8.93
9,79
99.
429,
807
9.69
9,56
018
.27
10,6
389.
688,
588
11.9
78,
976
4.82
3,56
08.
549,
851
$10,
000-
11,4
999.
0511
,298
11.2
311
,248
8.83
11,1
479.
1510
,400
6 02
10,2
399.
4811
,411
511,
500-
12,9
9910
.33
12,7
9210
.87
12,5
169.
9512
,717
19.2
312
,270
9.68
12,2
3610
.21
11,8
2116
.87
11,5
019.
5513
,060
$13,
000-
14,4
998.
6314
,437
10.8
714
,192
8.23
14,3
5911
.54
13,9
1519
.35
14,3
11
11.2
613
,306
14..4
513
,261
514,
500-
15,9
995.
9915
,758
10.1
516
,887
8.10
14,5
8915
.84
15,9
46
6.02
14,5
017.
1114
,574
$16,
000-
18,9
996.
7318
,196
10.4
016
,956
14.4
216
,047
22.5
817
,648
8.43
16,0
2012
.42
17,3
66
519,
000-
21,9
994.
0121
,634
3.62
21,7
38
1.01
19,0
122.
8820
,691
3.87
19,6
51
18.0
819
,296
3.88
21,9
53
$22,
000-
23,9
991.
5923
,198
7.65
23,6
899.
6822
,352
6.34
27,2
865.
3030
,674
$24,
000
and
over
3.71
32,9
476.
5236
,481
TO
TA
L10
0%$1
1,06
110
0%$1
1,69
710
0%$1
0,98
810
0%$1
0,19
510
0%$1
2,04
710
0%$1
1,16
710
0%$1
1,45
610
0%$1
0,95
8
1983
Voc
atio
nal E
duca
tion
Gra
duat
es in
198
7: A
Stu
dy B
ased
on
Fede
ral I
ncom
e T
ar, D
ata
by L
A. G
haza
lah,
Ohi
o U
nive
rsity 41
19
42
TA
BL
E I
IA-6
GE
NE
RA
L O
FFIC
E C
LE
RIC
AL
, ST
EN
OG
RA
PHIC
, SE
CR
ET
AR
IAL
AN
D R
EL
AT
ED
OC
CU
PAT
ION
S19
83 S
EC
ON
DA
RY
VO
CA
TIO
NA
L C
OM
PLE
TE
RS
RE
POR
TE
D I
NC
OM
E(1
987
TA
X Y
EA
R)
Siz
e of
Rep
orte
dIn
com
e
All
Reg
ions
Per
cent
/Mea
n
Out
side
Ohi
oP
erce
nt/O
hio
All
Ohi
oP
erce
nt/M
ean
Cen
tral
Ohi
oP
erce
nt/M
ean
Nor
thea
st O
hio
Per
cent
/Mea
n
Nor
thw
est O
hio
Per
cent
/Mea
n
Sou
thw
est O
hio
Per
cent
/Mea
n
Bal
ance
of O
hio
Per
cent
/Mea
n
Und
er $
5,50
019
.26%
$2,9
4924
.17%
$2,6
2319
.41%
$2,9
8614
.29%
$2,6
2245
.45%
$5,4
71
16.6
8%$4
,040
16.3
3%$3
,517
19.7
3%$3
,230
55,5
00-6
,999
5.82
6,73
44.
176,
341
5.98
6,86
67.
976,
564
8.16
6,49
15.
776,
587
57,0
00-8
,499
7.11
8,30
55.
008,
156
7.23
8,42
811
.90
7,63
08.
708,
299
6.00
8,06
7
58,5
00-9
,999
8.84
9,98
65.
009,
705
9.22
9,99
511
.90
9,80
9
27.2
713
,441
8.70
9,60
88.
168,
583
10.2
09,
761
510,
000-
11,4
9913
.90
10,8
2412
.50
11,0
695.
0110
,419
9.52
10,9
8811
.59
11,2
1012
.24
10,4
9213
.69
11,2
18
$11,
500-
12,9
9913
.02
12,5
9824
.16
13,4
20
13.8
412
,472
7.14
12,5
4811
.59
12,8
1116
.33
12,7
8414
.50
12,8
71
513,
000-
14,4
9911
.50
14,2
9511
.47
14,3
4523
.82
14,3
15
14.4
914
,433
8.16
14,3
89
10.6
014
,428
514,
500-
15,9
997.
0315
,502
15.0
016
,859
3.50
14,8
2927
.28
17,7
0617
.39
16,8
4914
.90
16,3
7751
6,00
0-18
,999
8.75
18,5
4621
.19
16,7
5921
.43
17,6
7530
.62
17,4
8051
9,00
0-21
,999
2.58
21,0
985.
8321
,330
3.15
19,4
412.
8922
,306
2.19
21,6
54
$22,
000-
23,9
990.
9123
,789
4.17
38,8
402.
4228
,001
$24,
000
and
over
1.28
36,4
58
TO
TA
L10
0%$1
1,16
210
0%$1
1,80
910
0%$1
1,09
710
0%$1
1,58
910
0%$1
0,98
210
0%$1
1,20
510
0%$1
1,70
310
0%$1
1,02
0
1983
Voc
atio
nal E
duca
tion
Gra
duat
es in
198
7: A
Stu
dy B
ased
on
Fed
eral
Inco
me
Tax
Dat
a
by L
A.
Gha
zala
h, O
hio
Uni
vers
ity
20
4 4 -
TA
BL
E I
IA-7
AU
TO
ME
CH
AN
ICS
1983
SE
CO
ND
AR
Y V
OC
AT
ION
AL
CO
MPL
ET
ER
SR
EPO
RT
ED
IN
CO
ME
(198
7 T
AX
YE
AR
)
a
Size
of
Rep
orte
dIn
com
e
All
Reg
ions
Perc
ent/M
ean
Out
side
Ohi
oPe
rcen
t/Ohi
oA
ll O
hio
Perc
ent/M
ean
Cen
tral
Ohi
oPe
rcen
t/Mea
nN
orth
east
Ohi
oPe
rcen
t/Mea
nN
orth
wes
t Ohi
oPe
rcen
t/Mea
nSo
uthw
est O
hio
Perc
ent/M
ean
Bal
ance
of
Ohi
oPe
rcen
t/Mea
n
Und
er $
5,50
016
.80%
$3,4
316.
04%
$5,8
2011
.12%
$3,6
1211
.90%
$2,3
08
19.0
1%$2
,934
34.3
8%
i
$3,7
6917
.93%
$3,6
43
$5,5
00-6
,999
5.89
6,85
04.
036,
649
7.36
6,87
34.
236,
544
7.26
6,42
0
57,0
00-8
,499
7.55
8,15
92.
687,
893
11.4
38,
321
9.52
7,97
75.
637,
995
15.6
39,
060
8.44
8,24
4
58,5
00-9
,999
8.58
9,42
010
.07
9,78
76.
128,
912
5.95
9,98
66.
349,
702
16.1
510
,652
$10,
000-
11,4
9910
.85
11,2
7426
.85
11,2
6110
.37
11,2
6810
.71
11,4
7511
.27
11,0
42
$11,
500-
12,9
999.
6412
,495
14.7
712
,740
9.33
12,2
3611
.90
12,8
829.
1512
,434
8.74
12,7
55
513,
000-
14,4
998.
9314
,156
10.7
414
,118
8.45
14,3
1310
.71
14,4
898.
4514
,114
15.6
314
,239
8.89
14,3
18
514,
500-
15,9
997.
2515
,563
5.37
15,6
068.
4614
,825
9.52
15,7
8724
.64
16,8
7017
.92
17,2
67$1
6,00
0-18
,999
11.6
018
,445
10.7
418
,474
17.7
817
,941
15.4
818
,508
18.7
518
,210
519,
000-
21,9
995.
8921
,776
4.69
21,8
712.
3121
,890
8.33
21,8
995.
6321
,581
15.6
130
,608
6.96
21,0
46
522,
000-
23,9
992.
9423
,165
3.04
22,7
315.
6527
,575
7.71
27,4
26$2
4,00
0 an
dov
er4.
0834
,863
4.02
30,8
304.
2325
,910
5.98
27,6
42
TO
TA
L10
0%$1
2,75
010
0%$1
3,32
510
0%$1
2,66
010
0%$1
3,78
710
0%$1
2,94
610
0%$1
2,40
410
0%$1
3,13
010
0%$1
2,59
7
1983
Voc
atio
nal E
duca
tion
Gra
duat
es in
198
7: A
Stu
dy B
ased
on
Fede
ral I
ncom
e T
axD
ata
by I
.A. G
haza
lah,
Ohi
o U
nive
rsity
4 5
214
6
TA
BL
E I
IA-8
CA
RPE
NT
RY
1983
SE
CO
ND
AR
Y V
OC
AT
ION
AL
CO
MPL
ET
ER
SR
EPO
RT
ED
IN
CO
ME
(198
7 T
AX
YE
AR
)
Size
of
Rep
orte
dIn
com
e
All
Reg
ions
Perc
ent/M
ean
Out
side
Ohi
oPe
rcen
t/Ohi
oA
ll O
hio
Perc
ent/M
ean
Cen
tral
Ohi
oPe
rcen
t/Mea
nN
orth
east
Ohi
oPe
rcen
t/Mea
nN
orth
wes
t Ohi
oPe
rcen
t/Mea
nSo
uthw
est O
hio
Perc
ent/M
ean
Bal
ance
of
Ohi
oPe
rcen
t/Mea
n
Und
er $
5,50
016
.44%
$3,8
4919
.05%
$4,0
2714
.72%
53,6
6418
.60%
$3,9
49
14.2
9%$1
,381
17.6
5%$5
,630
15.6
6%$3
,531
55,5
00-6
,999
6.49
6,89
43.
816,
904
5.95
6,88
117
.86
6,88
1
7.14
6,79
9
$7,0
00-8
,499
7.60
7,99
53.
818,
346
7.06
7,07
76.
988,
172
17.6
58,
871
14.2
98,
935
$8,5
00-9
,999
7.52
9,41
214
.29
9,99
814
.30
9,33
611
.63
9,92
4
510,
000-
11,4
9912
.76
11,1
5617
.14
11,1
944.
3511
,005
9.30
11,6
64
10.7
110
,709
17.6
511
,091
11.2
611
,393
511,
500-
12,9
999.
1212
,317
13.3
312
,895
5.29
11,8
7810
.71
12,5
0951
3,00
0-14
,499
9.09
13,9
096.
6714
,490
6.29
13,5
8120
.93
13,7
2229
.41
15,4
38
8.24
13,2
10
514,
500-
15,9
997.
1215
,675
12.3
817
,357
9.07
15,1
7414
.29
16,1
11
10.4
314
,582
516,
000-
18,9
999.
8218
,621
17.7
518
,987
9.30
16,4
0718
.41
17,4
56
519,
000-
21,9
996.
8821
,795
5.71
21,5
184.
1921
,980
6.98
19,5
3317
.86
19,0
6517
.64
20,3
57
6.88
21,4
71
522,
000-
23,9
992.
0023
,991
3.81
32,8
763.
2622
,737
6.98
22,1
847.
6931
,224
$24,
000
and
over
5.16
33,8
957.
7728
,997
9.30
29,9
2314
.28
32,5
00
TO
TA
L10
0%$1
2,88
010
0%$1
2,01
110
0%$1
3,40
610
0%$1
3,63
610
0%$1
5,15
010
0%$1
4,26
110
0%$1
2,64
810
0%$1
3,29
9
1983
Voc
atio
nal E
duca
tion
Gra
duat
es in
198
7: A
Stu
dy B
ased
on
Fede
ral I
ncom
e T
ax D
ata
by I
.A. C
haza
lah,
Ohi
o U
nive
rsity
22
4 i
TA
BL
E I
IA-9
EL
EC
TR
ON
ICS
1983
SE
CO
ND
AR
Y V
OC
AT
ION
AL
CO
MPL
ET
ER
SR
EPO
RT
ED
IN
CO
ME
(198
7 T
AX
YE
AR
)
.Si
ze o
fR
epor
ted
Inco
me
All
Reg
ions
Perc
ent/M
ean
Out
side
Ohi
oPe
rcen
t/Ohi
oA
ll O
hio
Perc
ent/M
ean
Cen
tral
Ohi
oPe
rcen
t/Mea
nN
orth
east
Ohi
oPe
rcen
t/Mea
nN
orth
wes
t Ohi
oPe
rcen
t/Mea
nSo
uthw
est O
hio
Perc
ent/M
ean
Bal
ance
of
Ohi
oPe
rcen
t/Mea
n
Und
er $
5,50
014
.91%
$3,4
474.
13%
$2,5
0912
.93%
$3,4
5713
.79%
$2,0
7637
.50%
$3,2
1216
.25%
$3,5
5516
.00%
$1,4
3919
.73%
$3,5
40
55,5
00-6
,999
5.46
6,84
25.
526,
575
6.70
6,72
810
.00
6,88
120
.00
7,21
5
8.00
6,61
4
57,0
00-8
,499
7.13
8,34
38.
278,
138
6.52
8,49
617
.25
7,31
08.
759,
100
6.13
8,31
8
$8,5
00-9
,999
12.3
19,
134
12.4
19,
456
1.06
8,97
5
62.5
021
,431
16.0
09,
381
10.9
39,
997
$10,
000-
11,4
9911
.46
10,9
7617
.93
11,0
4210
.59
10,1
5413
.79
10,0
90
5.00
10,1
2011
.20
11,4
49
511,
500-
12,9
9912
.24
12,6
7724
.14
12,9
37
13.7
612
,130
20.0
011
,772
16.0
011
,983
10.1
312
,999
513,
000-
14,4
997.
3614
,240
14.1
013
,641
13.7
913
,560
5.07
14,4
81
514,
500-
15,9
995.
8715
,695
4.14
15,2
825.
4615
,986
12.5
015
,674
7.73
15,8
93
$16,
000-
18,9
996.
5317
,791
7.59
17,8
2110
.05
16,0
0010
.34
17,0
7612
.00
20,2
69
5.87
18,6
73
519,
000-
21,9
995.
3321
,688
6.21
20,9
785.
0021
,876
17.2
522
,573
5.00
21,5
405.
6021
,674
522,
000-
23,9
991.
8523
,695
9.66
36,3
462.
0122
,010
20.0
040
,012
2.13
23,9
97
$24,
000
and
over
9.55
37,8
5111
.82
28,7
2213
.79
31,2
9922
.50
35,6
597.
4835
,549
TO
TA
L10
0%$1
3,75
610
0%$1
4,21
510
0%$1
3,62
710
0%$1
4,78
410
0%51
4,59
910
0%$1
5,98
210
0%$1
5,52
610
0%$1
2,87
2
1983
Voc
atio
nal E
duca
tion
Gra
duat
es in
198
7: A
Stu
dy B
ased
on
Fede
ral I
ncom
e T
ax D
ata
by L
A. G
hanl
ah, O
hio
Uni
vers
ity
4923
50
TA
BLE
IIA
-10
MA
CH
INE
SH
OP
1983
SE
CO
ND
AR
Y V
OC
AT
ION
AL
CO
MP
LET
ER
SR
EP
OR
TE
D IN
CO
ME
(198
7 T
AX
YE
AR
)
Siz
e of
Rep
orte
din
com
e
All
Reg
ions
Per
cent
/Mea
n
Out
side
Ohi
oP
erce
nt/O
hio
All
Ohi
oP
erce
nt/M
ean
Cen
tral
Ohi
oP
erce
nt/M
ean
Nor
thea
st O
hio
Per
cent
/Mea
n
Nor
thw
est O
hio
Per
cent
/Mea
n
Sou
thw
est O
hio
Per
cent
/Mea
n
Bal
ance
of O
hio
Per
cent
/Mea
n
Und
er $
5,50
011
.22%
$3,4
6310
.56%
$2,9
3510
.30%
$3,5
158.
75%
$1,7
3733
.33%
54,4
76
9.24
%$2
,909
9.62
%$1
,701
15.3
9%$3
,929
55,5
00-6
,999
6.49
6,35
54.
936,
703
5.01
5,58
05.
006,
918
4.20
6,37
87.
696,
981
6.31
6,94
3
57,0
00-8
,499
5.18
8,02
83.
528,
143
5.77
7,16
25.
888,
255
7.69
8,92
4
4.82
8,37
9
58,5
00-9
,999
6.25
9,18
523
.24
10,5
72
5.03
8,67
76.
2510
,469
22.2
211
,430
5.88
10,0
05
4.82
9,96
6
510,
000-
11,4
995.
6511
,488
6.71
10,2
627.
6910
,823
4.64
11,4
00
511,
500-
12,9
999.
0012
,307
15.4
912
,874
2.71
12,9
566.
2512
,823
4.20
11,8
489.
6213
,423
7.79
12,9
97
513,
000-
14,4
999.
2714
,178
9.86
14,4
527.
1913
,560
8.75
13,9
967.
5613
,470
8.91
14,4
89
514,
500-
15,9
997.
3415
,328
14.0
818
,133
8.95
14,5
0210
.00
15,2
787.
5614
,905
19.2
315
,029
6.68
15,9
39
516,
000-
18,9
9912
.48
18,3
439.
8621
,658
13.0
218
,297
16.2
518
,030
27.7
818
,993
24.3
717
,902
25.0
017
,797
12.0
618
,843
519,
000-
21,9
998.
9121
,284
7.15
19,0
2115
.00
21,4
057.
6923
,812
7.98
21,9
72
522,
000-
23,9
994.
9923
,600
10.0
122
,001
23.7
529
,760
16.6
736
,486
9.24
22,0
055.
5723
,797
$24,
000
and
over
13.2
232
,433
8.46
28,3
9218
.15
30,6
4521
.87
29,5
585.
7744
,087
15.0
332
,359
TO
TA
L10
0%$1
5,63
810
0%$1
3,89
410
0%$1
6,31
110
0%$1
7,91
510
0%$1
5,39
010
0%$1
7,11
310
0%51
5,22
410
0%$1
6,03
9
1983
Voc
atio
nal E
duca
tion
Gra
duat
es in
198
7: A
Stu
dy B
ased
on
Fed
eral
Inco
me
Tax
Dat
a
by L
A. C
haza
lah,
Ohi
o U
nive
rsity
24
TA
BLE
I1A
-11
CO
SM
ET
OLO
GY
1983
SE
CO
ND
AR
Y V
OC
AT
ION
AL
CO
MP
LET
ER
SR
EP
OR
TE
D IN
CO
ME
(198
7 T
AX
YE
AR
)
Size
of
Rep
orte
din
com
e
All
Reg
ions
Perc
ent/M
ean
Out
side
Ohi
oPe
rcen
t/Ohi
oA
ll O
hio
Perc
ent/M
ean
Cen
tral
Ohi
oPe
rcen
t/Mea
n
Nor
thea
st O
hio
Perc
ent/M
ean
Nor
thw
est O
hio
Perc
ent/M
ean
Sout
hwes
t Ohi
oPe
rcen
t/Mea
nB
alan
ce o
f O
hio
Perc
ent/M
ean
Und
er $
5,50
040
.87%
$2,9
1843
.05%
$2,3
5042
.16%
$2,9
8242
.22%
$2,8
4032
.00%
$3,5
2843
.75%
$3,1
78
37.2
0%$2
,835
$5,5
00-6
,999
11.1
16,
891
9.72
5,78
110
.23
6,98
417
.77
7,13
2
15.0
06,
415
11.8
06,
380
$7,0
00-8
,499
9.24
8,26
318
.07
7,68
09.
088,
397
27.0
08,
537
9.37
7,32
69.
407,
683
$8,5
00-9
.999
12.0
79,
460
9.72
9,82
07.
079,
057
13.3
39,
412
9.37
9,13
723
.77
10,2
17
$10,
000-
11,4
999.
3711
,273
8.33
11,7
28
8.77
10,1
7211
.12
11,4
907.
0010
,678
15.6
411
,359
$11,
500-
12,9
995.
3112
,479
8.05
11,6
518.
8912
,868
6.00
12,2
825.
2012
,226
$13,
000-
14,4
994.
3314
,316
6.94
14,1
60
3.62
13,2
568.
0014
,528
9.37
14,0
11
4.70
13,7
96
$14,
500-
15,9
992.
5815
,581
3.48
15,0
565.
2116
,585
$16,
000-
18,9
992.
6418
,084
3.73
17,9
025.
0017
,773
12.5
018
,339
$19,
000-
21,9
991.
2021
,695
1.51
21,5
00
6.67
24,6
392.
7221
,099
$22,
000-
23,9
991.
2833
,437
1.28
22,5
33
$24,
000
and
over
4.17
40,8
491.
0229
,804
TO
TA
L10
0%$7
,770
100%
$7,5
7910
0%$7
,793
100%
$7,7
8610
0%$8
,799
100%
_$7
,931
100%
$8,3
1510
0%_.
_$7,
680
1983
Voc
atio
nal E
duca
tion
Gra
duat
es in
198
7: A
Stu
dy B
ased
on
Fede
ral I
ncom
e T
axD
ata
by L
A. G
haza
lah,
Ohi
o U
nive
rsity 53
2554
TA
BL
E I
IA-1
2O
CC
UPA
TIO
NA
L W
OR
K E
XPE
RIE
NC
E19
83 S
EC
ON
DA
RY
VO
CA
TIO
NA
L C
OM
PLE
TE
RS
RE
POR
TE
D I
NC
OM
E
(198
7 T
AX
YE
AR
)
Siz
e of
Rep
orte
dIn
com
e
All
Reg
ions
Per
cent
/Mea
n
Out
side
Ohi
oP
erce
nt/O
hio
All
Ohi
oP
erce
nt/M
ean
Cen
tral
Ohi
oP
erce
nt/M
ean
Nor
thea
st O
hio
Per
cent
/Mea
n
Nor
thw
est O
hio
Per
cent
/Mea
n
Sou
thw
est O
hio
Per
cent
/Mea
nB
alan
ce o
f Ohi
oP
erce
nt/M
ean
Und
er $
5,50
032
.07%
$3,6
4719
.51%
$2,
668
28.0
0%$2
,645
28.1
7%$3
,586
22.7
8%$2
,659
24.3
0%$4
,330
23.3
3%$3
,296
31.4
6%$3
,001
55,5
00-6
,999
8.99
6,99
36.
186,
403
8.16
6,97
919
.72
7,23
513
.89
6,48
8
10.7
66,
294
16.6
75,
970
9.90
6,18
4
57,0
00-8
,499
9.64
8,48
35.
798,
079
5.10
8,47
621
.91
8,45
3
16.6
78,
499
10.7
57,
656
58,5
00-9
,999
9.16
9,39
812
.80
9,49
617
.08
9,18
311
.27
8,98
516
.66
9,90
110
.00
10,7
55
8.80
9,08
0
510,
000-
11,4
9910
.19
10,7
4019
.82
10,5
052.
1211
,300
9.16
10,6
698.
8010
,653
511,
500-
12,9
997.
4812
,191
11.5
812
,156
8.16
11,7
1512
.68
11,9
8711
.11
12,6
23
6.77
12,0
6913
.33
12,3
146.
6612
,035
513,
000-
14,4
995.
1014
,261
4.88
13,6
3710
.67
13,8
955.
6313
,594
6.77
13,6
095.
6813
,476
514,
500-
15,9
994.
6015
,899
3.35
15,2
294.
9714
,501
5.63
14,9
4111
.11
15,9
354.
7814
,803
11.1
216
,057
516,
000-
18,9
995.
6318
,097
6.40
17,5
359.
1316
,001
7.04
18,7
6413
.15
18,4
1820
.00
19,7
49$1
9,00
0-21
,999
3.58
21,5
576.
0121
,210
1.05
19,1
2311
.11
20,2
203.
5419
,999
522,
000-
23,9
991.
2423
,291
3.33
22,0
019.
8628
,577
8.33
22,0
362.
4027
,264
3.29
42,4
19$2
4,00
0 an
dov
er2.
3238
,108
3.68
39,6
982.
2326
,636
TO
TA
L10
0%$9
,898
100%
$11
,122
100%
$9,6
9810
0%$1
0,71
510
0%$1
0,41
210
0%$1
0,08
110
0%$9
,848
100%
$9,5
72
1983
Voc
atio
nal E
duca
tion
Gra
duat
es in
198
7: A
Stu
dy B
ased
on
Fed
eral
Inco
me
Tax
Dat
a
by l.
A. C
haza
lah,
Ohi
o U
nive
rsity
26
.t)
TA
BL
E I
IA-1
3
ME
AN
RE
POR
TE
D I
NC
OM
E O
F 19
83 S
EC
ON
DA
RY
VO
CA
TIO
NA
L G
RA
DU
AT
ES
BY
VO
CA
TIO
NA
L P
RO
GR
AM
AN
D R
EG
ION
(198
7 T
AX
YE
AR
)
VO
CA
TIO
NA
L E
DU
CA
TIO
NA
LL
OU
TSI
DE
AL
LC
EN
TR
AL
NO
RT
HE
AST
NO
RT
HW
EST
SOU
TH
WE
STB
AL
AN
CE
PRO
GR
AM
RE
GIO
NS
OH
IOO
HIO
OH
IOO
HIO
OH
IOO
HIO
OF
OH
IO
1. A
gric
ultu
ral P
rodu
ctio
nan
d H
ortic
ultu
re
2_ M
arke
ting
3. H
ealth
Occ
upat
ions
Edu
catio
n
4. H
ome
Eco
nom
ics
Edu
catio
n
5. A
ccou
ntin
g, C
ompu
ting
and
Bus
ines
s D
ata
Proc
essi
ng
$9,5
65
11,1
64
12,8
27
8,34
2
11,0
61
$10,
106
12,0
86
14,0
42
10,2
17
11,6
97
$9,4
66
11,0
17
12,7
05
18,0
19
10,9
88
$8,7
17
12,0
04
10,0
58
8,27
5
10,1
95
$8,7
19
11,2
29
12,7
48
8,13
8
12,0
47
$8,4
40
11,8
09
14,6
37
7,55
5
11,1
67
$8,8
86
10,2
73
13,3
69
7,30
2
11,4
56
$10,
148
10,7
38
12,5
52
8,11
8
10,9
58
6. G
ener
al O
ffic
e C
leri
cal,
11,1
6211
,809
11,0
9711
,589
10,9
8211
,205
11,7
0311
,020
Sten
ogra
phic
, Sec
reta
rial
,an
d R
elat
ed O
ccup
atio
ns
7. A
uto
Mec
hani
cs12
,750
13,3
2512
,660
13,7
8712
,946
12,4
0413
,130
12,5
97
8. C
arpe
ntry
12,8
8012
,011
13,4
0613
,636
15,1
5014
,261
12,6
4813
,299
9. E
lect
roni
cs13
,756
14,2
153,
627
14,7
8414
,599
15,9
8215
,526
12,8
72
10. M
achi
ne S
hop
15,6
3813
,894
16,3
1117
,915
15,3
9017
,113
15,2
2416
,039
11. C
osm
etol
ogy
7,77
07,
579
7,79
37,
786
8,79
97,
931
8,31
57,
680
12. O
ccup
atio
nal W
ork
9,89
811
,122
9,69
810
,715
10,4
1210
,081
9,84
89,
572
Exp
erie
nce
5727
58
II
A
,
4
/ ' ,04//// ,,,,/,.
,/ '/ / // , 4
///// ,:,
/ , ,4
'',/, 7 ,,,,V
',I
/ / /////, :/
/// //////
a
*
,r
", 4,, ,
,I
-
.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,/,7,4
........,
B. GEOGRAPHIC MOBILITY OF 1983 SECONDARY VOCATIONAL GRADUATES
The mobility patterns.of Secondary Vocational graduates can be analyzed by comparing
their residence in 1987 to that of 1983, the year in which they completed their programs.
Each vocational graduate was identified by the zip code of the school attended in 1983.
Using the geographical regional classification of the State based on zip codes, we were able
to determine for each vocational program the number of graduates who resided in each of the
five regions of the State of Ohio (Central, Northeast, Northwest, Southwest and Balance of
Ohio) in 1987.
The group data on vocational graduates provided by the Internal Revenue Service for
1987 were classified by the same geographical regions within the State as well as a sixth region,
out-of-state, for each of the vocational programs. We were thus able to trace the net mobility
of the Secondary Vocational graduates between 1983 and 1987.
For each of the vocational programs, the State's retention rate was obtained by
calculating the percentage of the total number of the 1983 graduates who in 1987 resided in
any of the Ohio regions. Table DEB-1 shows the retention rate for each of the twelve Secondary
Vocational programs as well as for all of these programs combined. The retention rate of all
twelve secondary progams is 85.42%, indicating that 14.58% of the 1983 graduates of these
programs were out-of-state residents in 1987. The table also compares these retention rates
to those for the 1982, 1981 and 1980 Secondary Vocational graduates in 1986, 1985 and 1984,
respectively. Diagram IIB-A is a bar chart of these data in chronological order.
It should be noted that net retention rates are calculated on the basis of residence.
Therefore, retention by the State included those who resided in Ohio but worked out of state
and did not include out-of-state residents whose work place was in Ohio.
29
6 0
TA
BL
E H
B-1
STA
TE
RE
TE
NT
ION
RA
TE
S O
F 19
83, 1
982,
198
1 A
ND
198
0 SE
CO
ND
AR
Y V
OC
AT
ION
AL
GR
AD
UA
TFS
BY
VO
CA
TIO
NA
L P
RO
GR
AM
VO
CA
TIO
NA
L P
RO
GR
AM
Perc
ent o
f 19
83 G
radu
ates
Perc
ent o
f 19
82 G
radu
ates
Perc
ent o
f 19
81 G
radu
ates
2erc
ent o
f 19
80 G
radu
ates
[W
ho M
aint
aine
d R
esid
ence
Who
Mai
ntai
ned
Res
iden
ceW
ho M
aint
aine
d R
esid
ence
Who
Mai
ntai
ned
Res
iden
cein
Ohi
o in
198
7in
Ohi
o in
198
6in
Ohi
o in
198
5in
Ohi
o in
198
4
Agr
icul
tura
l Pro
dirt
ion
and
Hor
ticul
ture
8535
%88
.58%
83.9
8%83
.61%
Mar
ketin
g83
.17%
83.9
5%80
.19%
81.1
8%
Hea
lth O
ccup
atio
ns E
duca
tion
86.7
2%86
.73%
83.5
0%83
.08%
Hom
e E
cono
mic
s E
duca
tion
84.2
4%84
.60%
78.8
1%81
.57%
Acc
ount
ing,
Com
putin
g an
d84
.55%
86.4
8%84
.06%
83.6
5%
Bus
ines
s D
ata
Proc
essi
ng
Gen
eral
Off
ice
Cle
rica
l,87
.03%
88.6
8%86
.07%
84.6
7%
Sten
ogra
phic
, Sec
reta
rial
,an
d R
elat
ed O
ccup
atio
ns
Aut
o M
echa
nics
8631
%85
.61%
85.8
0%84
.64%
Car
pent
ry81
.99%
8181
%83
.97%
7837
%
Ele
ctro
nics
78.4
9%79
.49%
7730
%75
.28%
Mac
hine
Sho
p84
.96%
84.4
3%88
.95%
8637
%
Cos
met
olog
y88
.76%
88.1
2%83
.71%
84.4
3%
Occ
upat
iona
l Wor
k E
xper
ienc
e85
.90%
84.7
6%80
.81%
8169
%
TO
TA
L85
.42%
84.4
6%83
.22%
8150
%
30F2
DIA
GR
AM
IIB
-AS
tate
Ret
entio
n R
ates
of 1
980,
198
1, 1
982
and
1983
Sec
onda
ry V
ocat
iona
l Gra
duat
esby
Voc
atio
nal P
rogr
am
90 r)
1119
80 G
rads
in 1
984
11 1
981
Gra
ds in
198
5E
i 198
2 G
rads
in 1
986
7. 1
983
Gra
ds in
198
7
316
4
C. INCOME OF 1983 SECONDARY VOCATIONAL GRADUATES: COMPARISONWITH EQUIVALENT GROUPS
Income data on the 1983 graduates of secondary vocational programs for the 1987 Tax
Year may be analyzed using baseline data on a comparable group, i.e., one with the same age
bracket and educational achievement.
The U.S. Bureau of the Census data on 1987 money income of persons in the United
States' can be used as a baseline with appropriate adjustments for the U.S. Ohio and
Ohio-regional income relatives. In 1987, earnings in the United States of males in the 18-24
age group with four years of high school education had a mean of $10,039. The equivalent
figure for females was $7,274.
In order to carry out the comparison between earnings of graduates of vocational
programs in the study and those of the comparable group in the general population, the
following procedures were utilized:
1. For each of the twelve secondary vocational programs, a U.S. basic comparison
figure of earnings was calculated using the gender breakdown of graduates (See
Table II-A) as weights. For example, the basic 1987 U.S. comparison figure of
$8,459 for graduates of Marketing was calculated by multiplying 0.5714 (the
proportion of females) times $7,274 (the female earnings figure) and adding the
result to that of multiplying 0.4286 (the proportion of males) times $10,039 (the
male earnings figure).
2. Bureau of the Census money income data for the applicable age groups and years
of schooling are nationwide data. Therefore, in order to provide an appropriate
comparison of money incomes of vocational graduates to earners in the general
population within the State of Ohio and within the five regions of the State, the
money income data by program and region were adjusted using income relatives
between the U.S. and Ohio and between the U.S. and each of Ohio's five
geographical regions. The income relative for each region was calculated using a
1 U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Money Income of Households,Families and Persons in the United States: 1987, Scrics P-60, No. 159.
326 5
population-weighted average of income relatives of component counties based on
1987 per capita income estimates for Ohio counties.2 Each 1987 mean repotted
income figure for the 1983 Secondary Vocational graduates included in the study
(See Table IIA-13) was then divided by the ratio of the applicable income level for
the region (or the State as a whole) to that of the U.S.
3. Each of these adjusted reported income figures for Secondary Vocational graduates
was then divided by the 1987 money income applicable to the progam as described
in 1 above.
The results are shown in Table IIC-1. The ratios of the mean incomes in 1987 of the
1983 Secondary Vocational graduates to the 1987 incomes of the comparable group (the same
age bracket, educational achievement and geographic region) are listed by vocational program
and region. The Carpentry Program can be used to illustrate the results. For all 1983 graduates
of the program, the ratio of 1.35 indicates that the mean 1987 income was 35% higher than
the 1987 mean income for the comparable group by age and educational achievement. For
those completers of the program who resided outside Ohio, the ratio of 1.20 indicates they
received a mean income 20% higher than the 1987 mean for the comparable group by age and
educational achievement. For all 1983 graduates who lived in Ohio, the mean income was 41%
higher than the comparable group in Ohio. The remaining ratios of 1.35, 1.54, 1.49, 1.24 and
1.54 indicate a higher percentage mean income of 35%, 54%, 49%, 24%, and 54% for those
who resided in Central Ohio, Northeast Ohio, Northwest Ohio, Southwest Ohio, and Balance
of Ohio, respectively.
2 U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, East North Central 1988Population and 1987 Per Capita Income Estimates for Counties and Incorporated Places,Series P-26, No. 87-ENC-SC.
33
fi
TA
BL
E
RA
TIO
S O
F M
EA
N R
EPO
RT
ED
IN
CO
ME
OF
1983
SE
CO
ND
AR
Y V
OC
AT
ION
AL
GR
AD
UA
TE
ST
O M
EA
N G
EN
ER
AL
IN
CO
ME
BY
VO
CA
TIO
NA
L P
RO
GR
AM
AN
D R
EG
ION
(198
7 T
AX
YE
AR
)
VO
CA
TIO
NA
L E
DU
CA
TIO
NA
LL
OU
TSI
DE
AL
LC
EN
TR
AL
NO
RT
HE
AST
NO
RT
HW
EST
SOU
TH
WE
STB
AL
AN
CE
PRO
GR
AM
RE
GIO
NS
OH
IOO
HIO
OH
IOO
HIO
OH
IOO
HIO
OF
OH
IO
1. A
gric
ultu
ral P
rodu
ctio
nan
d H
ortic
ultu
re1.
201.
211.
191.
041.
061.
051.
041.
40
2. M
arke
ting
1.38
1.42
1.37
1.41
1.35
1.45
1.19
1.47
3. H
ealth
Occ
upat
ions
1.79
1.88
1.79
0.99
1.73
2.04
1.75
1.94
Edu
catio
n
4. H
ome
Eco
nom
ics
Edu
catio
n1.
101.
281.
061.
031.
041.
010.
991.
18
5. A
ccou
ntin
g, C
ompu
ting
and
1.50
1.51
1.50
1.31
1.58
1.50
1.45
1.64
Bus
ines
s D
ata
Proc
essi
ng
6. G
ener
al O
ffic
e C
leri
cal,
1.60
1.62
1.60
1.58
1.53
1.60
1.57
1.75
Sten
ogra
phic
, Sec
reta
rial
,an
d R
elat
ed O
ccup
atio
ns
7. A
uto
Mec
hani
cs1.
3313
313
31.
3713
11.
291.
281.
45
8. C
arpe
ntry
1.35
1.20
1.41
1.35
134
1.49
1.24
134
9. E
lect
roni
cs1.
451.
441.
451.
4913
01.
6813
41.
49
10. M
achi
ne S
hop
1.64
139
1.72
137
1.79
1.49
1.86
11. C
osm
etol
ogy
1.11
1.03
1.12
122
1.13
1.11
1.21
12. O
ccup
atio
nal W
ork
1.12
1.21
1.11
1.15
1.15
1.14
1.05
1.20
Exp
erie
nce
34
D. INCOME OF 1983, 1982, 1981 AND 1980 SECONDARY VOCATIONALGRADUATES FOUR YEARS FOLLOWING THEIR GRADUATION: ACOMPARISON
The study has focused on 1987, which marks four years following the graduation of the
1983 Secondary Vocational graduates. The purpose of this section is to compare the mean
incomes in 1987 of the 1983 vocational graduates with those of the 1982, 1981 and 1980
vocational graduates in 1986, 1985 and 1984. The four groups of vocational education
graduates will be compared at the same point in their respective working paths four years after
their graduation. Tables IID-1, IID-2, IID-3 and IID-4 show the mean income by vocational
program and region for each of these four groups of vocational education graduates at the
same point in their respective working path four years after their vocational gsaduation, i.e.,
in 1987, 1986, 1985 and 1984 for the graduates in 1983, 1982, 1981, and 1980, respectively.
Table IID-5 and Diagram 11D-A provide a comparison of their mean incomes.
TA
BL
E I
ID-1
ME
AN
RE
POR
TE
D I
NC
OM
E O
F 19
83 S
EC
ON
DA
RY
VO
CA
TIO
NA
L G
RA
DU
AT
ES
BY
VO
CA
TIO
NA
L P
RO
GR
AM
AN
D R
EG
ION
(198
7 T
AX
YE
AR
)
VO
CA
TIO
NA
L E
DU
CA
TIO
NA
LL
OU
TSW
EA
LL
CE
NT
RA
LN
OR
TH
EA
STN
OR
TH
WE
STSO
UT
HW
EST
BA
LA
NC
E
PRO
GR
AM
RE
GIO
NS
OH
IOO
HIO
OH
IOO
HIO
OH
IOO
HIO
OF
OH
IO
Agr
icul
tura
l Pro
duct
ion
and
Hor
ticul
ture
$9,5
65$1
0,10
6$9
,466
$8,7
17$8
,719
$8,4
40$8
,886
$10,
148
Mar
ketin
g11
,164
12,0
8611
,017
12,0
0411
,229
11,8
0910
,273
10,7
38
Hea
lth O
ccup
atio
ns E
duca
tion
12,8
2714
,042
12,7
0510
,058
l 2,7
4814
,637
13,3
6912
,552
Hom
e E
cono
mic
s E
duca
tion
8,34
210
,217
18,0
198,
275
8,13
87,
555
7,30
28,
118
Acc
ount
ing,
Com
putin
g an
d11
,061
11,6
9710
,988
10,1
9512
,047
11,1
6711
,456
10,9
58
Bus
ines
s D
ata
Proc
essi
ng
Gen
eral
Off
ice
Cle
rica
l,11
,162
11,8
0911
,097
11,5
8910
,982
11,2
0511
,703
11,0
20
Sten
ogra
phic
, Sec
reta
rial
,an
d R
elat
ed O
ccup
atio
ns
Aut
o M
echa
nics
12,7
5013
,325
12,6
6013
,787
12,9
4612
,404
13,1
3012
,597
Car
pent
ry12
,880
12,0
1113
,406
13,6
3615
,150
14,2
6112
,648
13,2
99
Ele
ctro
nics
13,7
5614
,215
13,6
2714
,784
14,5
9915
,982
15,5
2612
,872
Mac
hine
Sho
p15
,638
13,8
9416
,311
17,9
1515
,390
17,1
1315
,224
16,0
39
Cos
met
olog
y7,
770
7,57
97,
793
7,78
68,
799
7,93
18,
315
7,68
0
Occ
upat
iona
l Wor
k9,
898
11,1
229,
698
10,7
1510
,412
10,0
819,
848
9,57
2
Exp
erie
nce
36
TA
BL
E I
ID-2
ME
AN
IN
CO
ME
OF
1982
SE
CO
ND
AR
Y V
OC
AT
ION
AL
GR
AD
UA
TE
SB
Y V
OC
AT
ION
AL
PR
OG
RA
M A
ND
RE
GIO
N(1
986
TA
X Y
EA
R)
VO
CA
TIO
NA
L E
DU
CA
TIO
NPR
OG
RA
MA
LL
RE
GIO
NS
OU
TSI
DE
OH
IOA
LL
OH
IOC
EN
11&
AL
0111
0N
OR
TH
EA
STO
HIO
NO
RT
HW
EST
OH
IOSO
UT
HW
EST
OH
IOB
AL
AN
CE
OF
OH
IO
Agr
icul
tura
l Pro
duct
ion
and
Hor
ticui
ture
$11,
662
$13,
015
$11,
390
$11,
993
$10,
817
$12,
241
$11,
877
$11,
002
Mar
ketin
g$1
2,45
5$1
2,20
7$1
2,50
2$1
2,97
7$1
3,09
6$1
2,23
6$1
2,51
2$1
2,13
1
Hea
lth O
ccup
atio
ns E
duca
tion
$11,
687
$12,
234
$11,
605
$10,
010
$12,
141
$12,
446
$12,
697
$11,
215
Hom
e E
cono
mks
Edu
catio
n$8
,167
$9,9
33$7
,795
$7,0
99$8
,294
$7,9
13$7
,038
$8,1
02
Acc
ount
ing,
Com
putin
g an
d$1
1,98
7$1
2,57
7$1
1,81
9$1
2,08
4$1
2,09
4$1
0,98
8$1
2,63
2$1
1,60
9B
usin
ess
Dat
a Pr
oces
sing
Gen
eral
Off
ice
Cle
rica
l,$1
0,84
9$1
1,16
7$1
0,77
9$9
,216
$10,
892
$9,2
50$1
0,71
8$1
0,12
7
Sten
ogra
phic
, Sec
reta
rial
,an
d M
ated
Occ
upat
ions
Aut
o M
echa
nics
$13,
975
$13,
888
$13,
989
$13,
840
$13,
599
$13,
231
$15,
485
$13,
704
Car
pent
ry$1
3,86
7$1
4,99
2$1
3,63
4$1
4,14
8$1
3,93
5$1
2,31
6$1
4,01
2$1
3,33
6
Ele
ctro
nics
$13,
569
$14,
048
$13,
315
$15,
578
$14,
769
$13,
426
$12,
898
$12,
747
Mac
hine
Sho
p$1
5,71
4$1
3,57
2$1
6,11
5$1
5,27
8$1
5,38
3$1
6,18
8$1
6,01
4$1
5,67
3
Cos
met
olog
y$8
,378
S9,7
29$8
,320
$8,2
64$8
,995
$8,1
25$8
,772
$8,0
76
Occ
upat
iona
l Wor
k$1
0,24
3$1
2,05
4$9
,852
$10,
040
$9,9
88$9
,299
$9,3
94$9
,137
Exp
erie
nce
37
7273
TA
BL
E I
ID-3
ME
AN
IN
CO
ME
OF
1981
SE
CO
ND
AR
Y V
OC
AT
ION
AL
GR
AD
UA
TE
SB
Y V
OC
AT
ION
AL
PR
OG
RA
M A
ND
RE
GIO
N(1
985
TA
X Y
EA
R)
VO
CA
TIO
NA
L E
DU
CA
TIO
NA
LL
OU
TSI
DE
AL
LC
EN
TR
AL
NO
RT
HE
AST
NO
RT
HW
EST
SOU
TH
WE
STB
AIA
NC
EPR
OG
RA
MR
EG
ION
SO
HIO
OH
IOO
HIO
OH
IOO
HIO
OH
IOO
F O
HIO
Agr
icul
tura
l Pro
duct
ion
and
Hor
ticul
ture
$10,
185
$8,5
94$1
0,87
3$9
,979
$11,
547
$9,2
88$1
0,92
0$1
1,19
3
Mar
ketin
g$1
0,39
9$9
,743
$10,
752
$10,
392
$11,
700
$9,4
67$9
,352
$10,
370
Hea
lth O
ccup
atio
ns E
duca
tion
$11,
179
$9,3
96$1
1,89
0$1
0,00
3$1
3,25
4$1
1,75
8$1
2,02
0$1
0,82
1
Hom
e E
cono
mks
Edu
catio
n$8
,165
$8,0
63$8
,455
$8,1
42$8
,141
$8,5
99$7
,879
$8,6
83
Acc
ount
ing,
Com
putin
g an
d$1
0,55
7$8
,677
$10,
252
$9,8
28$1
0,77
4$1
0,52
4$1
1,40
2$1
0,89
2B
usin
ess
Dat
a Pr
oces
sing
Gen
eral
Off
ice
Cle
rica
l,$1
0,44
9$1
0,00
7$1
0,82
5$1
0,61
6$1
1,08
6$1
0,54
0$1
1,85
7$1
0,70
1
Sten
ogra
phic
, Sec
reta
rial
,an
d R
elat
ed O
ccup
atio
ns
Aut
o M
echa
nics
$12,
921
$11,
446
$13,
332
$12,
297
$13,
491
$12,
904
$14,
418
$12,
923
Car
pent
ry$1
2,86
5$1
1,62
2$1
3,26
1$1
2,37
0$1
3,51
2$1
2,40
6$1
2,51
3$1
3,93
3
Ele
ctro
nics
$12,
613
$12,
135
$12,
944
$14,
223
$13,
541
$12,
765
$13,
251
$11,
503
Mac
hine
Sho
p$1
4,45
4$1
3,86
8$1
4,69
8$1
3,92
3$1
6,32
8$1
3,68
3$1
5,80
7$1
3,84
4
Cos
met
olog
y$7
,919
$6,9
86$8
,855
$7,4
34$8
,626
$8,1
09$9
,166
$7,7
96
Occ
upat
iona
l Wor
k$9
,633
$9,2
50$1
0,19
4$9
,706
$11,
009
$9,3
13$1
0,53
7$9
,036
Exp
erie
nce
38
't
TA
BL
E I
ID-4
ME
AN
IN
CO
ME
OF
1980
SE
CO
ND
AR
Y V
OC
AT
ION
AL
GR
AD
UA
TE
SB
Y V
OC
AT
ION
AL
PR
OG
RA
M A
ND
RE
GIO
N(1
984
TA
X Y
EA
R)
VO
CA
TIO
NA
L E
DU
CA
TIO
NA
LL
OU
'IMD
EA
LL
CE
NT
RA
LN
OR
TH
EA
STN
OR
TH
WE
STSO
UT
HW
EST
IB
AL
AN
CE
PRO
GR
AM
RE
GIO
NS
OH
IOO
HIO
OH
IOO
HIO
OH
IOO
HIO
OF
OH
IO
Agr
icul
tura
l Pro
duct
ion
and
Hor
tkul
ture
$9,5
65$1
2,35
2$8
,609
$7,6
75$1
0,31
0$8
,073
$9,0
17$1
1,19
3
Mar
ketin
g$9
,944
$10,
709
$9,7
64$1
0,59
5$8
,872
$9,9
42S1
2,24
7$9
,505
Hea
lth O
ccup
atio
ns E
duca
tion
$10,
744
$10,
722
$10,
564
$9,7
83$1
1,64
7$1
1,08
6$1
1,21
8$1
0,44
3
Hom
e E
cono
mic
s E
duca
tion
$8,1
47$9
,259
$7,9
00$8
,362
$10,
193
$7,9
44$6
,918
$7,6
71
Acc
ount
ing,
Com
putin
g an
d$1
0,37
3$9
,345
$10,
479
$9,3
26$1
2,12
4$1
2,29
9$1
1,18
0$1
0,27
3
Bus
ines
s D
ata
Proc
essi
ng
Gen
eral
Off
ice
Cle
rica
l,$9
,954
$9,6
12$1
0,01
4$8
,300
$11,
029
$9,7
43$1
0,07
7$1
0,09
9
Sten
ogra
phic
, Sec
reta
rial
,an
d R
elat
ed O
ccup
atio
ns
Aut
o M
echa
nics
$12,
222
$11,
291
$12,
369
$11,
449
$15,
788
$14,
744
$15,
549
$11,
852
Car
pent
ry$1
1,89
8$1
1,82
8$1
1,85
0$1
1,84
5$1
4,96
9$1
3,74
9$1
2,16
7$1
1,60
8
Ele
ctro
nics
$12,
496
$13,
133
$12,
289
$13,
864
$16,
579
$12,
566
$13,
030
$11,
993
Mac
hine
Sho
p$1
3,68
5$1
2,58
9$1
3,83
3$1
6,31
1$1
7,71
6$1
4,22
6$1
6,44
8$1
3,22
4
Cos
met
olog
y$7
,785
$7,3
25$7
,764
$6,5
78$5
,646
$6,8
93$1
1,20
6$7
,803
Occ
upat
iona
l Wor
k$9
,168
$10,
091
$8,9
51$9
,865
$10,
947
$8,9
12$8
,548
$8,8
69
Exp
erie
nce
397
7
TA
BL
E I
ID-5
ME
AN
IN
CO
ME
OF
1983
, 198
2, 1
981
AN
D 1
980
SEC
ON
DA
RY
VO
CA
TIO
NA
L E
DU
CA
TIO
NG
RA
DU
AT
ES
FOU
R Y
EA
RS
AFT
ER
GR
AD
UA
TIO
NB
Y V
OC
AT
ION
AL
PR
OG
RA
M
VO
CA
TIO
NA
L P
RO
GR
AM
Mea
n In
com
e in
198
7M
ean
Inco
me
in 1
986
Mea
n In
com
e in
198
5M
ean
Inco
me
in 1
984
of 1
983
Seco
ndar
yof
198
2 Se
cond
ary
of 1
981
Seco
ndar
yof
198
0 Se
cond
ary
Voc
atio
nal G
radu
ates
Voc
atio
nal G
radu
ates
Voc
atio
nal G
radu
ates
Voc
atio
nal G
radu
ates
Agr
icul
tura
l Pro
duct
ion
and
Hor
ticul
ture
$9,5
65$1
1,66
2$1
0,18
5$9
,799
Mar
ketin
g$1
1,16
4$1
2,45
5$1
0,39
9$9
,944
Hea
lth O
ccup
atio
ns E
duca
tion
$12,
827
$11,
687
$11,
179
$10,
744
Hom
e E
cono
mic
s E
duca
tion
$8,3
42$8
,167
$8,1
65$8
,147
Acc
ount
ing,
Com
putin
g an
d$1
1,06
1$1
1,98
7$1
0,55
7$1
0,37
3
Bus
ines
s D
ata
Proc
essi
ng
Gen
eral
Off
ice
Cle
rica
l,$1
1,16
2$1
0,84
9$1
0,44
9$9
,954
Sten
ogra
phic
, Sec
reta
rial
,an
d R
elat
ed O
ccup
atio
ns
Aut
o M
echa
nics
$12,
750
$13,
975
$12,
921
$12,
222
Car
pent
ry$1
2,88
0$1
3,86
7$1
2,86
5$1
1,89
8
Ele
ctro
nics
$13,
756
$13,
569
$12,
613
$12,
496
Mac
hine
Sho
p$1
5,63
8$1
5,71
4$1
4,45
4$1
3,68
5
Cos
met
olog
y$7
,770
$8,3
78$7
,919
$7,7
85
Occ
upat
iona
l Wor
k$9
,898
$10,
243
$9,6
33$9
,168
Exp
erie
nce
7 9
40
110.
000 10
DIA
GR
AM
IID
-AM
ean
Inco
me
of 1
980,
198
1, 1
982
end
1983
Sec
onda
ry V
ocat
iona
l Gra
duat
es b
y P
rogr
am
Agr
. Pro
d. &
Mar
ketin
gH
ealth
Hom
eA
ccou
ntin
g...
Gen
eral
Hor
t.O
ccup
atio
nsE
cono
mic
sO
ffice
...M
echa
nics
Aut
o
80
Car
prin
try
Ele
ctro
nics
Mac
hine
Cos
met
olog
yS
hop
OB
198
0 G
radu
ates
In 1
984
0 19
81 G
radu
ates
In 1
985
1902
Gra
duat
es In
198
6 0
1983
Gra
duat
es In
198
7L_
41
OW
E
81
E. INCOME OF 1983, 1982, 1981 AND 1980 SECONDARY VOCATIONALGRADUATES FOUR YEARS FOLLOWING GRADUATION: COMPARISON WITHEQUIVALENT GROUPS
A fmal comparison between the income performance of the 1983, 1982, 1981 and 1980
vocational graduates was conducted by reference to the comparable group in the general
population.
Table 11E-1 shows the ratios of mean incomes in 1987 of the 1983 Secondary
Vocational gaduates to the 1987 mean income of the comparable goup in the general
population (the same age bracket, educational achievement and geographic region) by
vocational program and region.
Table IIE-2 and Diagram IIE-A show the ratios of mean incomes of Secondary
Vocational graduates (by program) to the mean incomes of comparable groups for the 1983,
1982, 1981 and 1980 completers in 1987, 1986, 1985 and 1984, respectively. This provides a
comparison of the ratios of mean incomes to the mean incomes of comparable groups at the
same point in the career path of the four groups of vocational gaduates, i.e. four years after
completion of their programs.
42
TA
BL
E I
IE-1
RA
TIO
S O
F M
EA
N R
EPO
RT
ED
IN
CO
ME
OF
1983
SE
CO
ND
AR
YV
OC
AT
ION
AL
GR
AD
UA
TE
ST
O M
EA
N G
EN
ER
AL
IN
CO
ME
BY
VO
CA
TIO
NA
L P
RO
GR
AM
AN
D R
EG
ION
(198
7 T
AX
YE
AR
)
VO
CA
TIO
NA
L E
DU
CA
TIO
NA
LL
OU
TSI
DE
AL
LC
EN
TR
AL
NO
RT
HE
AST
NO
RT
HW
EST
SOU
TH
WE
STB
AL
AN
CE
PRO
GR
AM
RE
GIO
NS
OH
IOO
HIO
OH
IOO
HIO
OH
IOO
HIO
OF
OH
IO
1.A
gric
ultu
ral P
rodu
ctio
nan
d H
ortic
ultu
re1.
201.
211.
191.
041.
061.
051.
041.
40
2. M
arke
ting
1.38
1.42
1.37
1.41
1.35
1.45
1.19
1.47
3. H
ealth
Occ
upat
ions
1.79
1.88
1.79
0.99
1.73
2.04
1.75
1.94
Edu
catio
n
4. H
ome
Eco
nom
ics
Edu
catio
n1.
101.
281.
061.
031.
041.
010.
991.
18
5. A
ccou
ntin
g, C
ompu
ting
and
150
1.51
1.50
1.31
1.58
1.50
1.45
1.64
Bus
ines
s D
ata
Proc
essi
ng
6. G
ener
al O
ffic
e C
leri
cal,
1.60
1.62
1.60
1.58
1.53
1.60
1.57
1.75
Sten
ogra
phic
, Sec
reta
rial
,an
d R
elat
ed O
ccup
atio
ns
7. A
uto
Mec
hani
cs13
31.
331.
331.
371.
311.
291.
281.
45
8. C
arpe
ntry
135
1.20
1.41
1.35
154
1.49
1.24
1.54
9. E
lect
roni
cs1.
451.
441.
451.
491.
501.
681.
541.
49
10. M
achi
ne S
hop
1.64
139
1.72
1.78
157
1.79
1.49
1.86
11. C
osm
etol
ogy
1.11
1.03
1.12
1.05
1.22
1.13
1.11
1.21
12. O
ccup
atio
nal W
ork
1.12
1.21
1.11
1.15
1.15
1.14
1.05
1.20
Exp
erie
nce
43S4
S3
TA
BL
E 1
1E-2
RA
TIO
S O
F M
EA
N I
NC
OM
ES
OF
1983
, 198
2, 1
981
AN
D 1
980
SEC
ON
DA
RY
VO
CA
TIO
NA
LG
RA
DU
AT
ES
TO
ME
AN
IN
CO
ME
OF
CO
MPA
RA
BL
E G
RO
UPS
IN G
EN
ER
AL
PO
PUL
AT
ION
BY
VO
CA
TIO
NA
L P
RO
GR
AM
VO
CA
TIO
NA
L P
RO
GR
AM
1987
Mea
n In
com
e of
1986
Mea
n In
com
e of
1985
Mea
n In
com
e of
1984
Mea
n In
com
e of
1983
Sec
onda
ry19
82 S
econ
dary
1981
Sec
onda
ry19
80 S
econ
dary
Voc
atio
nal G
radu
ates
/V
ocat
iona
l Gra
duat
es/
Voc
atio
nal G
radu
ates
/V
ocat
iona
l Gra
duat
es/
Mea
n In
com
e of
Mea
n In
com
e of
Mea
n In
com
e of
Mea
n In
com
e of
Com
para
ble
Gro
ups
Com
para
ble
Gro
ups
Com
para
ble
Gro
ups
Com
para
ble
Gro
ups
Agr
icul
tura
l Pro
duct
ion
and
Hor
ticul
ture
1.20
1.55
1.40
1.32
Mar
ketin
g1.
381.
611.
431.
37
Hea
lth O
ccup
atio
ns E
duca
tion
1.79
1.75
1.82
1.72
Hom
e E
cono
mic
s E
duca
tion
1.10
1.19
1.24
1.23
Acc
ount
ing,
Com
putin
g an
d1.
501.
691.
641.
53B
usin
ess
Dat
a Pr
oces
sing
Gen
eral
Off
ice
Cle
rica
l,1.
601.
651.
721.
60
Sten
ogra
phic
, Sec
reta
rial
,an
d R
elat
ed O
ccup
atio
ns
Aut
o M
echa
nics
1.33
130
1.46
1.42
Car
pent
ry13
51.
491.
451.
38
Eltx
tron
ics
1.45
1.46
1.44
1.46
Mac
hine
Sho
p1.
641.
701.
641.
60
Cos
met
olog
y1.
111.
2613
01.
26
Occ
upat
iona
l Wor
k E
xper
ienc
e1.
121.
211.
201.
16
44
s,5
DIA
GR
AM
IIE
-A!R
atio
s of
Mea
n In
com
e of
198
0, 1
981,
198
2 an
d 19
83 S
econ
dary
Voc
atio
nal G
radu
ates
To
Mea
n In
com
e of
Com
para
ble
Gro
ups
in G
ener
al P
opul
atio
nby
Pro
gram
Agr
. Pro
d. &
Mar
ketin
gH
ort.
87
Hea
lthH
ome
Acc
ount
ing.
.O
ccup
atio
nsE
cono
mic
*G
ener
alO
ffice
...A
uto
Mec
hani
csC
arpe
ntry
Ele
ctro
nics
Mac
hine
Sho
p
g 19
80 G
rads
in 1
984
n 19
81 G
rads
in 1
985
113
1982
Gra
ds in
198
6 0
1983
Gra
ds In
198
7
45
Cos
met
olog
yO
WE
88
CHAPTER 111
THE 1983 ASSOCIAFEVOCATIONAL EDUCATION
GRADUATES
S 9
CHAPTER Ili
THE 1903 ASSOCIATE VOCATIONAL EDUCATION GRADUATES
The study utilized federal income tax records for the 1983 graduates of two Associate
Vocational Education programs or combinations of programs in the State of Ohio. In this
chapter, we will report on and analyze the e-,rnings and geogaphic mobility of the 1983
Associate Vocational graduates in 1987, fcur years following their graduation. The
performance in 1987 of the 1983 Associate Vocational graduates will be compared with that
of the 1982, 1981 and 192(1 Associate Vocational graduates in 1986, 1985 and 1984,
respectively.
Table III-A provides information on the 1,643 graduates of the two programs studied.
It lists the programs, the number of graduates, and the percentage of females and males in
each program. Table presents the distribution of the 1983 Associate completers by
vocational program and geographical training region.
47
90
TABLE
STUDY OF 1983 ASSOCIATE VOCATIONAL GRADUATESDISTRIBUTION BY PROGRAM AND GENDER
VOCATIONAL PROGRAM NUMBER OF PERCENTAGE .., .. PERCENTAGEGRADUATES FEMALES .:::MATES
Health Occupations Education 759 93.99% 6.01%
Technical Education 884 8.24% 91.76%
TOTAL 1,643 47.84% 52.16%
48
TA
BL
E I
II-B
STU
DY
OF
1983
ASS
OC
IAT
E V
OC
AT
ION
AL
GR
AD
UA
TE
SD
IST
RIB
UT
ION
BY
VO
CA
TIO
NA
L P
RO
GR
AM
AN
D G
EO
GR
APH
IC R
EG
ION
VO
CA
TIO
NA
L P
RO
GR
AM
CE
NT
RA
LN
OR
TH
EA
STN
OR
TH
WE
STSO
UM
WE
STB
AIA
NC
EA
LL
OH
IOO
HIO
OH
IOO
HIO
OF
OH
IOR
EG
ION
S
Hea
lth O
ccup
atio
ns E
duca
tion
Tec
hnic
al E
duca
tion
TO
TA
L
96 48 144
295
89 384
305
155
460
17 433
450
46 159
205
759
884
1,64
3
49
( 0
`, 3
A. INCOME OF 1983 ASSOCIATE VOCATIONAL GRADUATES: 1987 INCOMETABUIATIONS
The data provided by Internal Revenue Service were used to determine the economic
performance of the 1983 Associate Vocational graduates four years following their gaduation.
Tables DIA-1 and MA-2 present data on the 1987 Tax Year reported income of the
1983 Associate Vocational graduates for each of the two programs. Reported income is the
sum of wages and salaries, income from interest and dividends, and other income
(miscellanzous income from work provided by other than as employees) as reporto:I to the
Internal Revenue Service.
Table MA-2, for example, provides the reported income data of those who completed
the Technical Education program. For the entire group of grach,tes, the mean reported
income in 1987 was $22,546. Among the group, reported income varied as follows: 6.12%
received less than $5,500 (a mean of $3,253 ) 3.06% between $5,500 and $6,999 (a mean of
$6,586 ); another 236% between $7,000 and $8,499 (a mean of $8,187 ); 3.67% between $8,500
and $9,999 (a mean of $9,482 ) 3.74% between $10,000 and $11,499 (a mean of $11,063);
3.28% between $11,500 and $12,999 (a mean of $12,355); 4.67% between $13,000 and $14,499
(a mean of $14,174 ); 6.09% between $14,500 and $15,999 (a mean of $15,486 ); 10.32%
between $16,000 and $18,999 (a mean of $18,366 ); 12.17% between $19,000 and $21,999 (a
mean of $21,285 ); 9.42% between $22,000 and $23,999 (a mean of $23,287 ); and 35.10% had
a reported income of at least $24,000 with a mean of $35,615.
The table also shows a distribution of reported income for those among the Associate
graduates of 1983 who resided outside the State of Ohio in 1987 as compared to those who
resided in the state (a mean income of $24,295 and $22,390 respectively). The reported
incomes of the Ohio residents are then shown by the region of their residence (Central Ohio,
Northeast Ohio, Northwest Ohio, Southwest Ohio and Balance of Ohio).
A tabulation of mean reported income by program and region is given in Table IIIA-3.
50
9 4
TA
BL
EH
EA
LT
H O
CC
UPA
TIO
NS
ED
UC
AT
ION
1983
ASS
OC
IAT
E V
OC
AT
ION
AL
CO
MPL
ET
ER
SR
EPO
RT
ED
IN
CO
ME
(198
7 T
AX
YE
AR
)
Size
of
Rep
orte
dIn
com
e
All
Reg
ions
Perc
ent/M
ean
Out
side
Ohi
oPe
rcen
t/Ohi
oA
ll O
hio
Perc
ent/M
ean
Cen
tral
Ohi
oPe
rcen
t/Mea
nN
orth
east
Ohi
oPe
rcen
t/Mea
nN
orth
wes
t Ohi
oPe
rcen
t/Mea
nSo
uthw
est O
hio
Perc
ent/M
ean
Bal
ance
of
Ohi
oPe
rcen
t/Mea
n
Und
er $
5,50
04.
99%
$3,2
986.
67%
$4,5
934.
74%
$2,2
857.
41%
$6,0
906.
25%
$6,4
708.
33%
$2,4
353.
83%
$3,1
75
$5,5
00-6
,999
1.79
6,41
15.
567,
575
1.96
5,22
22.
066,
684
$7,0
00-8
,499
1.31
8,26
00.
657,
805
0.89
7,95
0
$8,5
00-9
,999
1.80
9,45
76.
6711
,259
7.81
10,8
961.
4810
,088
$10,
000-
11,4
992.
7811
,189
1.96
10,9
98
$11,
500-
12,9
992.
8212
,475
4.44
14,1
91
2.46
11,f
'412
.35
14,3
074.
6914
,062
8.33
13,1
36
1.77
11,6
94
$13,
000-
14,4
993.
3714
,089
3.76
13,5
682.
9513
,581
514,
500-
15,9
994.
0315
,294
8.89
17,8
853.
1114
,998
27.1
618
,990
4.69
15,8
97
27.7
920
,405
2.06
14,7
39
516,
000-
18,9
9912
.81
18,1
7912
.60
17,8
8512
.50
18,4
033.
8316
,857
519,
000-
21,9
9912
.72
21,6
94
67.7
730
,400
12.9
321
,156
22.2
222
,850
9.38
21,9
151:
6.55
20,5
62
522,
000-
23,9
9911
.91
23,5
783.
0322
,580
54.6
831
,386
55.5
528
,225
54.5
829
,496
$24,
000
and
over
39.6
733
,667
52.8
030
,378
30.8
632
,148
TO
TA
L10
0%$2
3,56
310
0%$2
4,30
110
0%$2
3,45
410
0%$2
1,24
410
0%$2
2,37
410
0%$2
4,17
810
0%$2
2,64
710
0%$2
3,59
4
1983
Voc
atio
nal E
duca
tion
Gra
duat
es in
198
7: A
Stu
dy B
ased
on
Fede
ral I
ncom
e T
ax D
ata
by L
A. G
haza
lah,
Ohi
o U
nive
rsity
51
TA
BL
E I
IIA
-2T
EC
HN
ICA
L E
DU
CA
TIO
N19
83 A
SSO
CIA
TE
VO
CA
TIO
NA
L C
OM
PLE
TE
RS
RE
POR
TE
D I
NC
OM
E(1
987
TA
X Y
EA
R)
Size
of
Rep
orte
dIn
com
e
All
Reg
ions
Perc
ent/M
ean
Out
side
Ohi
oPe
rcen
t/Ohi
oA
ll O
hio
Perc
ent/M
ean
Cen
tral
Ohi
oPe
rcen
t/Mea
nN
orth
east
Ohi
oPe
rcen
t/Mea
nN
orth
wes
t Ohi
oPe
rcen
t/Mea
nSo
uthw
est O
hio
Perc
ent/M
ean
Bal
ance
of
Ohi
oPe
rcen
t/Mea
n
Und
er $
5,50
06.
12%
$3,2
534.
19%
$2,7
427.
98%
$2,7
928.
16%
$2,2
848.
42%
$3,5
63
$5,5
00-6
,999
3.06
6,58
61.
806,
462
5.88
6,49
511
.11%
$6,7
562.
616,
989
$7,0
00-8
,499
2.36
8,18
72.
408,
111
1.20
7,05
08.
167,
546
2.61
8,25
5
$8,5
00-9
,999
3.67
9,48
24.
199,
878
3.78
8,96
8
$10,
000-
11,4
993.
7411
,063
3.91
11,3
043.
8110
,591
$11,
500-
12,9
993.
2812
,355
8.38
12,1
803.
4712
,699
6.12
12,3
653.
4111
,615
$13,
000-
14,4
994.
6714
,174
1.10
13,5
583.
2113
,680
$14,
500-
15,9
996.
0915
,486
4.19
15,2
0717
.75
15,4
0610
.20
15,9
3616
.67%
$15,
226
5.01
15,0
43
$16,
000-
18,9
9910
.32
18,3
668.
3816
,900
11.8
918
,697
16.6
718
,693
20.0
0%$1
6,35
129
.63
17,9
8516
.63
18,4
89
$19,
000-
21,9
9912
.17
21,2
852.
1021
,889
16.3
319
,124
$22,
000-
23,9
999.
4223
,287
11.3
822
,083
0.90
22.0
0112
.25
23,1
3213
.43
22,5
48
$24,
000
and
over
35.1
0.
1555
.09
32,4
3540
.04
36,7
5038
.78
34,2
8666
.66
29,6
0180
.00
29,3
5259
.26
30,7
7440
.86
31,6
31
TO
TA
L10
0%$2
2,54
610
0%$2
4,29
510
0%$2
2,39
010
0%$2
2,43
710
0%$2
5,38
610
0%$2
6,75
210
0%$2
4,31
610
0%$2
1,71
8
1983
Voc
atio
nal E
duca
tion
Gra
duat
es in
198
7: A
Stu
dy B
ased
on
Fede
ral I
ncom
e T
ax D
ata
by L
A. G
haza
lah,
Ohi
o U
nive
rsity
52
9798
TA
BL
E I
IIA
-3
ME
AN
IN
CO
ME
OF
1983
ASS
OC
IAT
E V
OC
AT
ION
AL
GR
AD
UA
TE
SB
Y V
OC
AT
ION
AL
PR
OG
RA
M A
ND
RE
GIO
N(1
987
TA
X Y
EA
R)
VO
CA
TIO
NA
L P
RO
GR
AM
AL
LO
UT
SID
EA
LL
CE
NT
RA
LN
OR
TH
EA
STN
OR
TH
WE
STSO
UT
HW
EST
BA
LA
NC
ER
EG
ION
SO
HIO
OH
IOO
HIO
OM
OO
HIO
OH
IOO
F O
HIO
Hea
lth O
ccup
atio
nsE
duca
tion
$23,
563
$24,
301
$23,
454
$21,
244
$22,
374
$24,
178
$22,
647
$23,
594
Tec
hnic
al E
duca
tion
$22,
546
$24,
295
$22,
390
$22,
437
$25,
386
$26,
752
$24,
316
$21,
718
100
53
B. GEOGRAPHIC MOBILHY OF 1983 ASSOCIATE VOCATIONAL GRADUATES
The mobility patterns of Associate Vocational graduates can be analyzed by comparing
their residence in 1987 to that of 1983, the year in which they completed their programs.
Each vocational graduate was identified by the Zip code of the school attended in 1983.
Using the geographical regional classification of the State based on zip codes, we were able
to determine for each vocational program the number of graduates who resided in each of the
five regions of the State of Ohio (Central, Northeast, Northwest, Southwest and Balance of
Ohio).
The group data on vocational graduates provided by the Internal Revenue Service for
1987 were classified by the same geographical regions within the State as well as a sixth region,
out-of-state, for each of the vocational programs. We were thus able to trace the mobility of
the Associate Vocational graduates between 1983 and 1987.
For each of the vc,cational progams, the State's retention rate was obtained by
calculating the percentage of the total number of the 1983 graduates who in 1987 rusided in
any of the five Ohio regions. Table IIIB-1 shows the net retention rate for each of the two
Associate Vocational programs as well as for both programs combined. The retention rate of
both associate programs is 81.73%, indicating that 18.27% of the 1983 graduates of both
programs were out-of-state residents in 1987. The retention rate was 79.92% for Technical
Education, and 84.24% for Health Occupations Education. The retention rates are also shown
for the 1982, 1981 and 1980 Associate Vocational graduates in 1986, 1985 and 1984,
respectively. Diagram IIIB-A is a bar gaph of the retention rates by program of the four
chronological groups of graduates.
It should be noted that net retention rates are calculated on basis of residence.
Therefore, retention by the State included those who resided in Ohio but worked out of state
and did not include out-of-state residents whose work place was in Ohio.
54
1 01
TA
BLE
111
B-1
STA
TE
RE
TE
NT
ION
RA
TE
S O
F 19
83, 1
982,
198
1 A
ND
198
0 A
SSO
CIA
TE
VO
CA
TIO
NA
L G
RA
DU
AT
ES
BY
VO
CA
TIO
NA
L P
RO
GR
AM
VO
CA
TIO
NA
L P
RO
OR
AM
Perc
ent o
f 19
63 G
radu
ates
Perc
ent o
f 19
62 G
radu
ates
Perc
ent o
f 19
61 G
radu
ates
Perc
ent o
f 19
60 G
radu
ates
-.W
bo M
aint
aine
d R
esid
ence
Wbo
Mai
ntai
ned
Res
iden
ceW
bo M
aint
aine
d R
esid
ence
.W
hb M
aint
aine
d R
esid
ence
in O
hio
in 1
967
in a
go in
198
6in
Obi
o in
196
5 -
-.
,in
Obi
° in
196
4...
.
Hea
lth O
ccup
atio
ns E
duca
tion
84.2
4%84
.46%
77.9
4%79
.80%
Tec
hnic
al E
duca
tion
79.9
2%77
.44%
76.4
0%71
.97%
TO
TA
L
1
81.7
3%78
.82%
77.0
2%75
.91%
55
1 "
3
DIAGRAM IIIB-AState Retention Rates of 1980, 1981, 1982 and 1983
Associate Vocational Graduatesby Vocational Program
1980 Grads in 1984 1981 Grads in 1985 1982 Grads In 1986 1983 Grads in 1987
0 Haatth Occupations el Tachnkal Education
56
1 0 4
C. INCOME OF 1983 ASSOCIATE VOCATIONAL GRADUATES: COMPARISONWITH EQUIVALENT GROUPS
The 1987 income data on the 1983 Associate Vocational gaduates may be analyzed
using baseline data on a comparable group, i.e., one with the same age bracket andeducational achievement.
The U.S. Bureau of the Census data on 1987 money income of persons in the United
States3 can be used as a baseline with appropriate adjustments for the U.S.-Ohio and Ohio-
regional income relatives. In 1987, earnings in the United States for those in the 25-34 age
group with 1-3 years of college education4 was $14,200 for females and $21,992 for males.
In order to carry out the comparison between earnings of graduates of associate
vocational programs in our study and those of the comparable group in the general population,
we utilized the following procedure:
1. For each of the two Associate Vocational programs, a U.S. basic comparison
figure of earnings was calculated using the gender breakdown of program
completers (See Table HI-A) as weights. For example, the basic 1987 U.S.
figure of $14,668 for Health Occupations Education was calculated bv
multiplying 0.9399 (the proportion of females) times 14,200 (the female
earnings figure) and adding the result to that of multiplying 0.0601 (the
proportion of males) times 21,992 (the male earnings figure).
2. Bureau of the Census money income data for the applicable age group and
years of schooling are nationwide data. Therefore, in order to provide an
appropriate comparison of money incomes of vocational graduates to earners
in the general population within the State of Ohio and within the five regions
of the State, the money income data by program and region were adjusted
3 U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Money Income of Households,Families, and Persons in the United Statcs: 1987, Series P-60.
4 The median age of the 1983 associate degree graduates in Ohio was 30 years in 1987.This estimate was based on the Ohio Board of Regents' 1983 Student Inventory DataEnrollment in Ohio's Institutions of Higher Education: Two Year Centers.
57
1 1)5
using income relatives between the United States and Ohio, and between the
United States aLd each of Ohio's five geographical regions. The income
relative for each region was calculated using a population-weighted average of
income relatives of component counties based on 1987 per capita income
estes for Ohio counties.5Each 1987 mean reported income figure for the 1983 Associate Vocational
graduates (Table II1A-3) was then divided by the applicable income ratio
relative for the regions (or the State as a whole) to that of the U.S.
3. Each of these adjusted reported income figures was then divided by the 1987
mean income applicable to the program as described in 1 above.
The results are shown Table MC-1. The ratios of the 1987 mean incomes of the
1983 Associate Vocational graduates to the 1987 mean incomes of the comparable group (the
same age bracket, educational achievement and geographic region) are listed by vocational
program and region. The Health Occupations program can be used to illustrate the results.
For all 1983 graduates of the program, the ratio of 1.68 indicates that the mean 1987 income
was 68% higher than the 1987 mean income for the comparable group by age and educational
achievement. For those completers of the program who resided outside Ohio, the ratio of 1.65
indicates they received a mean income 65% higher than the 1987 mean income of the
comparable group. For all 1983 graduates who lived in Ohio, the mean income was 68%
higher than the comparable group in Ohio. The remaining ratios of 1.44, 1.54, 1.71, 1.51 and
1.85 indicate a higher percentage mean income of 44%, 54%, 71%, 51% and 85% for those
who resided in Central Ohio, Northeast Ohio, Northwest Ohio, Southwest Ohio and Balance
of Ohio, respectively. Diagram II1C-A is a bar chart of the ratios of mean income of Associate
Vocational graduates to mean general income by program and region.
5 U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, East North Central 1988Population and 1987 Per Capita Income Estimates for Counties and Incorporated Places,Series P-26, No. 87-ENC-SC.
58
TA
BL
E L
TIC
-1
RA
TIO
S O
F M
EA
N I
NC
OM
E O
F 19
83 A
SSO
CIA
TE
VO
CA
TIO
NA
L G
RA
DU
AT
ES
TO
ME
AN
GE
NE
RA
L I
NC
OM
E B
Y V
OC
AT
ION
AL
PR
OG
RA
M A
ND
RE
GIO
N(1
987
TA
X Y
EA
R)
VO
CA
TIO
NA
L P
RO
GR
AM
AL
LO
UT
SID
EA
LL
CE
NT
RA
LN
OR
TH
EA
STN
OR
TH
WE
STSO
UT
HW
EST
BA
LA
NC
ER
EG
ION
SO
HIO
OH
IOO
HIO
OH
IOO
HIO
OH
IOO
P O
HIO
Hea
lth O
ccup
atio
nsE
duca
tion
1.68
1.65
1.68
1.44
1.54
1.71
Tec
hnic
al E
duca
tion
1.11
1 1
1 '7
1.13
1.11
1.21
1.29
59
1.51
1.85
1.10
1.17
1' )
8
DIAGRAM IIIC-ARatios of Mean Income of 1983 Associate Vocational
Graduates To Mean General IncomeBy Program and Region (1987 Tax Year)
2.0
IIAny Aar
1.5
1.0
0.5AU Regions Central Ohio Northeast Ohio Northwest Ohio Southwest Ohio Balance of Ohio
Ol Health Occupations 0 Technkal Education
D. INCOME OF 1983, 1982, 1981 AND 1980 ASSOCIATE VOCATIONAL GRADUATESFOUR YEARS FOLLOWING ThEIR GRADUATION: A COMPARISON
The study has focused on 1987, which marks four years following the graduation of the
1983 Associate Vocational graduates. The purpose of this section is to compare the mean
income in 1987 of the 1983 vocational graduates with the mean incomes of the 1982, 1981 and
1980 vocational graduates in 1986, 1985 and 1984, respectively. The groups of vocational
education graduates will be compared at the same point in their respective working paths fouryears after their graduation.
Table IIID-1 shows the mean income by vocational program and regjon of 1983Associate Vocational graduates in 1987 and the mean income of 1982, 1981 and 1980graduates in 1986, 1985 and 1985, respectively.
61
1 1 0
TA
BL
E I
LID
-1
ME
AN
IN
CO
ME
OF
1983
, 198
2, 1
981
AN
D 1
980
ASS
OC
IAT
E V
OC
AT
ION
AL
ED
UC
AT
ION
GR
AD
UA
TE
SB
Y V
OC
AT
ION
AL
PR
OG
RA
M A
ND
RE
GIO
N
VO
CA
TIO
NA
L P
RO
GR
AM
AL
LO
UT
SID
EA
LL
CE
NT
RA
LN
OR
TH
EA
STN
OR
MW
EST
SOU
TH
WE
STB
AL
AN
CE
RE
GIO
NS
OH
IOO
HIO
OH
IOO
HIO
OH
IOO
F O
HIO
HE
AL
TH
OC
CU
PAT
ION
SE
DU
CA
TIO
N
1983
Gra
duat
es in
198
7$2
3,56
3$2
4,30
1$2
3,45
4$2
1,24
4$2
2,37
4$2
4,17
8$2
2,64
7$2
3,59
4
1982
Gra
duat
es in
198
6$2
0,35
7$2
1,29
5$2
0,19
4$1
9,14
1$2
0,46
0$2
1,95
0$2
0,28
8$1
9,79
4
1981
Gra
duat
es in
198
5$1
9,97
1$2
0,52
1$1
9,78
7$1
7,61
3$2
0,01
5$2
6,33
0$1
9,89
3$1
9,98
2
1980
Gra
duat
es in
198
4$1
6,20
3$1
7,40
3$1
5,90
9$1
4,68
3$1
7,56
4$1
6,47
7$1
6,80
9$1
5,65
4
TE
CH
NIC
AL
ED
UC
AT
ION
1983
Gra
duat
es in
198
7$2
2,54
6$2
4,29
5$2
2,39
0$2
2,43
7$2
5,38
6$2
6,75
2$2
4,31
6$2
1,71
8
1982
Gra
duat
es in
198
6$2
3,06
7$2
2,57
2$2
3,00
5$2
3,74
8$2
4,42
5$2
3,25
4$2
2,19
1$2
1,71
4
1981
Gra
duat
es in
198
5$2
0,75
8$1
8,41
5$2
1,11
4$2
0,30
9$2
1,35
1$2
1,88
4$2
0,01
3$2
0,65
9
1980
Gra
duat
es in
198
4$1
9,21
8$1
8,30
3$1
9,44
1$2
0,40
3$1
9,65
7$2
1,05
2$2
1,44
6$1
9,16
0
621
1 1
1 1
2
E. INCOME OF 1983, 1982, 1981 AND 1980 ASSOCIATE VOCATIONAL GRADUATESFOUR YEARS FOLLOWING THEIR GRADUATION: COMPARISON WITHEQUIVALENT GROUPS
A final comparison between the income performance of the 1983, 1982, 1981 and 1980
vocational graduates was conducted by reference to the comparable group in the general
population.
Table IHE-1 and Diagram HIE-A show the ratios of mean incomes of Associate
Vocational graduates by program and region to the mean incomes of comparable groups for
the 1983, 1982 and 1981 and 1980 completers in 1987, 1986, 1985 and 1984, respectively. This
provides a comparison of their ratios of mean incomes to the mean incomes of comparable
groups at the same point in the career path of vocational graduotes, i.e. four years after
completion of their programs.
63
113
TA
BL
E I
IIE
-1
RA
TIO
S O
F M
EA
N I
NC
OM
E O
F 19
83, 1
982,
198
1 A
ND
198
0 A
SSO
CIA
TE
VO
CA
TIO
NA
L E
DU
CA
TIO
N G
RA
DU
AT
ES
TO
ME
AN
IN
CO
ME
OF
CO
MPA
RA
BL
E G
RO
UPS
IN
GE
NE
RA
L P
OPU
LA
TIO
NB
Y V
OC
AT
ION
AL
PR
OG
RA
M A
ND
RE
GIO
N
VO
CA
TIO
NA
L P
RO
GR
AM
AL
LO
UT
SID
EA
LL
CE
NT
RA
LN
OR
TH
EA
STN
OR
TH
WE
STSO
UT
HW
EST
BA
LA
NC
ER
EG
ION
SO
HIO
OH
IOO
HIO
OH
IOO
HIO
OH
IOO
F O
HIO
HE
AL
TH
OC
CU
TA
TIO
NS
ED
UC
AT
ION
1983
Gra
duat
es in
198
71.
681.
651.
681.
441.
541.
711.
511.
85
1982
Gra
duat
es in
198
61.
561.
541.
541.
391.
321.
741.
451.
74
1981
Gra
duat
es in
198
51.
561.
521.
541.
311.
511.
581.
451.
88
1980
Gra
duat
es in
198
41.
311.
341.
301.
141.
361.
341.
301.
45
TE
CH
NIC
AL
ED
UC
AT
ION
1983
Gra
duat
es in
198
71.
111.
131.
111.
041.
211.
291.
101.
17
1982
Gra
duat
es in
198
61.
181.
091.
181.
151.
211.
161.
001.
24
1981
Gra
duat
es in
198
51.
100.
931.
121.
031.
091.
151.
001.
32
1980
Gra
duat
es in
198
41.
050.
971.
081.
081.
031.
161.
121.
21
114
6411
5
2.00-/
DIAGRAM IHE-ARatios of Mean Income of 1980, 1981, 1982 and 1983
Associate Vocational Graduates to Mean income ofComparable Groups in General Population
by Program
/1.50-
1.00-
0.50
/
1980 Grads in 1984 1981 Grads in 1985
/
1982 Grads in 1986 1983 Grads in 1987
0 Health Occupations 1111 Technical Education
CHAPTER IV
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONSAND RECOMMENDATIONS
1 1 7
CHAPTER IV
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Vocational education, as all forms of education, has a multidimensional effect on the
welfare of individuals and society. The economic performance of graduates of vocational
programs is a primary factor in the evaluation of vocational education.
In its measurement of the economic performance of graduates of vocational programs,
this study uses an original source of information federal income tax records. The federal
income tax source avoids a number of limitations associated with follow-up studies utilizing
questionnaires. The tax records data are standardized by type of income and by period (tax
year), and do not rely on the memory nor the selectivity of individual responses to
questionnaires. The data were provided in batch form by the Internal Revenue Service from
its Information Returns Master File in full compliance with the strict requirements regarding
disclosure of personal information.
The economic performance of vocational graduates in 1983 is examined in 1987, four
years following their graduation. The data on 23,500 graduates of twelve secondary and two
associate vocational programs are categorized by the area of residence in 1987 any of five
regions in Ohio (Central, Northeast, Northwest, Southwest, and Balance of Ohio) and outside
Ohio. The income of graduates of vocational programs four years following their graduation
is compared to the income of equivalent groups in the general population (same age group,
years of schooling and reeion of residence). The results indicate predominately higher incomes
for graduates of all secondary and associate vocational programs in the study. The overall
mean incomes of Secondary Vocational graduates are higher by 10 to 79 percent and those
of Associate Vocational graduates by 11 and 68 percent.
The performance of the 1983 vocational graduates in 1987 was compared to that of
the 1982, 1981 and 1980 vocational graduates (as reported in IA. Ghazalah, 1982 Vocational
Education Graduates in 1986, and 1981 Vocational Education Graduates in 1985, Ohio
University, 1991 and 1989 Long Term Follow-up of Vocational Education Graduates, Ohio
University, 1989). The same data base, vocational programs and analytical techniques were
used for the four chronological groups of vocational graduates.
67
The mean income of Secondary Vocational graduates exceeds the mean income of the
comparable group in the general population for each of the four chronolop;ical groups. The
margin for the 1983 graduates ranged from 10% to 79%. For the 1982 graduates from 19%
to 75%. For the 1981 graduates the range was from 20% to 82%, and for the 1980 graduates
from 16% to 72%. In the Associate Vocational programs, the margins for Health Occupations
graduates for 1983, 1982, 1981 and 1980 were 68%, 56%, 56% and 31%. Tne equivalent
margins for Technical Education graduates were 11%, 18%, 10% and 5%.
The study also investigated the geographic mobility of vocational graduates between
1983, their year of program completion, and 1987. The mobility rates for graduates of all
vocational programs combined and for graduates of each of the vocational programs indicate
a high percent of vocational gaduates remaining in the state, an overall percentage of 85.42%
(with a range from 78.49% to 88.76% for individual programs) in secondary programs and
81.73% in associate programs (84.24% for Health Occupations and 79.92% for Technical
Education). The retention rates are higher for the 1983 than the 1982, 1981 and 1980
vocational graduates 85.42% compared to 84.46%, 83.22% and 82.50% for secondary
programs and 81.73% compared to 78.82%, 77.02% and 75.91% for associate programs.
The results of examining the economic performance of the 1983 vocational graduates
(by reference to the comparable group in the general population) and comparing these results
to those obtained for 1982, 1981 and 1980 vocational graduates indicate consistent income
advantage of successive groups of vocational graduates.
The data and analyses of the data presented in this study show the value of utilizing
federal income tax records as a reliable and consistent source of information on the
performance of graduates of vocational education progams.
Knowledge of the performance of vocational graduates as a whole, as well as graduates
of specific programs, would contribute to effective decision making. Longftudinal studies of
groups of vocational graduates would provide information on the nature and level of the
impact of vocational education and the change over time in this impact.