do you think the iceman can really will himself to be warmer? in the next 30 sec, list 5 things you...
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Do you think ‘The Iceman’ can really will himself to be warmer?
In the next 30 sec, list 5 things you might do to try and warm up if you were him…
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Share your list with a partner…
Are there any similarities? Any things you didn’t think of?
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How is that animals are able to maintain their temperature in a range of environments?
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Ectotherms
Usually at the temperature of their environment
Do not have an internal method of heat production
Lower energy needs and cells function so slowly at low temperatures they are often inactive during winter
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Ectotherms
ADVANTAGES
Use less food in respiration
Need less food
Can use more energy from food for growth
DISADVANTAGES
Less active in cooler temps
May not be capable of activity during winter due to the need to hibernate
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Heterotherms
Some ectotherms can sometimes function as endotherms
Allows animals to be more active
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Endotherms
Maintain a relatively constant body temperature Usually higher than their surroundings
Generate heat by internal metabolic heat production
Have mechanisms by which to regulate loss/gain of heat
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Endotherms
ADVANTAGES
Constant temp.
Active in cold temp.
Can inhabit colder countries
DISADVANTAGES Lots of energy used to
regulate body temp.
More food needed
Less energy from food goes into growth so more food needed
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Regulatory mechanisms
These include structures: Feathers
Fur
Fat
Physiological mechanisms Hibernation
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A note on terminology…
“Cold-blooded” is not correct – their blood will be warm when
the environment is warm.
“Warm-blooded” is also not correct – a hibernating bat
maintains its temperature at about 10 °C.
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Explain the graph…
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Temperature-regulating Pathways
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Thermoregulation
Maintenance of body temperature within a range that enables cells to function efficiently
The maintenance of body temperature in endotherms is an example of dynamic equilibrium
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Sensing: Detecting temperature change
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Sensing: Detecting temperature change
Involves disturbance and misalignment detectors
Temperature receptors in skin (disturbance)
Misalignment detectors in the hypothalamus
Group of temperature sensitive cells trigger homeostatic responses if blood temperature deviates
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Responding: regulating heat exchange
Heat loss
Radiation
Evaporation
Conduction
Loss of body fluids
To the environment
Heat gain
Metabolism
Environmental & behavioural
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In a cold environment…
We must conserve body heat and gain heat to maintain body temperature Vasoconstriction – blood vessels near the surface of the skin
narrow, reducing the volume of blood near the surface, reducing the heat lost to the environment from the blood
Shivering – Muscles contract to produce heat via metabolic reactions
Hair-raising – muscles in the skin at the base of each hair contract, raising hairs and trapping air, forming an insulating layer.
Increased metabolic rate – respiration increases to generate more heat
Sweating reduced
Behavioural mechanisms – huddling, sheltering
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In a hot environment…
We must lose body heat to maintain our core temperature Vasodilation – Blood vessels near the surface of the skin dilate and
increase in volume, allowing more blood to flow through, radiating heat away through the skin
Sweating – water evaporates from the surface of the skin, using heat energy to turn the liquid into water vapour. Prevalent in humans as we lack body hair. In other mammals this takes place from the tongue and mouth
Body hair flattening – removes the insulating layer
Behaviours – not performing metabolic activity, sheltering
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For you to think about…
Why do we go pink when we are hot?
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For you to think about…
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Over to you…
On a piece of paper, list 2 mechanisms the body can use to regulate temperature in a hot environment and in a cold environment…
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Your homework task!
Compare and contrast a central heating system with your body’s temperature control system. What type of feedback control regulates both these systems?
Using Inspiration, illustrate both negative feedback loops involved in thermoregulation. Be sure to include Stimulus, Receptor, Regulator, Effectors. Be detailed and clear. It is up to you whether you present this as a flowchart, picture or concept map!