Doc. 9830 AN/452 AN/452

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AMENDMENTS ENMIENDAS The issue of amendments is announced regularly in the ICAO Journal and in the La cuestin de las enmiendas se anuncia peridicamente en la Revista de la OACI y en el monthly Supplement to the Catalogue of ICAO Publications and Audio-visual Suplemento mensual del Catlogo de Publicaciones de la OACI y Audiovisuales Training Aids , which holders of this publication should consult. Training Aids, que los titulares de esta publicacin deben consultar. The space below El espacio de abajo is provided to keep a record of such amendments. se ofrece a llevar un registro de tales modificaciones. RECORD OF AMENDMENTS AND CORRIGENDA Registro de enmiendas y correcciones AMENDMENTS ENMIENDAS CORRIGENDA Fe de erratas No. No. Date Fecha Entered by Entrado por No. No. Date Fecha Entered by Entrado por (ii) (Ii)

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(iii) (Iii) TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLA DE CONTENIDO Page Pgina Page Pgina Foreword . Prlogo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (v) (V) Acronyms, Abbreviations and Symbols . Siglas, abreviaturas y smbolos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (vii) (Vii) Glossary . Glosario. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (ix) (Ix) Chapter 1. Captulo 1. Introduction . Introduccin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1 1-1 1.1 Surface movement guidance and 1,1 Superficie Gua de movimiento y control system (SMGCS) operations. sistema de control (SMGCS) para las operaciones. . . . . . . . . . . 1-1 1-1 1.2 Goals for improving SMGCS . 1.2 Objetivos para la mejora de SMGCS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2 1-2 1.3 A-SMGCS concept. 1.3 A-SMGCS concepto. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2 1-2 Chapter 2. Captulo 2. Operational Requirements . Requisitos operativos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1 2-1 2.1 General . 2.1 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1 2-1 2.2 System objectives and functions . 2,2 Sistema de objetivos y funciones. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1 2-1 2.3 Division of responsibilities and functions. 2.3 Divisin de responsabilidades y funciones. . . 2-2 2-2 2.4 Implementation-related requirements. 2.4-Aplicacin de los requisitos relacionados. . . . . . . . . . . 2-2 2-2 2.5 Basic functional requirements . 2,5 funcional bsico requisitos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2 2-2 2.6 Supplementary requirements . 2.6 Los requisitos suplementarios. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5 2-5 2.7 System requirements . 2,7 Requisitos del sistema. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9 2-9 Chapter 3. Captulo 3. Guidance on the Application Orientacin sobre la aplicacin of the Operational and Performance del funcionamiento y rendimiento Requirements. Requerimientos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1 3-1 3.1 System objectives and functions . 3,1 Sistema de objetivos y funciones. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1 3-1 3.2 Division of responsibilities 3.2 Reparto de competencias and functions . y funciones. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1 3-1 3.3 Implementation-related requirements. 3.3-Aplicacin de los requisitos relacionados. . . . . . . . . . . 3-3 3-3 3.4 Basic functional requirements . 3,4 funcional bsico requisitos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5 3-5 3.5 Supplementary requirements . 3.5 Los requisitos suplementarios. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-14 3-14 3.6 System requirements . 3,6 Requisitos del sistema. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-28 3-28 Chapter 4. Captulo 4. Performance Requirements. Requisitos de Desempeo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1 4-1 4.1 System requirements . 4,1 Requisitos del sistema. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1 4-1 4.2 Surveillance requirements . 4.2 Vigilancia de los requisitos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2 4-2 4.3 Routing requirements. 4.3 Enrutamiento requisitos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2 4-2 4.4 Guidance requirements. 4.4 Orientacin requisitos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2 4-2 4.5 Control requirements . 4.5 Control de los requisitos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2 4-2 Chapter 5. Captulo 5. Implementation Issues. La aplicacin de cuestiones. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1 5-1 5.1 Introduction . 5.1 Introduccin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1 5-1 5.2 Capacity assessment. 5.2 Capacidad de evaluacin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1 5-1 5.3 Cost/benefit assessment . 5,3 Coste / beneficio de evaluacin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2 5-2 5.4 Generic methodology for assessing 5,4 genricos metodologa para evaluar capabilities of specific systems to meet capacidades de los sistemas especficos para satisfacer las A-SMGCS requirements . A-SMGCS requisitos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-9 5-9 5.5 Safety assessment. 5.5 Evaluacin de la seguridad. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-10 5-10 5.6 Certification . 5.6 Certificacin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-14 5-14 Appendix A. A-SMGCS Categorization . Apndice A. A-SMGCS categorizacin. . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1 A-1 Appendix B. A-SMGCS Implementation Apndice B. A-SMGCS Aplicacin Levels . Niveles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1 B-1 Appendix C. Equipment Evolution for Apndice C. Evolucin Equipo para A-SMGCS . A-SMGCS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-1 C-1 Appendix D. Target Level of Safety (TLS). Apndice D. nivel objetivo de seguridad (TLS). . . . . . . . . D-1 D-1 Appendix E. A-SMGCS Research . Apndice E. A-SMGCS de Investigacin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-1 E-1

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(v) (V) FOREWORD PRLOGO The systems described in the ICAO Manual of Surface Los sistemas descritos en el Manual de la OACI, de superficie Movement Guidance and Control Systems (SMGCS) Movimiento Gua y Control (SMGCS) (Doc 9476) are not always capable of providing the (Doc 9476) no siempre son capaces de proporcionar a la necessary support to aircraft operations in order to maintain el apoyo necesario a las operaciones de aeronaves a fin de mantener required capacity and safety levels, especially under low requiere la capacidad y los niveles de seguridad, especialmente en condiciones de baja visibility conditions. condiciones de visibilidad. An advanced surface movement Un movimiento en la superficie avanzada guidance and control system (A-SMGCS), therefore, is sistema de guiado y control (A-SMGCS), por lo tanto, es expected to provide adequate capacity and safety in espera que proporcione la capacidad adecuada y la seguridad en relation to specific weather conditions, traffic density and relacin con condiciones climticas especficas, densidad del trfico y aerodrome layout by making use of modern technologies aerdromo de diseo, haciendo uso de las tecnologas modernas and a high level of integration between the various y un alto nivel de integracin entre los distintos functionalities. funcionalidades. Due to the availability and development of new tech- Debido a la disponibilidad y el desarrollo de nuevas tecno- nologies, including automation, it is possible to increase tecnologas, incluyendo la automatizacin, es posible aumentar aerodrome capacity in low visibility conditions and at capacidad aeroportuaria en condiciones de baja visibilidad y en complex and high-density aerodromes. complejo y de alta densidad aerdromos. In order to avoid a A fin de evitar una technology-driven approach, generic operational require- -Enfoque impulsado por la tecnologa, la ope-requieren ments were developed (see Chapter 2) which, irrespective tos fueron desarrollados (ver captulo 2) que, con independencia of the technology used, provide guidelines for the analysis de la tecnologa utilizada, se establecen pautas para el anlisis and development of local requirements. y el desarrollo de la normativa local. The performance requirements contained in this manual Los requisitos de rendimiento contenidos en este manual (see Chapter 4) are intended to provide a possible solution (Vase el Captulo 4) tienen por objeto proporcionar una posible solucin to safety- or capacity-related problems that have been a la seguridad o relacionadas con problemas de capacidad que se han identified up to this date. identificados hasta la fecha. The A-SMGCS concept (see El concepto de SMGCS A (vase Chapter 1), however, is expected to continue to evolve Captulo 1), sin embargo, se espera que siga evolucionando as and when technology, systems and procedures are a medida que la tecnologa, sistemas y procedimientos developed. desarrollados. The operational and performance requirements contained El rendimiento y los requisitos operacionales que figuran herein (see Chapters 3 and 4) are considered to be en este documento (vanse los captulos 3 y 4) se consideran necessary for the selection, development and implementa- necesaria para la seleccin, el desarrollo y ejecucin tion of an A-SMGCS at an aerodrome where the current cin de un-SMGCS A en un aerdromo en el que el actual SMGCS needs to be upgraded, or for the introduction of an SMGCS necesita ser actualizado, o para la introduccin de un A-SMGCS at an aerodrome which currently has no A-SMGCS en un aerdromo que en la actualidad no tiene SMGCS, but where the traffic density and/or aerodrome SMGCS, pero donde la densidad del trfico y / o aerdromo layout requires one. diseo as lo requiere. This manual is intended as guidance to enable manufac- Este manual est diseado como una gua para que fa- turers and operators, as well as certifying authorities, to fabricantes y operadores, as como autoridades de certificacin, a develop and introduce A-SMGCS depending on local cir- desarrollar e introducir un SMGCS-dependiendo de las cir- cumstances and taking into account global interoperability cunstancias y teniendo en cuenta la interoperabilidad global requirements for international civil aviation operations. requisitos para las operaciones internacionales de la aviacin civil. Applicable ICAO Standards and Recommended Practices Aplicable normas de la OACI y mtodos recomendados (SARPs) should also be taken into consideration in the (SARPS) tambin deben ser tomadas en consideracin en el development and implementation of A-SMGCS. desarrollo e implementacin de A-SMGCS.

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(vii) (Vii) ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS Acrnimos, abreviaturas AND SYMBOLS Y SMBOLOS Acronyms and Abbreviations Siglas y abreviaturas ADREP ADREP Accident/Incident Data Reporting Datos de accidentes e Incidentes (ICAO) (OACI) ADS-B ADS-B Automatic dependent surveillance Vigilancia Dependiente Automtica - broadcast emisin ARP ARP Aerodrome reference point Punto de referencia del aerdromo ARTS ARTE Automated radar terminal system radar terminal del sistema automatizado ASDE ASDE Airport surface detection equipment superficie del aeropuerto de deteccin del equipo A-SMGCS A-SMGCS Advanced surface movement guidance superficie avanzada movimiento de orientacin and control system(s) y el control del sistema (s) ASR ASR Aerodrome surveillance radar Aerdromo de radar de vigilancia ATC ATC Air traffic control Control de trfico areo ATCO ATCO Air traffic controller Controlador de trnsito areo ATIDS ATIDS Aerodrome target identification Aerdromo de la identificacin de objetivos system sistema ATM Cajero automtico Air traffic management Gestin del trfico areo ATS ATS Air traffic services Servicios de trnsito areo AVOL AVOL Aerodrome visibility operational level Aerdromo de visibilidad a nivel operativo B B Basic Bsico C C Complex Complejo CDB CDB Capacity/demand balance Capacidad y demanda equilibrio CFMU CFMU Central Flight Management Unit Vuelo Central Unidad de Gestin CWP CWP Controller working position Controlador de posicin de trabajo DEFAMM DEFAMM Demonstration Facilities for Demostracin de instalaciones para Aerodrome Movement Management Aerdromo de Gestin Movimiento (European Commission) (Comisin Europea) D-GNSS D-GNSS Differential global navigation satellite mundial de navegacin por satlite diferencial system sistema DLM DLM Data link manager Datos gestor de enlaces ECAC CEAC European Civil Aviation Conference Conferencia Europea de Aviacin Civil ETA ETA Estimated time of arrival Tiempo estimado de llegada ETD ETD Estimated time of departure Hora estimada de salida EUROCONTROL European Organisation for the Safety EUROCONTROL Organizacin Europea para la Seguridad of Air Navigation de la Navegacin Area FAA FAA Federal Aviation Administration Administracin Federal de Aviacin (US) (EE.UU.) ft ft Foot Pie h h Hour Hora H H Heavy Pesado HMI HMI Human-machine interface Interfaz hombre-mquina ICAO De la OACI International Civil Aviation De Aviacin Civil Internacional Organization Organizacin ILS ILS Instrument landing system Sistema de aterrizaje por instrumentos km kilometros Kilometre Kilmetro kt kt Knot Nudo L L Light Luz LAAS LAAS Local area augmentation system de rea local sistema de aumentacin LAN LAN Local area network Red de rea local LSS LSS Loop sensor sub-system sensor de Loop subsistema m m Metre Metro M M Medium Medio NM MN Nautical mile Millas nuticas NOTAM NOTAM Notice to airmen Aviso a los aviadores NTSB NTSB National Transportation Safety Board Transporte Junta Nacional de Seguridad (US) (EE.UU.) PD PD Probability of detection Probabilidad de deteccin PDA PDA Probability of detection of an alert Probabilidad de deteccin de una alerta PDAS PDAS Pilot/driver assistance system Piloto / controlador del sistema de asistencia PFA PFA Probability of false alert Probabilidad de falsa alarma PFD PFD Probability of false detection Probabilidad de deteccin de falsos PFID PFID Probability of false identification Probabilidad de falsa identificacin PID PID Probability of identification Probabilidad de identificacin RIRP RIRP Runway Incursion Reduction Incursiones en la pista de reduccin Programme (FAA) Programa (FAA) RNP RNP Required navigation performance navegacin exigida RVR RVR Runway visual range Alcance visual en pista s s Second Segundo S S Simple Simple SARPs SARPS Standards and Recommended Normas y mtodos recomendados Practices Prcticas SID SID Standard instrument departure Norma salida instrumento SMGCS SMGCS Surface movement guidance and Movimiento en las superficie de orientacin y control system(s) sistema de control (s) SMR SMR Surface movement radar Superficie de radar movimiento SSDS SSDS Surface surveillance data server vigilancia de la superficie de datos del servidor STAR STAR Standard instrument arrival Norma llegada instrumento TDMA TDMA Time division multiple access por divisin de tiempo de acceso mltiple TDOA TDOA Time difference of arrival Diferencia horaria de llegada TLS TLS Target level of safety Nivel objetivo de la seguridad VDGS VDGS Visual docking guidance system Visual sistema de gua de atraque VFR VFR Visual flight rules Reglas de vuelo visual VHF VHF Very high frequency Frecuencia muy alta WGS-84 WGS-84 World Geodetic System 1984 Sistema Geodsico Mundial - 1984

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Advanced Surface Movement Guidance and Avanzada la superficie de Orientacin y Movimiento (viii) (Viii) Control Systems (A-SMGCS) Manual Sistemas de Control (A-SMGCS) Manual Symbols Smbolos Degree Grado = = Equals Es igual a > > Greater than Mayor que < < Less than Menos que - Minus Menos % Per cent Porcentaje% + + Plus Ms Plus or minus Ms o menos

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(ix) (Ix) GLOSSARY GLOSARIO Note. Some terms provided below are taken from Nota .- Algunos de los trminos a continuacin han sido tomados de existing ICAO documents, eg Annex 14. los documentos existentes de la OACI, por ejemplo, el anexo 14. Advanced surface movement guidance and control system Avanzada la superficie de Gua de movimiento y sistema de control (A-SMGCS) . A system providing routing, guidance and (A-SMGCS). Un sistema muestre rutas, orientacin y surveillance for the control of aircraft and vehicles in vigilancia para el control de las aeronaves y vehculos en order to maintain the declared surface movement rate a fin de mantener la tasa de movimiento en la superficie declarada under all weather conditions within the aerodrome las condiciones meteorolgicas en el aerdromo visibility operational level (AVOL) while maintaining visibilidad a nivel operativo (AVOL) manteniendo al mismo tiempo the required level of safety. el nivel de seguridad exigido. Aerodrome. A defined area on land or water (including any Aerdromo. Un rea definida de tierra o de agua (incluyendo cualquier buildings, installations and equipment) intended to be edificios, instalaciones y equipos) destinados a ser used either wholly or in part for the arrival, departure utilizarse, en todo o en parte por la llegada, salida and surface movement of aircraft. y movimiento en superficie de aeronaves. Aerodrome visibility operational level (AVOL). The Aerdromo de visibilidad nivel operativo (AVOL). El minimum visibility at or above which the declared visibilidad mnima o por encima del cual la declar movement rate can be sustained. velocidad de movimiento se puede sostener. Airport authority. The entity responsible for the operational Autoridad Aeroportuaria. La entidad responsable de la operativa management of the airport. gestin del aeropuerto. Alert. An indication of an existing or pending situation Alerta. Un indicio de una situacin existente o pendiente during aerodrome operations, or an indication of an durante las operaciones de aerdromo, o una indicacin de un abnormal A-SMGCS operation, that requires attention A-SMGCS funcionamiento anormal, que requiere atencin and/or action. y / o accin. Note. The term alert covers warnings, cautions, Nota .- La alerta trmino se aplica a las advertencias, precauciones, advisories and alarms reflecting different levels of urgency avisos y alarmas que reflejan los diferentes niveles de urgencia or equipment performance. o funcionamiento de los equipos. Apron. A defined area, on a land aerodrome, intended to Delantal. Un rea definida, en un aerdromo terrestre, destinada a accommodate aircraft for purposes of loading or cabida a las aeronaves para el embarque o unloading passengers, mail or cargo, fuelling, parking desembarque de pasajeros, correo o carga, abastecimiento de combustible, estacionamiento or maintenance. o mantenimiento. Apron management service. A service provided to regulate Delantal de gestin de servicios. Un servicio regular the activities and the movement of aircraft and vehicles las actividades y el movimiento de aeronaves y vehculos on an apron. un delantal. A-SMGCS capacity. The maximum number of simul- -La capacidad de un SMGCS. El nmero mximo de simul- taneous movements of aircraft and vehicles that the espontnea movimientos de aeronaves y vehculos que la system can safely support with an acceptable delay sistema de seguridad puede apoyar con una demora tolerable commensurate with the runway and taxiway capacity at en consonancia con la pista y calles de rodaje en la capacidad a particular aerodrome. un aerdromo determinado. Conflict. A situation where there is a risk for collision Conflicto. Una situacin en la que existe el riesgo de colisin between aircraft and/or vehicles. entre las aeronaves y / o vehculos. Identification. The correlation of a known aircraft or Identificacin. La correlacin de una aeronave conocida o vehicle call sign with the displayed target of that vehculo distintivo de llamada con el objetivo de la muestra que aircraft or vehicle on the display of the surveillance aeronave o vehculo en la pantalla de la vigilancia system. del sistema. Incursion. Any occurrence at an aerodrome involving the Incursin. Cualquier suceso en un aerdromo de la participacin de incorrect presence of an aircraft, vehicle or person on presencia incorrecta de una aeronave, vehculo o persona en the protected areas of a surface designated for the las reas protegidas de una superficie designada para la landing, take-off, taxiing and parking of aircraft. aterrizaje, despegue, rodaje y estacionamiento de aeronaves. Manoeuvring area. That part of an aerodrome to be used rea de maniobras. La parte de un aerdromo que se utilizar for the take-off, landing and taxiing of aircraft, para el despegue, aterrizaje y rodaje de las aeronaves, excluding aprons. con exclusin de delantales. Movement area. That part of an aerodrome to be used for rea de movimiento. La parte de un aerdromo que se utilizar para the take-off, landing and taxiing of aircraft, consisting el despegue, aterrizaje y rodaje de las aeronaves, que consiste of the manoeuvring area and apron(s). del rea de maniobras y un delantal (s). Note. For A-SMGCS, the movement area does not Nota .- Para A-SMGCS, el rea de movimiento no include passive stands, empty stands and those areas of the incluyen soportes pasivos, est vaco y las zonas de la apron(s) that are exclusively designated to vehicle move- plataforma (s) que son exclusivamente designados para los vehculos se mueven- ments. mentos. Obstacle. All fixed (whether temporary or permanent) and Obstculo. Toda fijo (ya sea temporal o permanente) y mobile objects, or parts thereof, that are located on an objetos mviles, o sus partes, que se encuentran en una area intended for the surface movement of aircraft or rea destinada a la circulacin en superficie de aeronaves o that extend above a defined surface intended to protect que se extienden sobre una superficie definida destinada a proteger aircraft in flight. aeronave en vuelo. Reversion time. Maximum time for reversion to manual Reversin de tiempo. Tiempo mximo de reversin al manual light control to be completed. control de la luz de su conclusin. Road. An established surface route on the movement area Camino. Una ruta superficiales establecidos en la zona de movimiento meant for the exclusive use of vehicles. significaba para el uso exclusivo de los vehculos. Route. A track from a defined starting point to a defined Ruta. Una pista de un punto de partida definida para un definido end point on the movement area. punto final en el rea de movimiento. Runway incursion. Any occurrence at an aerodrome Incursin en pista. Cualquier suceso en un aerdromo involving the incorrect presence of an aircraft, vehicle que involucran la presencia incorrecta de una aeronave, vehculo or person on the protected area of a surface designated o de la persona sobre el rea protegida de una superficie designada for the landing and take-off of aircraft. para el aterrizaje y despegue de aeronaves.

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Advanced Surface Movement Guidance and Avanzada la superficie de Orientacin y Movimiento (x) (X) Control Systems (A-SMGCS) Manual Sistemas de Control (A-SMGCS) Manual Stand. A designated area on an apron intended to be used Stand. Un rea designada en una plataforma diseada para utilizarse for the parking of an aircraft. para el estacionamiento de una aeronave. Stands can be classified Los stands se pueden clasificar as: como: a) active stand a stand that is occupied by a station- a) posicin activa - una posicin que es ocupada por una estacin de- ary aircraft with engines operating, or on which an aviones con motores de arias de funcionamiento, o en que un aircraft is moving, or that is being approached by aeronave est en movimiento, o que est siendo abordado por an aircraft; una aeronave; b) passive stand a stand that is occupied by a b) actitud pasiva - una posicin que es ocupada por un stationary aircraft with engines not operating; or aeronaves con motores estacionarios que no operan, o c) empty stand a stand that is vacant and not being c) estn vacas - un puesto que est vacante y no se approached by an aircraft. dirige una aeronave. Surveillance. A function of the system which provides Vigilancia. Una de las funciones del sistema que proporciona identification and accurate position information on identificacin y la informacin exacta sobre la posicin aircraft, vehicles and obstacles within the designated aviones, vehculos y obstculos en los designados area. rea. System accuracy. A degree of conformance between the la exactitud del sistema. Un grado de conformidad entre las estimated or measured value and the true value. calcular o medir el valor y el valor verdadero. Note. For A-SMGCS, this includes the position and Nota .- Para A-SMGCS, esto incluye la posicin y the speed. la velocidad. System availability. The ability of an A-SMGCS to perform La disponibilidad del sistema. La capacidad de un SMGCS-A para realizar el a required function at the initiation of the intended una funcin necesaria en el inicio de la intencin operation within an area covered by the A-SMGCS. operacin dentro de un mbito cubierto por la A-SMGCS. System continuity. The ability of an A-SMGCS to perform la continuidad del sistema. La capacidad de un SMGCS-A para realizar el its required function without non-scheduled inter- su funcin requerida sin no regulares inter- ruption during the intended operation within an area corrupcin durante la operacin prevista dentro de un espacio covered by the A-SMGCS. cubiertos por la A-SMGCS. System integrity. System integrity relates to the trust which integridad del sistema. integridad del sistema se refiere a la confianza que can be placed in the correctness of the information puede ser colocado en la exactitud de la informacin provided by an A-SMGCS. proporcionada por un A-SMGCS. This includes the ability of Esto incluye la capacidad de an A-SMGCS to provide timely and valid alerts to the -A un SMGCS para proveer alertas oportunas y vlidas a la user(s) when the A-SMGCS must not be used for the usuario (s) cuando el SMGCS-A no debe utilizarse para la intended operation. operacin prevista. System reliability. The ability of an A-SMGCS to perform La fiabilidad del sistema. La capacidad de un SMGCS-A para realizar el a required function under given conditions for a given una funcin requerida bajo condiciones dadas para un determinado time interval. intervalo de tiempo. Target. An aircraft, vehicle or obstacle that is displayed on Target. Una aeronave, vehculo u obstculo que se muestra en a surveillance display. una pantalla de vigilancia. Target level of safety (TLS). The probability of an accident Nivel objetivo de la seguridad (TLS). La probabilidad de un accidente (fatal or hull loss) during aircraft movement on the (O casco prdida fatal) durante el movimiento de aeronaves en el aerodrome. aerdromo.

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1-1 1-1 Chapter 1 Captulo 1 INTRODUCTION INTRODUCCIN 1.1 SURFACE MOVEMENT 1,1 movimiento en la superficie GUIDANCE AND CONTROL SYSTEM Guiado y control de (SMGCS) OPERATIONS (SMGCS) OPERACIONES 1.1.1 Current SMGCS procedures are based primarily 1.1.1 SMGCS procedimientos actuales se basan principalmente on the principle see and be seen to maintain spacing en el principio de "ver y ser visto" para mantener un espacio between aircraft and/or vehicles on the aerodrome move- entre las aeronaves y / o vehculos en el aerdromo de movimiento ment area. cin rea. However, the number of accidents and incidents Sin embargo, el nmero de accidentes e incidentes during surface movements, including runway incursions, is durante los movimientos de superficie, incluyendo incursiones en la pista, es increasing. cada vez mayor. Contributing factors include the increasing Los factores contribuyentes incluyen la creciente number of operations that take place in low visibility con- nmero de operaciones que tienen lugar en baja visibilidad conditions,* the progressive increase in traffic, the complexity condiciones, * el aumento progresivo del trfico, la complejidad of aerodrome layouts, and the proliferation of capacity- de diseos de aerdromo, y la proliferacin de la capacidad enhancing techniques and procedures. mejorar las tcnicas y procedimientos. Therefore, advanced Por lo tanto, avanzada capabilities are needed to ensure spacing when visual capacidades son necesarias para garantizar el espaciado cuando visuales means are not adequate and to maintain aerodrome capacity medios no son suficientes y para mantener la capacidad del aerdromo in all weather conditions. en cualquier tiempo. 1.1.2 Generally, operations at an aerodrome are 1.1.2 En general, las operaciones en un aerdromo dependent on air traffic controllers, pilots and vehicle depende de los controladores areos, pilotos y vehculos drivers using visual observations to estimate the respective los conductores que utilizan las observaciones visuales para estimar los respectivos relative positions of aircraft and vehicles. posiciones relativas de las aeronaves y vehculos. Pilots and vehicle Los pilotos y el vehculo drivers rely on visual aids (lighting, markings and signage) los conductores se basan en las ayudas visuales (iluminacin, sealizacin y rotulacin) to guide them along their assigned routes and to identify para guiarlos a lo largo de sus rutas asignadas y para identificar intersections and holding positions. intersecciones y que ocupan puestos. During periods of low Durante los perodos de baja visibility, controllers must rely on pilots' reports and la visibilidad, los controladores deben basarse en "informes de los pilotos y surface movement radar to monitor spacing and to identify movimiento de radar de superficie para controlar e identificar el espaciamiento potential conflicts. posibles conflictos. Under these conditions, pilots and En estas condiciones, los pilotos y vehicle drivers find that their ability to operate see and be conductores de vehculos, encuentran que su capacidad para operar "ver y ser seen is severely impaired. visto "se ve gravemente afectada. There are no prescribed separ- No hay previsto SEPARation minima, and controllers, pilots and vehicle drivers ciones mnimas, y los controladores, pilotos y conductores de vehculos share the responsibility that operations will not create a compartir la responsabilidad de que operaciones no crear una collision hazard. colisin de peligro. 1.1.3 All aerodromes have some form of SMGCS. 1.1.3 Todos los aerdromos tienen alguna forma de SMGCS. Commonly used systems that have been installed in the Sistemas de uso comn que se han instalado en el past are described in the Manual of Surface Movement ltimos se describen en el Manual de movimiento en la superficie Guidance and Control Systems (SMGCS) (Doc 9476). Gua y Control (SMGCS) (Doc 9476). In En their simplest form, SMGCS consist of painted guidelines su forma ms simple, SMGCS consisten en orientaciones pintadas and signs, while in their most advanced and complex form, y signos, mientras que en su avanzada y compleja forma ms, they employ switched taxiway centre lines and stop bars. que emplean conmutacin de las lneas de centro de calle de rodaje y barras de parada. All SMGCS provide guidance to aircraft from the landing Todos SMGCS proporcionar orientacin a las aeronaves desde el aterrizaje runway to the parking position on the apron and back to the pista a la posicin de estacionamiento en la plataforma y de nuevo a la runway used for take-off, as well as for other movements pista utilizada para el despegue, as como para otros movimientos on the aerodrome surface such as from a maintenance area en la superficie del aerdromo como de un rea de mantenimiento to an apron, or from an apron to an apron. a una plataforma, o de un delantal para un delantal. In addition, Por otra parte, SMGCS provide some guidance to vehicles. SMGCS proporcionar alguna orientacin a los vehculos. Normally, Normalmente, control of the activities and the movement of aircraft and control de las actividades y el movimiento de las aeronaves y vehicles rests with air traffic control (ATC) with respect to corresponde a los vehculos de control de trfico areo (ATC) con respecto a the manoeuvring area. el rea de maniobras. In the case of aprons, such En el caso de los delantales, tales responsibility sometimes rests with the apron management. a veces la responsabilidad recae en la administracin de plataforma. Lastly, SMGCS may also provide guidance to, and control Por ltimo, SMGCS tambin puede ofrecer asesoramiento y de control or regulation of, personnel authorized to be on the o la regulacin de, personal autorizado a estar en el movement area of an aerodrome. el rea de movimientos de un aerdromo. 1.1.4 For low visibility operations, plans of SMGCS 1.1.4 Para las operaciones de baja visibilidad, los planes de SMGCS prescribe the operational procedures that must be followed establecer los procedimientos operativos que deben seguirse during surface movements. durante los movimientos de superficie. Procedures vary from aero- Los procedimientos varan de un aero- drome to aerodrome depending on factors such as the drome del aerdromo en funcin de factores tales como la regulations and policies of air traffic services (ATS), the reglamentos y polticas de servicios de trnsito areo (ATS), el organizational responsibilities, and the aerodrome configu- responsabilidades de organizacin, y el aerdromo configuraciones ration and facilities. racin e instalaciones. 1.1.5 Low visibility SMGCS procedures are put into 1.1.5 baja visibilidad SMGCS procedimientos se ponen en effect when the runway visual range (RVR) decreases to a efecto cuando el alcance visual de pista (RVR) se reduce a un predetermined value (usually between 400 m and 600 m). predeterminado de valor (por lo general entre 400 my 600 m). Notifications are then issued to the aircraft operators, Las notificaciones se emiti entonces a los explotadores de aeronaves, and checklists are used to implement the low visibility y listas de control se utilizan para implementar la escasa visibilidad procedures. procedimientos. 1.1.6 In low visibility, designated low visibility taxi 1.1.6 En la baja visibilidad, designado taxi baja visibilidad routes may be used and depicted on aerodrome charts rutas se pueden utilizar y representado en las cartas de aerdromo available to pilots and vehicle drivers. a disposicin de los pilotos y conductores de vehculos. Lighting systems Sistemas de iluminacin such as stop bars and runway guard lights are used to assist tales como barras de parada y luces de la pista de guardia se utilizan para ayudar a ATC in controlling access to active runways. ATC en el control de acceso a pistas activas. Landing Aterrizaje aircraft exit the runway at specific taxiways and follow the aeronaves salir de la pista de aterrizaje en pistas de rodaje especfico y seguir las taxi instructions from the ground controller. instrucciones de taxi desde el controlador de tierra. Access of El acceso de los ground vehicles is strictly controlled, and only essential vehculos de tierra est estrictamente controlado, y slo esenciales vehicles are permitted on the movement area. vehculos estn permitidas en el rea de movimiento. 1.1.7 At present, procedures permit aircraft to land in 1.1.7 En la actualidad, los procedimientos permitan a las aeronaves a aterrizar en conditions down to zero visibility and to take off when the condiciones a cero la visibilidad y despegar cuando el * See Appendix A for the definition of visibility * Vase el Apndice A para la definicin de visibilidad conditions used in this manual. condiciones utilizadas en este manual.

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Advanced Surface Movement Guidance and Avanzada la superficie de Orientacin y Movimiento 1-2 1-2 Control Systems (A-SMGCS) Manual Sistemas de Control (A-SMGCS) Manual RVR is reduced to approximately 75 m. RVR se reduce a unos 75 m. Although some Aunque algunos States use sophisticated taxiway guidance systems with Estados utilizan sofisticados sistemas de gua de calles de rodaje con stop bars to control movements, there are no ICAO barras de parada para controlar los movimientos, no hay la OACI provisions for the operation of an SMGCS which can disposiciones para el funcionamiento de un SMGCS que puede provide for expedition and safety in all weather conditions. prever la expedicin y la seguridad en cualquier condicin climtica. 1.2 GOALS FOR IMPROVING SMGCS 1.2 OBJETIVOS PARA MEJORAR SMGCS The following high-level goals provide a basis for El alto nivel los siguientes objetivos servir de base para considering what capabilities are required, and may be teniendo en cuenta las capacidades que se requieren, y puede ser useful in developing improvements for surface movement tiles en el desarrollo de mejoras para el movimiento en la superficie operations: operaciones: a) controllers, pilots and vehicle drivers should be a) los controladores, pilotos y conductores de vehculos deben provided with systems of the same level of provistos de sistemas del mismo nivel de performance; rendimiento; b) controllers, pilots and vehicle drivers should have b) los controladores, pilotos y conductores de vehculos deben tener clearly defined roles and responsibilities that define claramente las funciones y responsabilidades que eliminate procedural ambiguities which may lead to eliminar las ambigedades de procedimiento que pueda conducir a operational errors and deviations; los errores operacionales y las desviaciones; c) improved means of providing situational awareness c) los medios ms eficaces para proporcionar conocimiento de la situacin should be available to controllers, pilots and vehicle deben estar disponibles para los controladores, pilotos y vehculos drivers, taking into consideration visibility con- conductores, teniendo en cuenta la visibilidad de con- ditions, traffic density and aerodrome layout; condiciones, la densidad del trfico y la disposicin general del aerdromo; d) improved means of surveillance should be in place; d) mejora de los medios de vigilancia debern estar en su lugar; e) delays in ground movements should be reduced, e) El retraso en los movimientos de tierra debe ser reducida, and growth in operations, including runway y el crecimiento en las operaciones, incluida la pista de aterrizaje capacity, should be accommodated; capacidad, deber dar cabida a f) surface movement functions should be able to f) Superficie funciones de movimiento debe ser capaz de accommodate all classes of aircraft and necessary cabida a todas las clases de aviones y necesario vehicles; vehculos; g) improved guidance and procedures should be in g) mejorar la orientacin y los procedimientos deben estar en place to allow: lugar que permita: 1) safe surface operations on the aerodrome, 1) la superficie de las operaciones de seguro en el aerdromo, taking into consideration visibility, traffic teniendo en cuenta la visibilidad, el trfico density and aerodrome layout; and la densidad y la disposicin general del aerdromo, y 2) pilots and vehicle drivers to follow their 2) pilotos y conductores de vehculos siguen a sus assigned routes in an unambiguous and reliable rutas asignadas en una inequvoca y fiable way; camino; h) improved aerodrome visual aids providing guidance la mejora del aerdromo ayudas visuales) h proporcionar orientacin for surface movements should be an integrated para los movimientos de superficie debe ser un sistema integrado component of the system; componente del sistema; i) automation and Human Factors engineering should i) la automatizacin y la ingeniera de factores humanos debe provide the linkage between the surface and the proporcionar el vnculo entre la superficie y la terminal and between the terminal and the en-route terminal y entre la terminal y la ruta en airspace to create seamless operations with reduced espacio areo para crear el funcionamiento sin fisuras, con reduccin de controller and pilot workload; controlador y el piloto automtico; j) SMGCS improvements should be developed in a j) las mejoras SMGCS deben desarrollarse en un modular form to accommodate all aerodrome types; forma modular para adaptarse a todo tipo de aerdromo; and y k) conflict prediction and/or detection, analysis, and k) la prediccin de conflictos y / o deteccin, anlisis y resolution should be provided. resolucin debe ser proporcionado. 1.3 A-SMGCS CONCEPT 1.3 A-SMGCS CONCEPTO 1.3.1 An A-SMGCS differs from an SMGCS in that it 1.3.1 Un A-SMGCS difiere de un SMGCS en que may provide a full individual service over a much wider puede prestar un servicio completo sobre cada una mucho ms amplia range of weather conditions, traffic density and aerodrome gama de condiciones climticas, la densidad del trfico y del aerdromo layouts. diseos. A-SMGCS are to use common modules in all A-SMGCS deben utilizar en todos los mdulos comunes circumstances. circunstancias. The modules to be used in any particular Los mdulos a ser utilizados en cualquier particular, circumstance are determined by the specific requirements circunstancia que estn determinados por los requisitos especficos of each aerodrome. de cada aerdromo. 1.3.2 The use of an A-SMGCS will lead to reallo- 1.3.2 El uso de un A-SMGCS dar lugar a la reasignacin- cation of responsibilities for various system functions. cin de las responsabilidades de varias funciones del sistema. Less Menos reliance will need to be placed on the ability of the pilot or la dependencia tendr que ser colocado en la capacidad del piloto o control authority to provide visual surveillance. autoridad de control y una vigilancia visual. Some Algunos functions will use automation to provide routing, guidance funciones utilizar la automatizacin para proporcionar encaminamiento, la orientacin and control. y control. 1.3.3 The main benefits to be accrued from the 1.3.3 Los principales beneficios que podran generarse con la implementation of an A-SMGCS will be associated with, aplicacin de una-SMGCS A se asocia con, but not limited to, low visibility surface operations. pero no limitado a, las operaciones de baja visibilidad en la superficie. Significant improvements in aerodrome capacity can also Mejoras significativas en la capacidad del aerdromo tambin puede be achieved under good visibility conditions. de conseguirse dentro de unas buenas condiciones de visibilidad. 1.3.4 The significant distinctions between the func- 1.3.4 Las distinciones significativas entre los funcio- tions of a current SMGCS and an A-SMGCS are that the ciones de una corriente y un SMGCS-SMGCS A son que el latter should provide more precise guidance and control for este ltimo debe proporcionar una orientacin ms precisa y control de all aircraft and vehicles on the movement area, and should todas las aeronaves y vehculos en el rea de movimiento, y debe also be able to ensure spacing between all moving aircraft tambin ser capaces de garantizar el espacio entre todos los aviones en movimiento and vehicles, especially in conditions which prevent y los vehculos, especialmente en una situacin que impide spacing being maintained visually. espaciamiento se mantiene visualmente. It is therefore important Por ello es importante to recognize that, except where the total number of aircraft reconocer que, salvo que el nmero total de aviones and vehicles permitted to operate on the movement area at y los vehculos autorizados a operar en el rea de movimiento en any one time is kept very low, such tasks are beyond the cualquier momento uno se mantiene muy baja, estas tareas van ms all del capability of a controller even if aided by conventional capacidad de un controlador, aunque con la ayuda de convencionales surface movement radar (SMR). superficie de radar de movimiento (SMR). Therefore, an A-SMGCS Por lo tanto, un A-SMGCS should provide situation awareness not only to ATC but deber dar a conocer la situacin no slo al ATC, pero also to those aircraft and vehicles that are liable to come in tambin a las aeronaves y vehculos que puedan entrar en proximity to each other. proximidad entre ellos.

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Chapter 1. Captulo 1. Introduction Introduccin 1-3 1-3 1.3.5 Complex traffic flows may require an 1.3.5 flujos de trfico complejo puede requerir una A-SMGCS to function as a surface management system by A-SMGCS para funcionar como un sistema de gestin de superficie por providing for the planning and management of all aircraft que prev la planificacin y la gestin de todas las aeronaves and authorized vehicles on the movement area while y los vehculos autorizados en el rea de movimiento, mientras que interfacing with the air traffic management (ATM) system. interfaz con la gestin del trfico areo (ATM). 1.3.6 An A-SMGCS addresses future increases in 1.3.6 Un direcciones SMGCS Un futuros aumentos de la surface movement operations that would lead to increased movimiento de las operaciones de superficie, que dara lugar a un aumento de surface congestion and system delays unless new tech- superficie de la congestin y los retrasos del sistema a menos nue- niques were made available to the air traffic controller to nicas se pusieron a disposicin del controlador de trnsito areo a reduce workload. reducir la carga de trabajo. From the flight dispatch/apron manage- Desde el despacho de vuelo / delantal de gestin ment perspective, more sharing of information will be perspectiva de ambiente, un mayor intercambio de informacin ser needed to manage the availability of stands/parking areas, necesarios para gestionar la disponibilidad de stands, reas de estacionamiento, thereby reducing taxi delays to a minimum. reduciendo as las demoras en taxi a un mnimo. 1.3.7 An A-SMGCS will reduce voice communica- 1.3.7 Un A-SMGCS reducir comunicacin de voz tions, improve surface guidance aids and increase reliance ciones, mejorar la orientacin ayudas de superficie y aumentar la utilizacin on avionics in the cockpit to help guide the pilot to and de avinica de la cabina para ayudar a guiar al piloto y from the runway. de la pista. The ATC capability for surveillance by La capacidad del trnsito areo para la vigilancia de electronic means will also improve. medios electrnicos tambin mejorar. Automation will play a Automatizacin desempear un greater role to assist in monitoring the surface operations. mayor papel para ayudar a supervisar las operaciones de superficie. 1.3.8 Communications will migrate into a mix of 1.3.8 Comunicaciones migrar a una mezcla de voice and data link capabilities, with automated data de voz y capacidades de enlace de datos, con datos automatizados communications between system components providing las comunicaciones entre los componentes del sistema proporcionando situation information between the users, including from the situacin de la informacin entre los usuarios, incluidos los de la ground to the cockpit. de tierra a la cabina del piloto. Voice communications will continue Las comunicaciones de voz seguir to be used where necessary. que se utilizar cuando sea necesario. 1.3.9 Surface guidance will include improved visual 1.3.9 Superficie de orientacin incluirn mejoras visuales aids for automated guidance and control along the assigned ayudas para la orientacin y control automatizados a lo largo del asignado route. ruta. However, for low visibility conditions, the pilot may Sin embargo, para condiciones de baja visibilidad, el piloto puede need suitable avionics, such as a moving map, to monitor necesidad de avinica adecuado, como un mapa en movimiento, para vigilar progress and compliance with the assigned route. el progreso y el cumplimiento de la ruta asignada. These Estos avionics may also be used to display surface traffic avinica tambin se puede utilizar para mostrar el trfico de superficie information. de la informacin. 1.3.10 Improved ATC surveillance will provide 1.3.10 Mejora de la vigilancia ATC proporcionar accurate information on the position and identity of all informacin precisa sobre la posicin e identidad de todos aircraft and vehicles operating on the movement area. aeronaves y vehculos que operan en el rea de movimiento. This Esta will be used to enhance the automated functions associated se utilizarn para mejorar las funciones automatizadas asociados with conformance monitoring and conflict alert. con seguimiento de la conformidad y la alerta de conflicto. Also, the Adems, el surveillance information will be useful in refining the informacin de vigilancia sern de utilidad en el perfeccionamiento del traffic planning functions associated with predicting taxi funciones de planificacin del trfico asociadas a la prediccin de taxi throughput and arrival/departure times. rendimiento y de llegada / salida. 1.3.11 Automated functions will include the monitor- 1.3.11 funciones automatizadas se incluyen el monitor- ing of conformance with taxi instructions and the detection cin del cumplimiento de instrucciones de rodaje y la deteccin of potential conflicts and their resolution. de los posibles conflictos y su resolucin. Automation Automatizacin will also be used to control ground visual aids based on Tambin se utiliza para el control de tierra sobre la base de las ayudas visuales controller and surveillance inputs. control y vigilancia de los insumos. Thus, the ground visual As, el terreno visual aids will be set up for the runway configuration in use, and las ayudas se establecer para la configuracin de la pista en uso, y runway/taxiway intersections will be controlled based on pista / calle de rodaje intersecciones se controlar sobre la base de precise knowledge of the location and movement of aircraft el conocimiento preciso de la ubicacin y el movimiento de las aeronaves and vehicles. y vehculos. 1.3.12 Surface traffic planning automation functions 1.3.12 Superficie de planificacin del trfico funciones de automatizacin will be integrated with approach/departure operations. se integrar con el enfoque de las operaciones de salida /. For Para arrivals, the sequence for each runway and stand assign- llegadas, la secuencia para cada pista y asignar stand- ment will be used to make accurate estimates of arrival cin se utiliza para hacer estimaciones precisas de la llegada times at the stands. tiempos en los stands. This information will improve aircraft Esta informacin mejorar las aeronaves handling and turn-around time. la manipulacin y el tiempo de vuelta. For departures, engine start Para las salidas, arranque el motor and push-back times can be coordinated and managed to y atrs los tiempos-push estn coordinados y gestionados a gain optimum departure sequencing, taking into account the obtener la secuencia de salida ptima, teniendo en cuenta la planned route. ruta prevista. Also, aerodrome configuration changes will Adems, los cambios de configuracin de aerdromo se be timed and implemented more efficiently, thereby ser programado y ejecutado de manera ms eficiente, con lo que minimizing any impact on the aerodrome utilization rate. reduciendo al mnimo el impacto sobre la tasa de utilizacin del aerdromo. 1.3.13 Development of complex systems and the 1.3.13 Desarrollo de sistemas complejos y la differing needs of users will require a modular development las diferentes necesidades de los usuarios necesitarn un desarrollo modular and introduction of various elements (some of which are y la introduccin de diversos elementos (algunos de los cuales son already in place). Ya en su lugar). The expected evolutionary development El desarrollo evolutivo esperado of A-SMGCS and the varied needs of users will mean that de A-SMGCS y las diversas necesidades de los usuarios significa que not all aerodromes will introduce all provisions described in No todos los aerdromos introducir todas las disposiciones descritas en el this manual. este manual. Additionally, this manual can only outline steps Adems, este manual slo se puede esbozar las medidas in the continuing enhancement of aerodrome operations. en la mejora continua de las operaciones del aerdromo. 1.3.14 The technical standards implied in this manual 1.3.14 Las normas tcnicas implicadas en este manual are recognized to be the most demanding for the most son reconocidas como las ms exigentes en su mayor critical conditions in terms of visibility, traffic density and condiciones crticas en trminos de visibilidad, densidad del trfico y aerodrome layout. aerdromo de diseo. Implementation of facilities and pro- Aplicacin de las instalaciones y pro- cedures to these levels will, therefore, not be appropriate at procedimientos a estos niveles, por lo tanto, no sera apropiado en all aerodromes. todos los aerdromos. Implementation of an A-SMGCS can only La aplicacin de una-SMGCS A slo puede take place after an assessment of cost/benefit studies and llevar a cabo tras una evaluacin de costo / beneficio y consideration of evolving user requirements. examen de la evolucin de las necesidades del usuario. There will be Habr a continuing need for dialogue between the suppliers of la necesidad de mantener el dilogo entre los proveedores de services, the manufacturers and the users so that the servicios, los fabricantes y los usuarios de modo que el operational requirements can be translated into technical necesidades operacionales se pueden traducir en tcnicas requirements. requisitos. 1.3.15 An A-SMGCS needs to be related to the 1.3.15 Un A-SMGCS tiene que estar relacionado con el operational conditions under which it is intended that the condiciones operativas en las que se pretende que el aerodrome should operate. aerdromo debe funcionar. Failure to provide a system Si no se proporciona un sistema de appropriate to the demands placed on the aerodrome will adecuada a las exigencias que el aerdromo se lead to a reduced movement rate or may affect safety. conducir a una velocidad de movimiento reducido o puede afectar a la seguridad. It is Es important to recognize that complex systems are not importante reconocer que los sistemas complejos no son required and are not economical at aerodromes where requerido y no econmicos en los aerdromos en visibility, traffic density, aerodrome complexity and any la visibilidad, la densidad del trfico, la complejidad del aerdromo y cualquier combination of these factors do not present a problem for combinacin de estos factores no representan un problema para the ground movement of aircraft and vehicles. el movimiento de tierra de las aeronaves y vehculos.

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2-1 2-1 Chapter 2 Captulo 2 OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS REQUISITOS OPERACIONALES 2.1 GENERAL 2,1 GENERAL 2.1.1 The operational requirements stated in this 2.1.1 Los requisitos operativos establecidos en este manual refer to the most demanding conditions and are to manual se refieren a las condiciones ms exigentes y estn a be applied depending upon visibility, traffic density, se aplicar en funcin de la visibilidad, la densidad del trfico, aerodrome layout and other local circumstances. aerdromo de diseo y otras circunstancias locales. As Como mentioned earlier, the visibility conditions used throughout se mencion anteriormente, las condiciones de visibilidad utilizan en todo this manual are those described in Appendix A. este manual se describen en el Apndice A. 2.1.2 For a particular aerodrome, an A-SMGCS is 2.1.2 Para un aerdromo determinado, un SMGCS-A es intended to mean one integrated system providing destinado a significar un sistema integrado que facilita advanced surface movement guidance and control at that superficie avanzada Gua de movimiento y control a que aerodrome. aerdromo. The accountability for the safety of operations La responsabilidad por la seguridad de las operaciones associated with an A-SMGCS will ultimately lie with the asociados con una A-SMGCS en ltima instancia, recae en el service provider, the airlines and the airport authority. proveedor de servicios, las compaas areas y las autoridades aeroportuarias. In En this manual, the term responsibility applies only to the este manual, el trmino "responsabilidad" se aplica nicamente a la person or system and a designated role or function within persona o sistema y un papel designado o funcin dentro de an A-SMGCS. A uno-SMGCS. 2.1.3 Airport authorities allocate their apron areas to 2.1.3 Las autoridades del aeropuerto asignar sus zonas de trfico de different control authorities. las autoridades de control diferentes. In some cases, ATC has En algunos casos, ATC ha complete jurisdiction, and in others, there is some form of completa jurisdiccin y, en otros, hay alguna forma de apron or ramp control that exercises complete or partial delantal o el control que ejerce en pista completa o parcial jurisdiction on behalf of the airport authority. jurisdiccin en nombre de la autoridad aeroportuaria. Whichever Cualquiera method of control is used, the level of service provided by mtodo de control se utiliza, el nivel de servicio proporcionado por the A-SMGCS should be consistent from the runway to the -A la SMGCS debern ser uniformes de la pista a la stand and vice versa. ponerse de pie y viceversa. 2.1.4 In order to resolve the problem of vehicle 2.1.4 Con el fin de resolver el problema de los vehculos control/segregation on a specific stand, the concept is control y la segregacin en un soporte especfico, el concepto es introduced whereby the role of that stand may change from establecer que el papel de los que se destacan pueden cambiar de active to passive and vice versa. activa a pasiva y viceversa. Hence, the use of the term Por lo tanto, el uso del trmino movement area in this manual excludes passive stands, "rea de movimiento" en este manual se encuentra excluye pasiva, empty stands and those areas of the apron(s) which are est vaco y las zonas de la plataforma (s) que se exclusively designated to vehicle movements. exclusivamente encargado de los movimientos de vehculos. 2.1.5 An A-SMGCS, as described in this manual, 2.1.5 Un A-SMGCS, segn se describe en este manual, requires the development of an integrated human-machine requiere el desarrollo de un sistema integrado hombre-mquina interface (HMI) that will lead to a reduced workload for Interface (HMI) que dar lugar a una menor carga de trabajo para controllers, pilots and vehicle drivers by using computers controladores, pilotos y conductores de vehculos mediante el uso de computadoras and automation but retaining a manual control capability. y la automatizacin, aunque conserva la capacidad de control manual. 2.2 SYSTEM OBJECTIVES SISTEMA DE OBJETIVOS 2,2 AND FUNCTIONS Y FUNCIONES 2.2.1 In order to support optimized gate-to-gate 2.2.1 A fin de apoyar optimizado "puerta a puerta" operations, an A-SMGCS should be capable of assisting operaciones, un A-SMGCS debe ser capaz de ayudar a authorized aircraft and vehicles to manoeuvre safely and aeronaves y vehculos autorizados para maniobrar de manera segura y efficiently on the movement area. eficientemente en el rea de movimiento. An A-SMGCS should An-SMGCS A debe support the following primary functions: apoyo a las funciones principales siguientes: a) surveillance; a) Vigilancia; b) routing; b) de rutas; c) guidance; and c) La orientacin, y d) control. d) el control. Note. Communication is considered to be an integral Nota .- La comunicacin es considerada como un integrante part of each of the primary functions. parte de cada una de las principales funciones. 2.2.2 In order to achieve the maximum benefits at 2.2.2 A fin de lograr los mximos beneficios en each level of A-SMGCS implementation, a supporting cada nivel de aplicacin-SMGCS A, un apoyo planning function should be included. funcin de planificacin deben ser incluidos. 2.2.3 An A-SMGCS should be capable of operating at 2.2.3 Un A-SMGCS debe ser capaz de funcionar a a specified movement rate in visibility conditions down to una velocidad de movimiento se especifica en las condiciones de visibilidad hacia abajo para the aerodrome visibility operational level (AVOL). la visibilidad del aerdromo nivel operativo (AVOL). When Cundo visibility conditions are reduced to below AVOL, an condiciones de visibilidad se redujo por debajo AVOL, un A-SMGCS should provide for a reduction of surface move- A-SMGCS debe prever la reduccin de la superficie de movimiento ments of aircraft and vehicles to a level acceptable for the cin de las aeronaves y vehculos a un nivel aceptable para los new situation. nueva situacin. 2.2.4 The system should integrate movements to 2.2.4 El sistema debe integrar a los movimientos provide complete situational information to all users, and to proporcionar informacin completa de la situacin a todos los usuarios, y provide conflict prediction and resolution for aircraft and facilitar la prediccin y resolucin de conflictos para las aeronaves y vehicle movements. los movimientos de vehculos. 2.2.5 A-SMGCS should be modular so that the 2.2.5 A-SMGCS debe ser modular, de forma que el appropriate level of service can be provided to different nivel adecuado de servicio puede prestarse a diferentes aerodromes as well as to different areas of an aerodrome. aerdromos, as como a diferentes reas de un aerdromo.

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Advanced Surface Movement Guidance and Avanzada la superficie de Orientacin y Movimiento 2-2 2-2 Control Systems (A-SMGCS) Manual Sistemas de Control (A-SMGCS) Manual 2.3 DIVISION OF RESPONSIBILITIES 2.3 El reparto de funciones AND FUNCTIONS Y FUNCIONES Although the responsibilities and functions may vary, they A pesar de las responsabilidades y funciones puede variar, should be clearly defined for all users of the system. deben estar claramente definidos para todos los usuarios del sistema. An Una A-SMGCS should be designed so that the responsibilities A-SMGCS debe estar diseado de manera que las responsabilidades and functions may be assigned to the following: y las funciones pueden ser asignados a los siguientes: a) the automated system; a) el sistema automatizado; b) controllers; b) los controladores; c) pilots; c) los prcticos; d) vehicle drivers; d) los conductores de vehculos; e) marshallers; e) marshallers; f) emergency services; f) Los servicios de emergencia; g) airport authorities; ) Las autoridades aeroportuarias g; h) regulatory authorities; and ) Las autoridades reguladoras h, y i) security services. i) los servicios de seguridad. Note. When using A-SMGCS, pilots remain Nota .- Cuando se utiliza A-SMGCS, los pilotos siguen siendo responsible for the safety and control of aircraft. responsable de la seguridad y el control de las aeronaves. 2.4 IMPLEMENTATION-RELATED 2,4 relativas a la aplicacin REQUIREMENTS REQUISITOS 2.4.1 The design principle of an A-SMGCS should 2.4.1 El principio de diseo de un SMGCS-A debe permit modular enhancements. permiso de mejoras modulares. The A-SMGCS at each La A-SMGCS en cada aerodrome will comprise its own mix of modular compo- aerdromo contar con su propia mezcla de componentes modulares- nents depending on the operational factors that are componentes en funcin de los factores operativos que son categorized in Appendix A. For example, some modules of categorizados en el Apndice A. Por ejemplo, algunos mdulos de an A-SMGCS will be required when one or more of the un A-SMGCS ser necesario cuando una o ms de los following conditions exist: condiciones siguientes: a) visibility condition 2, 3 or 4; and/or a) condiciones de visibilidad 2, 3 o 4, y / o b) heavy traffic density; and/or b) la densidad de trfico pesado, y / o c) complex aerodrome layout. c) disposicin general del aerdromo complejo. 2.4.2 The certification of an A-SMGCS should 2.4.2 La certificacin de un SMGCS-A debe address the total system. la direccin del sistema total. Note 1. An A-SMGCS total system includes sub- Nota 1 .- Un SMGCS total del sistema-A incluye sub- systems, equipment and other components necessary for it sistemas, equipos y dems componentes necesarios para que to perform its functions, as well as operational procedures, para desempear sus funciones, as como los procedimientos operativos, the identification of responsibilities, management functions la identificacin de responsabilidades, las funciones de gestin and system support facilities. y crear las infraestructuras del sistema. Note 2. The addition of modules or the upgrading of Nota 2 .- La adicin de mdulos o la mejora de las existing modules will require an analysis to ensure that the mdulos existentes deber incluir un anlisis para asegurar que el continued validity of the original certification is not vigencia de la certificacin original no es affected. afectadas. Where the continued validity of the original Cuando la vigencia de la original certification cannot be assured, a new certification of the certificacin no se puede asegurar, una nueva certificacin de la complete system will be required. sistema completo ser requerido. 2.5 BASIC FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS 2.5 REQUISITOS BSICOS DEL FUNCIONAMIENTO Note. The interdependency of the primary A-SMGCS Nota .- La interdependencia de las primarias de A-SMGCS functions needs to be taken into account in addressing the funciones hay que tener en cuenta al abordar las requirements that follow. requisitos que siguen. 2.5.1 Surveillance 2.5.1 Vigilancia 2.5.1.1 The surveillance function of an A-SMGCS 2.5.1.1 La funcin de control de un A-SMGCS should: que: a) provide accurate position information on all move- a) proporcionar informacin exacta sobre la posicin de todos los movi- ments within the movement area; cin en el rea de movimiento; b) provide identification and labelling of authorized b) facilitar la identificacin y etiquetado de los movements; los movimientos; c) cope with moving and static aircraft and vehicles c) hacer frente a las aeronaves en movimiento y estticos y vehculos within the coverage area of the surveillance dentro del rea de cobertura de la vigilancia function; funcin; d) be capable of updating data needed for the guidance d) ser capaz de actualizar los datos necesarios para la orientacin and control requirements both in time and position y control tanto en el tiempo y la posicin along the route; and a lo largo de la ruta, y e) be unaffected by operationally significant effects e) se ver afectada por efectos significativos en el operativo such as adverse weather and topographical con- como la meteorologa adversa y topogrficos con- ditions. condiciones. 2.5.1.2 The operational status of all surveillance 2.5.1.2 El estado de funcionamiento de toda la vigilancia equipment should be monitored by the system, and alerts equipo debe ser supervisado por el sistema y alertas should be provided as appropriate. Deberan establecerse, segn proceda. 2.5.1.3 All control authorities concerned should be 2.5.1.3 Todas las autoridades de control en cuestin debe ser provided with surveillance data in the required area of the siempre con los datos de vigilancia en el rea requerida de la aerodrome. aerdromo. 2.5.1.4 Within the required area of the aerodrome, 2.5.1.4 Dentro del rea requerida del aerdromo, surveillance should be provided up to an altitude so as vigilancia debe ser provisto hasta una altura a fin de to cover missed approaches and low-level helicopter para cubrir aproximaciones frustradas y de bajo nivel de helicptero operations. las operaciones.

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Chapter 2. Captulo 2. Operational Requirements Requisitos operativos 2-3 2-3 2.5.1.5 Surveillance should be provided for aircraft 2.5.1.5 La vigilancia debe ser siempre de los aviones on approach to each runway at such a distance that inbound sobre el enfoque de cada pista a una distancia tal que los entrantes aircraft can be integrated into an A-SMGCS operation so aeronaves pueden ser integrados en una operacin-SMGCS A para that aerodrome movements, including aircraft departures or que los movimientos de aerdromo, incluidas las salidas de aeronaves o aircraft crossing active runways, can be managed. aeronaves que cruzan las pistas activas, puede ser controlado. 2.5.1.6 A seamless transition should be provided 2.5.1.6 Una transicin sin fisuras deber indicarse between the surveillance for an A-SMGCS and the surveil- entre la vigilancia de un SMGCS-A y la vigi- lance of traffic in the vicinity of an aerodrome. lanza de trfico en las inmediaciones de un aerdromo. 2.5.1.7 The A-SMGCS should detect any incursion 2.5.1.7 La A-SMGCS debera detectar cualquier incursin into areas used for aircraft movement and the runway en las zonas utilizadas para el movimiento de las aeronaves y la pista strips, and within any designated protected area as required tiras, y dentro de cualquier rea protegida designada segn sea necesario by airport authorities. por las autoridades aeroportuarias. The surveillance system should also El sistema de vigilancia tambin debe continuously indicate the position of unauthorized aircraft, constantemente indican la posicin de las aeronaves no autorizadas, vehicles and obstacles in the above areas. vehculos y obstculos en las reas mencionadas. 2.5.1.8 For aircraft and vehicles within the areas men- 2.5.1.8 Para las aeronaves y vehculos dentro de las reas men- tioned in 2.5.1.7, the surveillance function of an A-SMGCS should continuously provide information required to detect deviations from the assigned route, with an update rate that is sufficient to ensure an adequate response of the system. 2.5.2 Routing 2.5.2.1 Either manually or automatically, the routing function of an A-SMGCS should: a) be able to designate a route for each aircraft or vehicle within the movement area; b) allow for a change of destination at any time; c) allow for a change of a route; d) be capable of meeting the needs of dense traffic at complex aerodromes; and e) not constrain the pilot's choice of a runway exit following the landing. 2.5.2.2 In a semi-automatic mode, the routing func- tion should also provide the control authority with advisory information on designated routes. Note. In a semi-automatic mode, assignment of routes is carried out by the control authority. 2.5.2.3 In an automatic mode, the routing function should also: a) assign routes; and b) provide adequate information to enable manual intervention in the event of a failure or at the discretion of the control authority. 2.5.2.4 When assigning routes, an A-SMGCS should: a) minimize taxi distances in accordance with the most efficient operational configuration; b) be interactive with the control function to minimize crossing conflicts; c) be responsive to operational changes (eg runway changes, routes closed for maintenance, and tem- porary hazards or obstacles); d) use standardized terminology or symbology; e) be capable of providing routes as and when required by all authorized users; and f) provide a means of validating routes. 2.5.3 Guidance The guidance function of an A-SMGCS should: a) provide guidance necessary for any authorized movement and be available for all possible route selections; b) provide clear indications to pilots and vehicle drivers to allow them to follow their assigned routes; c) enable all pilots and vehicle drivers to maintain situational awareness of their positions on the assigned routes; d) be capable of accepting a change of route at any time; tiempo; e) be capable of indicating routes and areas that are either restricted or not available for use; f) allow monitoring of the operational status of all guidance aids; and g) provide online monitoring with alerts where guid- ance aids are selectively switched in response to routing and control requirements.

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Advanced Surface Movement Guidance and 2-4 Control Systems (A-SMGCS) Manual Note. When visibility conditions permit a safe, orderly and expeditious flow of authorized movements, the guidance function will primarily be based on standardized ground visual aids. If expeditious flow is restricted due to reduced visibility, additional equipment or systems will be required to supplement visual aids in order to maintain flow rates. 2.5.4 Control 2.5.4.1 The control function of an A-SMGCS should: a) have a capacity sufficient for the maximum authorized movement rate (dynamic capacity); b) have a capacity sufficient for the aerodrome plan- ning of requested movements for a period of up to one hour (static capacity); c) detect conflicts and provide resolutions; d) be able to provide longitudinal spacing to predeter- mined values of: 1) speeds; 2) relative directions; 3) aircraft dimensions; 4) jet blast effects; 5) human and system response times; and 6) deceleration performances; e) provide alerts for incursions onto runways and activate protection devices (eg stop bars or alarms); f) provide alerts for incursions onto taxiways and activate protection devices (eg stop bars or alarms); g) provide alerts for incursions into critical and sensitive areas established for radionavigation aids; h) provide alerts for incursions into emergency areas; i) be capable of incorporating computer-aided management tools; j) keep controllers, pilots and vehicle drivers in the decision loop; k) control movements within a speed range so as to cover the operations in all required situations, taking into account the type of movement; l) be capable of allowing operations to continue in all visibility conditions down to the AVOL; and m) be capable of allocating priorities to control activities. las actividades. 2.5.4.2 The control function of an A-SMGCS should also provide for: a) sequencing of aircraft after landing, or of departing aircraft, to ensure minimum delay and maximum utilization of the available capacity of the aero- drome; b) segregation of support and maintenance vehicles from operational activities as necessary; c) spacing between aerodrome movements according to the prescribed minima, taking into account: 1) wake turbulence; 2) jet blast and propeller/rotor wash; 3) aircraft dimensions; and 4) different locations and layouts (runway, taxi- way, apron or aircraft stand); d) separation of movements from obstacles; and e) separation with a prescribed minimum of all aircraft from an aircraft isolated for security reasons (Annex 14 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation Aerodromes, Volume I, Chapter 3). 2.5.4.3 The following short-term alerts should be provided by the A-SMGCS within enough time to enable the appropriate immediate action: a) short-term conflict alert: whereby an alert is triggered when the predicted spacing will be below preset/predefined minima; b) area penetration alert: whereby an alert is triggered when a movement likely to enter a critical or restricted area is detected;

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Chapter 2. Captulo 2. Operational Requirements 2-5 2-5 c) deviation alert: whereby an alert is triggered when the computed deviation will be more than the preset/predefined maximum deviation; d) runway incursion alert: whereby an alert is trig- gered when a movement likely to enter an active runway (runway strip) is detected; and e) taxiway (or an inactive runway being used as a taxiway) or apron incursion alert: whereby an alert is triggered when a movement likely to enter a taxiway or apron in use, which does not belong to its assigned route, is detected. 2.5.4.4 Distinctive medium-term alerts should be provided well in advance to enable the appropriate remedial action to be taken with respect to: a) conflict prediction; b) conflict detection; and c) conflict resolution. 2.5.4.5 Once a conflict has been detected, an A-SMGCS should either automatically resolve the conflict or, on request from the controller, provide the most suitable solution. solucin. 2.6 SUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTS 2.6.1 Global risk factor The introduction of an A-SMGCS should not result in an overall level of risk in excess of the probability of one fatal accident per 10 7 7 operations. las operaciones. 2.6.2 Aircraft types An A-SMGCS should support operations involving all aircraft types and be capable of adaptation to cater for future aircraft types. 2.6.3 Vehicles 2.6.3.1 An A-SMGCS should be capable of being used by appropriately equipped vehicles operating within the movement area. 2.6.3.2 Any authorized vehicle intended to be used on the aerodrome in the vicinity of the manoeuvring area should be equipped to inform an A-SMGCS of its position. 2.6.4 Speeds and orientation The system should be capable of supporting operations of aircraft and vehicles within the following parameters: a) minimum and maximum speeds for aircraft on final approach, missed approach and runways; b) minimum and maximum speeds for aircraft on taxiways; c) minimum and maximum speeds for vehicles; and d) any heading. 2.6.5 Susceptibility The system should not be affected by: a) radio interference, including that produced by navigation, telecommunications and radar facilities (including airborne equipment); b) signal reflections and shadowing caused by aircraft, vehicles, buildings, snow banks or other raised obstacles (fixed or temporary) in or near the aero- drome; and c) meteorological conditions or any state of the aerodrome resulting from adverse weather in which operations would otherwise be possible. 2.6.6 Reference system 2.6.6.1 An A-SMGCS should be referenced to the World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS-84). 2.6.6.2 A common reference point on aircraft and vehicles should be used in A-SMGCS. 2.6.7 Planning 2.6.7.1 In order to support the primary functions (surveillance, routing, guidance and control), the planning facilities of an A-SMGCS should provide for:

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Advanced Surface Movement Guidance and 2-6 2-6 Control Systems (A-SMGCS) Manual a) strategic planning which will indicate the predicted traffic situation for chosen times in excess of 20 minutes in advance; b) pre-tactical planning which will indicate the pre- dicted traffic situation at a chosen time up to 20 minutes in advance; and c) tactical planning which will indicate the present traffic situation. 2.6.7.2 Planning facilities should include methods of predicting an aerodrome capacity and indication of start-up times for traffic to meet this capacity. Note 1. The capacity assessment is to be based on factors such as weather conditions, serviceability of equip- ment, and closure of sections of the movement area. Note 2. Additional elements to be included in the capacity assessment are the operational activity needs of the movement area, such as surface inspections, friction measurement, and snow clearance. Note 3. The implementation of an A-SMGCS requires the designation of routes that ensure the safe and efficient movement of aircraft and vehicles. The route issued for any movement will be dependent on strategic, pre-tactical and tactical considerations that will be addressed within the overall planning function. 2.6.8 Recording 2.6.8.1 Selected data on the communications control activity and display information should be recorded for accident and incident investigation. 2.6.8.2 There should be a function to provide direct replay of recorded data within the operational system, as part of the requirement for immediate checking of suspect equipment and initial incident investigation. 2.6.9 System failures 2.6.9.1 Equipment that shows control data should be both fail-safe and fail-soft. Note. The term fail-safe in this context means that sufficient redundancy is provided to carry data to the display equipment to permit some components of the equip- ment to fail without any resultant loss of data displayed. The term fail-soft means that the system is so designed that, even if equipment fails to the extent that loss of some data occurs, sufficient data remain on the display to enable the controller to continue operations. 2.6.9.2 In case of a failure of an element of an A-SMGCS, the effect should be such that the status is always in the safe condition. 2.6.9.3 All critical elements of the system should be provided with timely audio and visual indications of failure. fracaso. 2.6.9.4 An A-SMGCS should be self-restartable. The El recovery time should be a few seconds. The restart of an A-SMGCS should include the restoration of pertinent information on actual traffic and system performance. 2.6.10 Aerodrome considerations An A-SMGCS should be capable of accommodating any change in the layout of the aerodrome (runways, taxiways and aprons). 2.6.11 Pilot considerations Pilots should be provided with the following: a) information on location and direction at all times; b) continuous guidance and control during: 1) the landing roll-out; 2) taxiing to the parking position and from the parking position to the runway-holding pos- ition; 3) lining up for an appointed take-off position; and 4) the take-off roll; c) indication of the route to be followed, including changes in direction and indication of stops; d) guidance in parking, docking and holding areas; e) indication of spacing from preceding aircraft, including speed adjustments;

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Chapter 2. Captulo 2. Operational Requirements 2-7 2-7 f) indication of spacing from all aircraft, vehicles and obstacles in visibility condition 4; g) indication of the required sequencing; h) information to prevent the effects of jet blast and propeller/rotor wash; i) identification of areas to be avoided; j) information to prevent collision with other aircraft, vehicles and known obstacles; k) information on system failures affecting safety; l) the location of active runways; m) alert of incursions onto runways and taxiways; and n) the extent of critical and sensitive areas. Note. Most of the foregoing requirements may be satisfied by using ground visual aids. 2.6.12 Vehicle driver considerations 2.6.12.1 Vehicle drivers should be provided with the following: siguientes: a) information on location and direction at all times; b) indication of the route to be followed; c) guidance along the route being followed or guidance to remain within designated areas; d) information, and control when and where appropri- ate, to prevent collision with aircraft, vehicles and known obstacles; and e) alert of incursions into unauthorized areas. 2.6.12.2 In addition to 2.6.12.1, the drivers of emergency and operational vehicles should be provided with: con: a) the capability to locate the site of an emergency within the displayed range of the system; and b) information on special priority routes. Note. Most of the foregoing requirements may be satisfied by using ground visual aids. 2.6.13 Apron management considerations The following information should be available to the apron management services: a) information on the identity, position and progress of aircraft, including aircraft under tow; b) information on the identity, position and progress of vehicles whose movements might conflict with aircraft movements; c) information on the presence of obstacles or other hazards; d) information on the operational status of system elements; and e) information on facilities appropriate to the control to be exercised. 2.6.14 Automation 2.6.14.1 Where automation is available, the auto- mated systems should demonstrate an acceptable level of HMI efficiency. 2.6.14.2 The design of an A-SMGCS should make it possible to make a distinction between the following system elements and functions: a) system assistance in the decision-making process; b) system advice on the decisions taken; and c) system decisions provided directly to the users. 2.6.14.3 Automated guidance should not be used by the system if aircraft control, conflict detection and conflict alert resolution are not available. 2.6.14.4 If the system integrity degrades, the system should automatically alert all users and have the capability to transfer automated functions to the controllers in a safe and easy way. 2.6.14.5 Without automation, it may not be possible to meet some operational requirements. Automation of functions can be applied to various parts of an A-SMGCS such as: tales como:

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Advanced Surface Movement Guidance and 2-8 2-8 Control Systems (A-SMGCS) Manual a) identification of aircraft and vehicles; b) tracking and labelling of targets; c) route assignment; d) guidance and control; e) runway incursion detection; f) unauthorized intruder detection; g) conflict prediction; h) conflict detection; i) conflict resolution; j) alert indication; k) indication of appropriate brightness setting for visual aids; and l) stand allocation. Note. Automation validation processes are expected to encompass all environmental and failure conditions including a reversion to manual control. 2.6.15 Human-machine interface (HMI) 2.6.15.1 The operation of an A-SMGCS should not interfere with other ATC responsibilities. 2.6.15.2 The human-machine interface with an A-SMGCS should: a) maintain a balance between the human and the machine functions; b) permit the human to retain the power to make decisions as to those functions for which the human is responsible; and c) provide for a balanced mix of visual, audio and tactile inputs and responses. 2.6.15.3 Input devices for the controllers should be functionally simple involving the controllers in a mini- mum number of input actions. 2.6.15.4 It should be possible to view displays and indicators in all ambient light levels typical of an aerodrome control tower environment. 2.6.15.5 Account should be taken of the ability of the flight crew and vehicle drivers to respond to the guidance and control indications of the system. 2.6.15.6 The system should provide pilots and vehicle drivers with essential routing, guidance and control data in a standardized form that at all times is conspicuous, legible, comprehensible and credible. Guidance should be implemented in such a way as to minimize the pilots'/ vehicle drivers' head down time, while maximizing the use of visual cues. 2.6.15.7 For control staff, the system should have interfaces that allow them to manage the routing, guidance and control functions in a safe and efficient manner. 2.6.16 Interfaces 2.6.16.1 In order for all parties concerned to fully benefit from an A-SMGCS, the system should be capable of interfacing with the following: a) air traffic management (ATM), including: 1) arrival and departure management; 2) arrival and departure coordination; 3) optimized start-up sequence and times; 4) optimized push-back sequence and times; and 5) integrated initial flight plan processing system, central flow management unit, etc.; b) aerodrome management systems; c) existing and future ATS systems; d) meteorological systems; e) visual aids; f) existing and future avionics; g) aerodrome handling systems; h) aircraft operators; i) emergency authorities; j) police/security authorities; and k) other customers or users.

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Chapter 2. Captulo 2. Operational Requirements 2-9 2-9 2.6.16.2 The data interchange between systems should be made in a standardized format. 2.6.16.3 An A-SMGCS should enable controllers, pilots and vehicle drivers to interface and function efficiently. de manera eficiente. These operators should also be capable of interfacing with other systems. 2.7 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS 2.7.1 Accuracy 2.7.1.1 In specifying the positional accuracy par- ameters for an A-SMGCS, the requirements for the primary functions and their interdependencies should be considered. 2.7.1.2 For the surveillance function, the allowable error in the reported position should be consistent with the requirements set by the guidance and control functions. 2.7.1.3 For the guidance function, the allowable positional errors should be similar for visual and electronic taxi guidance. However, in visibility conditions where electronic guidance is required in specifying the allowable errors, taxiway widths and aircraft main gear wheel tracks should be considered. debe ser considerado. 2.7.2 Update rate Where appropriate, the update rate of an A-SMGCS module should be adequate for the required operational performance. rendimiento. 2.7.3 Integrity 2.7.3.1 The system design should preclude failures that result in erroneous data for operationally significant time periods. perodos de tiempo. 2.7.3.2 The system should have the ability to provide continuous validation of data and timely alerts to the user when the system must not be used for the intended oper- ation. acin. The validity of data should be assessed by the system in accordance with the assigned priority given to these data. 2.7.3.3 Validation of operationally significant data should be timely and consistent with human perception and/or response time. 2.7.4 Availability and continuity 2.7.4.1 The availability of an A-SMGCS should be sufficient to support the safe, orderly and expeditious flow of traffic on the movement area of an aerodrome down to its AVOL. 2.7.4.2 An A-SMGCS should provide a continuous service for all areas determined by the competent auth- orities. Any unscheduled break in operations should be sufficiently short or rare so as not to affect the safety of aircraft using the system. 2.7.4.3 Monitoring of the performance of an A-SMGCS should be provided so that operationally significant failures are detected and remedial action is initiated to restore the service or provide a reduced level of service. de servicios. 2.7.4.4 Automatic positive indication of the status of the system or any operationally significant failure should be given to any aircraft, vehicle or control facility that may be affected. afectadas. 2.7.5 Re