do right now define the term absolute ruler in your own words, then provide 3 examples of an...

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Define the term Absolute Ruler in Define the term Absolute Ruler in your own words, then provide 3 your own words, then provide 3 examples of an Absolute Rulerexamples of an Absolute Ruler

Spain’s Empire and Spain’s Empire and European AbsolutismEuropean Absolutism

Chapter 5, Section 1Chapter 5, Section 1

A Powerful Spanish EmpireA Powerful Spanish Empire

A New Spanish RulerA New Spanish Ruler– In 1556, Philip II begins ruling Spain and In 1556, Philip II begins ruling Spain and

its possessionsits possessions Philip II’s EmpirePhilip II’s Empire

– Philip seizes Portugal in 1580Philip seizes Portugal in 1580– Gold and silver from Americas make Gold and silver from Americas make

Spain extremely wealthySpain extremely wealthy

A Powerful Spanish EmpireA Powerful Spanish Empire

Defender of CatholicismDefender of Catholicism– Philip defends Catholicism against Philip defends Catholicism against

Muslims and ProtestantsMuslims and Protestants– Spanish fleet helps defeat Ottomans at Spanish fleet helps defeat Ottomans at

Lepanto in 1571.Lepanto in 1571.– Spanish Armada is defeated by the Spanish Armada is defeated by the

British in 1588.British in 1588.

The Spanish Empire The Spanish Empire WeakensWeakens

Inflation and TaxesInflation and Taxes– Inflation weakens Spain’s economy.Inflation weakens Spain’s economy.– Taxes on lower class prevents development of Taxes on lower class prevents development of

middle class.middle class. Making Spain’s Enemies RichMaking Spain’s Enemies Rich

– Spaniards buy goods abroad, making Spain’s Spaniards buy goods abroad, making Spain’s enemies rich.enemies rich.

– Philip declares bankruptcy three times due to Philip declares bankruptcy three times due to weak economy.weak economy.

The Dutch RevoltThe Dutch Revolt– Protestants in the Netherlands win Protestants in the Netherlands win

independence from Spain in 1579.independence from Spain in 1579.

The Independent Dutch The Independent Dutch ProsperProsper

Dutch Trading EmpireDutch Trading Empire– Dutch merchants engage in world tradeDutch merchants engage in world trade– Dutch have world’s largest trading fleetDutch have world’s largest trading fleet– Dutch people replace Italians as Dutch people replace Italians as

Europe’s bankersEurope’s bankers

Absolutism in EuropeAbsolutism in Europe The Theory of AbsolutismThe Theory of Absolutism

– Rulers want to be absolute monarchs—rulers with Rulers want to be absolute monarchs—rulers with complete powercomplete power

– Believe in “divine right”—idea that monarchs represent Believe in “divine right”—idea that monarchs represent God on earth. (The idea can be derived from God on earth. (The idea can be derived from Romans 13: 1-4.).)

Growing Power of Europe’s MonarchsGrowing Power of Europe’s Monarchs– Decline of Feudalism, rise of cities help monarchs gain Decline of Feudalism, rise of cities help monarchs gain

powerpower– Decline of Church authority also increases powerDecline of Church authority also increases power

Crises Lead to AbsolutismCrises Lead to Absolutism– The 17The 17thth century is a period of great upheaval century is a period of great upheaval– Monarchs impose order by increasing their own power.Monarchs impose order by increasing their own power.

Possible Basis ofPossible Basis of“Divine Right of Kings”“Divine Right of Kings”

Romans 13:1-4Romans 13:1-4 ” ”Let every person be subject to the governing Let every person be subject to the governing

authorities. For there is no authority except from authorities. For there is no authority except from God, and those that exist have been instituted by God, and those that exist have been instituted by God. Therefore whoever resists the authorities God. Therefore whoever resists the authorities resists what God has appointed, and those who resists what God has appointed, and those who resist will incur judgment. For rulers are not a resist will incur judgment. For rulers are not a terror to good conduct, but to bad. Would you terror to good conduct, but to bad. Would you have no fear of the one who is in authority? Then have no fear of the one who is in authority? Then do what is good, and you will receive his approval, do what is good, and you will receive his approval, for he is God’s servant for your good. But if you do for he is God’s servant for your good. But if you do wrong, be afraid, for he does not bear the sword wrong, be afraid, for he does not bear the sword in vain. For he is the servant of God, an avenger in vain. For he is the servant of God, an avenger who carries out God’s wrath on the wrongdoer.”who carries out God’s wrath on the wrongdoer.”

The Reign of The Reign of Louis XIVLouis XIVChapter 5, Section 2Chapter 5, Section 2

Religious Wars and Power Religious Wars and Power StrugglesStruggles

Henry of NavarreHenry of Navarre Henry, who was a Henry, who was a

French Calvinist French Calvinist (Huguenot) ascends (Huguenot) ascends to French throne in to French throne in 1589 and converts to 1589 and converts to Catholicism ending Catholicism ending the religious wars.the religious wars.

Issues Edict of Issues Edict of Nantes—a Nantes—a declaration of declaration of religious tolerationreligious toleration

Religious Wars and Power Religious Wars and Power StrugglesStruggles

Louis XIII and Louis XIII and Cardinal RichelieuCardinal Richelieu Louis XIII appoints Louis XIII appoints

Cardinal Richelieu in Cardinal Richelieu in 1624 as minister who 1624 as minister who rules France.rules France.

Increases power of Increases power of the Bourbons by the Bourbons by limiting Huguenots’ limiting Huguenots’ freedomfreedom

Also weakens power Also weakens power of the nobilityof the nobility

Picture of Picture of Louis XIIILouis XIII

Louis XIV Comes to Louis XIV Comes to PowerPower

A New French RulerA New French Ruler Louis XIV is the most powerful ruler in Louis XIV is the most powerful ruler in

French history.French history. Louis the Boy KingLouis the Boy King

Hatred of Cardinal Mazarin, Louis’ Hatred of Cardinal Mazarin, Louis’ minister while he was a boy, leads to minister while he was a boy, leads to riots.riots.

Louis Weakens the Nobles AuthorityLouis Weakens the Nobles Authority Louis takes control of the government in 1661.Louis takes control of the government in 1661. He appoints He appoints intendantsintendants—government agents—government agents

—to collect taxes.—to collect taxes. Economic GrowthEconomic Growth

Jean Baptiste Colbert—finance minister—helps Jean Baptiste Colbert—finance minister—helps the economy grow. He believes in the economy grow. He believes in mercantilism.mercantilism.

In 1685, Louis cancels Edict of Nantes; In 1685, Louis cancels Edict of Nantes; Huguenots flee France.Huguenots flee France.

The Sun King’s Grand The Sun King’s Grand StyleStyle

A Life of LuxuryA Life of Luxury Louis lives very well, with every meal a feast.Louis lives very well, with every meal a feast.

Louis Controls the NobilityLouis Controls the Nobility Louis keeps nobles at palace to increase his Louis keeps nobles at palace to increase his

power over them.power over them. Builds magnificent palace at VersaillesBuilds magnificent palace at Versailles

Patronage of the ArtsPatronage of the Arts Versailles is a center of arts during reign of Versailles is a center of arts during reign of

Louis XIVLouis XIV Purpose of the arts is to glorify LouisPurpose of the arts is to glorify Louis

Panoramic view of Panoramic view of Versailles PalaceVersailles Palace

Another view of Another view of Versailles PalaceVersailles Palace

Drawing of Versailles Drawing of Versailles from abovefrom above

Queen’s Bed ChamberQueen’s Bed Chamber

Louis Fights Disastrous Louis Fights Disastrous WarsWars

Attempts to Expand France’s Attempts to Expand France’s BoundariesBoundaries Louis fights wars in the 1660s and 1670s Louis fights wars in the 1660s and 1670s

to expand France.to expand France. 1667-Invades Spanish Netherlands.1667-Invades Spanish Netherlands. 1672-Invades Dutch Netherlands.1672-Invades Dutch Netherlands.

In 1680s, many countries unite against In 1680s, many countries unite against him in League of Augsburghim in League of Augsburg

France is weakened by poor harvests, France is weakened by poor harvests, warfare, and high taxes.warfare, and high taxes.


War of Spanish SuccessionWar of Spanish Succession War of Spanish Succession begins in War of Spanish Succession begins in

17011701 This war attempts to prevent the union This war attempts to prevent the union

of the French and Spanish throne.of the French and Spanish throne. War ends in 1714; France and Spain War ends in 1714; France and Spain

lose some possessions.lose some possessions.


Louis’s Death and LegacyLouis’s Death and Legacy Louis dies leaving mixed legacyLouis dies leaving mixed legacy Rule makes France a major military and Rule makes France a major military and

cultural power in Europecultural power in Europe His wars and palace leave France with His wars and palace leave France with

heavy debts.heavy debts.

Central European Central European Monarchs ClashMonarchs Clash


The Thirty Years’ WarThe Thirty Years’ War

Rising TensionRising Tension– Tension rises between Lutherans and Tension rises between Lutherans and

Catholics in central EuropeCatholics in central Europe Bohemian Protestants RevoltBohemian Protestants Revolt

– In 1618, Protestants revolt against In 1618, Protestants revolt against Catholic Hapsburg rulers (Ferdinand II)Catholic Hapsburg rulers (Ferdinand II)

– Result in Thirty Years’ War—conflict over Result in Thirty Years’ War—conflict over religion, land, powerreligion, land, power

Thirty Years’ War Thirty Years’ War (continued)(continued)

Hapsburg Triumphs (sometimes Hapsburg Triumphs (sometimes spelled “Habsburg”)spelled “Habsburg”)– From 1618 to 1630, Hapsburg armies From 1618 to 1630, Hapsburg armies

have many victorieshave many victories– Troops plunder many German villagesTroops plunder many German villages

Ferdinand II, Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Holy Roman

Emperor Emperor (1619-1637)(1619-1637)

Thirty Years’ War Thirty Years’ War (continued)(continued)

Hapsburg DefeatsHapsburg Defeats– In 1630, tide turns in favor of ProtestantsIn 1630, tide turns in favor of Protestants

Peace of WestphaliaPeace of Westphalia– War ruins German economy, greatly decreases War ruins German economy, greatly decreases

populationpopulation– Peace of Westphalia (1648) ends warPeace of Westphalia (1648) ends war– Treaty weakens Hapsburgs, strengthens FranceTreaty weakens Hapsburgs, strengthens France– Treaty introduces idea of negotiating terms of Treaty introduces idea of negotiating terms of

peacepeace Beginning of Modern StatesBeginning of Modern States

– Treaty recognizes Europe as group of Treaty recognizes Europe as group of independent statesindependent states

States Form in Central States Form in Central EuropeEurope

Economic Contrasts with the WestEconomic Contrasts with the West– Economy in central Europe still based in Economy in central Europe still based in

serfs and agriculture.serfs and agriculture. Several Weak EmpiresSeveral Weak Empires

– Landowning nobles in central Europe Landowning nobles in central Europe Block growth of kings’ power.Block growth of kings’ power.

– Ottoman and Holy Roman Empires are Ottoman and Holy Roman Empires are also weak.also weak.

Austria Grows StrongerAustria Grows Stronger– Hapsburgs in Austria take more lands, Hapsburgs in Austria take more lands,

rule large empirerule large empire Maria Theresa Inherits the Austrian Maria Theresa Inherits the Austrian

ThroneThrone– Maria Theresa becomes empress of Maria Theresa becomes empress of

Austria and faces years of war.Austria and faces years of war.

The Pragmatic SanctionThe Pragmatic Sanction

This document, The Pragmatic Sanction, declared that Maria Theresa would inherit the Austrian throne.

Maria Maria TheresaTheresa

of Austriaof Austria

Prussia Challenges AustriaPrussia Challenges Austria

The Rise of PrussiaThe Rise of Prussia– Hohenzollern rulers of Prussia build Europe’s Hohenzollern rulers of Prussia build Europe’s

best armybest army– They call themselves kings and become They call themselves kings and become

absolute monarchs.absolute monarchs.– Nobles resist royal power, but king buys loyalty.Nobles resist royal power, but king buys loyalty.

Frederick the GreatFrederick the Great– Frederick the Great becomes king of PrussiaFrederick the Great becomes king of Prussia– Enforces father’s military policies but softens Enforces father’s military policies but softens

some of his laws.some of his laws.

Frederick Frederick II (The II (The

Great) of Great) of Prussia. Prussia. He was He was

nicknamenicknamed “Old d “Old Fritz”.Fritz”.


War of Austrian SuccessionWar of Austrian Succession– In 1740, Frederick starts war against In 1740, Frederick starts war against

Austria to gain Silesia.Austria to gain Silesia.– Maria Theresa resists Prussian power but Maria Theresa resists Prussian power but

loses Silesia in treaty.loses Silesia in treaty.– As a result of the war, Prussia becomes As a result of the war, Prussia becomes

a major power in Europe.a major power in Europe.


The Seven Years’ WarThe Seven Years’ War– Austria allies with France against Britain Austria allies with France against Britain

and Prussiaand Prussia– In 1756, Frederick attacks Saxony, In 1756, Frederick attacks Saxony,

launching Seven Years’ War.launching Seven Years’ War.– France loses colonies in North America, France loses colonies in North America,

Britain gains India.Britain gains India.

Absolute Rulers of Absolute Rulers of RussiaRussia


Section OpenerSection Opener

Peter the Great makes many changes Peter the Great makes many changes in Russia to try to make it more like in Russia to try to make it more like western Europewestern Europe

The First CzarThe First Czar Ivan the TerribleIvan the Terrible

– In 1533, Ivan the Terrible In 1533, Ivan the Terrible becomes king of Russiabecomes king of Russia

– Struggles for power with Struggles for power with boyarsboyars—landowning nobles.—landowning nobles.

– Seizes power and is crowned Seizes power and is crowned czar, meaning “caesar”czar, meaning “caesar”

Rule by TerrorRule by Terror– In 1560, Ivan turns against In 1560, Ivan turns against

boyars, kills them, seizes boyars, kills them, seizes landslands

Rise of the RomanovsRise of the Romanovs– Ivan’s heir is weak, leading Ivan’s heir is weak, leading

to period of turmoilto period of turmoil– In 1613, Michael Romanov In 1613, Michael Romanov

becomes czarbecomes czar

Peter the Great Comes to Peter the Great Comes to PowerPower

The Rise of PeterThe Rise of Peter– Peter the Great Peter the Great

becomes czar in 1696, becomes czar in 1696, begins to reform begins to reform RussiaRussia

Russia Contrasts with Russia Contrasts with EuropeEurope– Cut off geographically Cut off geographically

from Europefrom Europe– Culturally isolated, Culturally isolated,

little contact with little contact with western Europewestern Europe

– Religious differences Religious differences widen gapwiden gap

Peter Rules AbsolutelyPeter Rules Absolutely

Peter Visits the WestPeter Visits the West– In 1697, Peter visits western Europe to learn In 1697, Peter visits western Europe to learn

European waysEuropean ways Peter’s GoalPeter’s Goal

– Goal of Goal of westernizationwesternization—using western —using western Europe as a model for changeEurope as a model for change

Peter’s ReformsPeter’s Reforms– Brings Orthodox Church under state controlBrings Orthodox Church under state control– Reduces power of great landownersReduces power of great landowners– Modernizes army by having European officers Modernizes army by having European officers

train soldierstrain soldiers

Peter Rules Absolutely Peter Rules Absolutely (continued)(continued)

Westernizing RussiaWesternizing Russia– Introduces potatoesIntroduces potatoes– Starts Russia’s first newspaperStarts Russia’s first newspaper– Raises women’s statusRaises women’s status– Adopts Western fashionAdopts Western fashion– Advances educationAdvances education

Peter Rules Absolutely Peter Rules Absolutely (continued)(continued)

Establishing St. PetersburgEstablishing St. Petersburg– Peter wants a seaport that will make Peter wants a seaport that will make

travel to West easier.travel to West easier.– Fights Sweden to win port on Baltic SeaFights Sweden to win port on Baltic Sea– In 1703, begins building new capital In 1703, begins building new capital

called St. Petersburg.called St. Petersburg.– Building city takes many years, many Building city takes many years, many

serfs die in process.serfs die in process.– By the time of Peter’s death, Russia is By the time of Peter’s death, Russia is

force to be reckoned with in Europeforce to be reckoned with in Europe

““English Embankment,” English Embankment,” St. Petersburg, RussiaSt. Petersburg, Russia

Palace Square, St. Palace Square, St. PetersburgPetersburg

Church of the Savior on Spilt Church of the Savior on Spilt Blood,Blood,

St. Petersburg, RussiaSt. Petersburg, Russia

Parliament Limits English Monarchy

Chapter 5, Section 5

Rulers’ Relations With Parliament

Ruler Relations with Parliament

James 1(1603-1625)

•Argued with Parliament over money•Would not change the Church of England to Puritan worship•Authorized a new Bible version (known today at the “KJV” or “King James Version”



Charles I(1625-1649)

•Dissolved Parliament when they would not give him money•Forced to sign the Petition of Right when he called Parliament back in need of money.•Ignored the Petition of Right when he wanted•Sparked the English Civil War with Parliament•Tried for treason against Parliament and executed



Oliver Cromwell(1649-1658)

•Cromwell abolished the monarchy and the House of Lords•later he sent the remaining members of Parliament home and ruled as a dictator.



Charles II(1660-1685)

•Parliament invited Charles II to rule•passed habeas corpus, which limited king’s power to jail opponents.



James II(1685-1688)

•fought over appointment of Catholics to high office in violation of English law



William and Mary

(1689-1702)

•governed as partners, with power of monarchy limited by Bill of Rights

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